International and internal migration differ in that international migration involves permanent moves between countries, while internal migration involves permanent moves within the same country. The document discusses international migration of Filipinos, known as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). It notes that since the 1970s, the Philippines has supplied skilled workers worldwide, with over 8 million Filipinos working or living abroad as of 2004. While early migration of Filipinos primarily involved moves to the US, today's OFWs are mostly in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Hong Kong and Qatar, working largely in elementary occupations. Total remittances from OFWs were estimated at over 205 billion pesos in 2017.
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
it is a presentation proposal to the company in view of making future investment in the Philippine Pharmaceutical Market.
The Philippines pharmaceutical market is a complex institution owing to its expensive medical care, monopolistic competition, and lack of government controlled drug pricing, all within a country that has high levels of poverty.
The research study delves further into the pharmaceutical market, methods of investment and the advantages of investment in the said market.
N.B: This presentation is based solely on secondary internet research. Though 100% accurate and cited, some information (figures) are dated due to lack of current and up to date information availability on the internet.
The study is accompanied by a slideshow presentation.
The Philippines' Pharmaceutical Market: A Secondary Research StudyNadia Dias
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
it is a presentation proposal to the company in view of making future investment in the Philippine Pharmaceutical Market.
The Philippines pharmaceutical market is a complex institution owing to its expensive medical care, monopolistic competition, and lack of government controlled drug pricing, all within a country that has high levels of poverty.
The research study delves further into the pharmaceutical market, methods of investment and the advantages of investment in the said market.
N.B: This presentation is based solely on secondary internet research. Though 100% accurate and cited, some information (figures) are dated due to lack of current and up to date information availability on the internet.
The study is accompanied by a slideshow presentation.
Chapter Title Introduction Neoliberalism and the Philippine JinElias52
Chapter Title: Introduction: Neoliberalism and the Philippine Labor Brokerage State
Book Title: Migrants for Export
Book Subtitle: How the Philippine State Brokers Labor to the World
Book Author(s): Robyn Magalit Rodriguez
Published by: University of Minnesota Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.cttttb3s.4
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
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access to Migrants for Export
This content downloaded from
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.cttttb3s.4
Introduction
Neoliberalism
and the Philippine
Labor Brokerage State
Not only am I the head of state responsible for a nation of 80 million people.
I’m also the CEO of a global Philippine enterprise of 8 million Filipinos who
live and work abroad and generate billions of dollars a year in revenue for
our country. — President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, May 2003
A “Global Enterprise” of Labor
During a state visit to the United States in 2003, Philippine President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo aggressively encouraged U.S. business-
people to hire Philippine workers to fill their employment needs in
the territorial United States and beyond. When American coloniz-
ers encountered Filipinos in 1898, they considered them a backward
and savage lot who were, nevertheless, sufficiently educable. The
United States proceeded to violently conquer the Filipino people
and then, with a policy of “benevolent assimilation,” schooled them
into being proper colonial subjects who could labor for the nascent
empire. Arroyo assures her audience that American colonial education
adequately served its purpose and even exceeded it.1
Today, Arroyo suggests, the Filipino is a thoroughly modern and
civilized global worker who can labor anywhere and under any set of
circumstances for American as well as other employers. The presi-
dent insists that Philippine workers can be relied upon to labor for
the contemporary U.S. empire, pledging that Philippine workers will
“play a role in helping rebuild the land for the people of Iraq.” No
ix
This content downloaded from
�������������131.94.16.10 on Wed, 31 Mar 2021 20:29:50 UTC��������������
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
x Introduction
matter how difficult or dangerous a place of employment may be,
Filipinos and Filipinas are ever-willing workers. Employers can even
be spared ...
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal E...SWAIMSProject
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal Emigration By Sea From West Africa: Case Studies From The Gambia
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Brazilians exemplify a migrant group that is well connected through transnational ties. These activities by migrant groups are important to highlight, as they have potential development impacts in both the migrants’ home and host countries. This paper looks at the characteristics of Brazilian migrants in the United States and their participation in transnational activities using data from a study of Brazilians living in Massachusetts conducted in 2007.
