Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are composed of four bytes written in dotted decimal notation. Each interface of a host or router has its own IP address. IPv6 was developed to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits or 16 bytes long. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade from IPv4 that is interoperable with IPv4. Internet Protocol networks are sequences of contiguous IP addresses that share a common portion called the network portion. The remaining digits make up the host portion. The netmask determines which addresses belong to a network.

1. Internet Protocol Addresses.
Internet Protocol Addresses are composed of four bytes.
The convention is to write addresses in what is called `dotted
decimal notation'. In this form each byte is converted to a decimal
number (0-255) dropping any leading zero's unless the number is
zero and written with each byte separated by a `.' character.
By convention each interface of a host or router has an IP address.
It is legal for the same IP address to be used on each interface of
a single machine in some circumstances, but usually each
interface will have its own address.

2. IPv6
• IPv6 is the shorthand notation for version 6 of the Internet
Protocol.
• IPv6 was developed primarily to overcome the concerns in the
Internet community that there would soon be a shortage of IP
addresses to allocate.
• IPv6 addresses are 16 bytes long (128 bits).
• IPv6 is a new version of IP which is designed to be an
evolutionary step from IPv4.
• It is a natural increment to IPv4.
• It can be installed as a normal software upgrade in internet
devices and is interoperable with the current IPv4.
• IPv6 address: 5F05:2000:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71

3. Internet Protocol Networks
• Internet Protocol Networks are contiguous sequences of IP
addresses.
• All addresses within a network have a number of digits
within the address in common.
• The portion of the address that is common amongst all
addresses within the network is called the `network portion'
of the address.
• The remaining digits are called the `host portion'.
• The number of bits that are shared by all addresses within
a network is called the netmask and it is role of the
netmask to determine which addresses belong to the
network it is applied to and which don't.

4. Host Address 192.168.110.23
Network Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Portion 192.168.110.
Host portion .23
----------------- ---------------
Network Address 192.168.110.0
Broadcast Address 192.168.110.255
• Any address that is 'bitwise anded' with its
netmask will reveal the address of the network
it belongs to.
• The network address is therefore always the
lowest numbered address within the range of
addresses on the network and always has the
host portion of the address coded all zeroes.

5. broadcast address
• The broadcast address is a special address that every host on the
network listens to in addition to its own unique address. This address
is the one that datagrams are sent to if every host on the network is
meant to receive it simultaneously, like routing information and
warning messages.
• There are two commonly used standards for what the broadcast
address should be.
• The most widely accepted one is to use the highest possible address
on the network as the broadcast address. In the example before this
would be 192.168.110.255.
• Other sites have adopted the convention of using the network address
as the broadcast address. In practice it doesn't matter very much
which you use so long as every host on the network is configured with
the same broadcast address.