A Social and Economic situation in a country present in south america that began during the presidency of Hugo Chávez and has been very noticeable in Nicolas Maduro’s presidency
This PPT focuses on topic of human migration, Internal And International Migration, Effect of Immigration and Emigration on economy, covering cases of India and Unites states.
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
it is a presentation proposal to the company in view of making future investment in the Philippine Pharmaceutical Market.
The Philippines pharmaceutical market is a complex institution owing to its expensive medical care, monopolistic competition, and lack of government controlled drug pricing, all within a country that has high levels of poverty.
The research study delves further into the pharmaceutical market, methods of investment and the advantages of investment in the said market.
N.B: This presentation is based solely on secondary internet research. Though 100% accurate and cited, some information (figures) are dated due to lack of current and up to date information availability on the internet.
The study is accompanied by a slideshow presentation.
The Philippines' Pharmaceutical Market: A Secondary Research StudyNadia Dias
This Market Study was carried out during my internship training period at Wallace Pharmaceuticals, India, Pvt. Ltd.
it is a presentation proposal to the company in view of making future investment in the Philippine Pharmaceutical Market.
The Philippines pharmaceutical market is a complex institution owing to its expensive medical care, monopolistic competition, and lack of government controlled drug pricing, all within a country that has high levels of poverty.
The research study delves further into the pharmaceutical market, methods of investment and the advantages of investment in the said market.
N.B: This presentation is based solely on secondary internet research. Though 100% accurate and cited, some information (figures) are dated due to lack of current and up to date information availability on the internet.
The study is accompanied by a slideshow presentation.
Chapter Title Introduction Neoliberalism and the Philippine JinElias52
Chapter Title: Introduction: Neoliberalism and the Philippine Labor Brokerage State
Book Title: Migrants for Export
Book Subtitle: How the Philippine State Brokers Labor to the World
Book Author(s): Robyn Magalit Rodriguez
Published by: University of Minnesota Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.cttttb3s.4
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
University of Minnesota Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to Migrants for Export
This content downloaded from
�������������131.94.16.10 on Wed, 31 Mar 2021 20:29:50 UTC��������������
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.cttttb3s.4
Introduction
Neoliberalism
and the Philippine
Labor Brokerage State
Not only am I the head of state responsible for a nation of 80 million people.
I’m also the CEO of a global Philippine enterprise of 8 million Filipinos who
live and work abroad and generate billions of dollars a year in revenue for
our country. — President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, May 2003
A “Global Enterprise” of Labor
During a state visit to the United States in 2003, Philippine President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo aggressively encouraged U.S. business-
people to hire Philippine workers to fill their employment needs in
the territorial United States and beyond. When American coloniz-
ers encountered Filipinos in 1898, they considered them a backward
and savage lot who were, nevertheless, sufficiently educable. The
United States proceeded to violently conquer the Filipino people
and then, with a policy of “benevolent assimilation,” schooled them
into being proper colonial subjects who could labor for the nascent
empire. Arroyo assures her audience that American colonial education
adequately served its purpose and even exceeded it.1
Today, Arroyo suggests, the Filipino is a thoroughly modern and
civilized global worker who can labor anywhere and under any set of
circumstances for American as well as other employers. The presi-
dent insists that Philippine workers can be relied upon to labor for
the contemporary U.S. empire, pledging that Philippine workers will
“play a role in helping rebuild the land for the people of Iraq.” No
ix
This content downloaded from
�������������131.94.16.10 on Wed, 31 Mar 2021 20:29:50 UTC��������������
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
x Introduction
matter how difficult or dangerous a place of employment may be,
Filipinos and Filipinas are ever-willing workers. Employers can even
be spared ...
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal E...SWAIMSProject
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal Emigration By Sea From West Africa: Case Studies From The Gambia
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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4. What are the difference between International
and local Migration?
Permanent move from one country to
another
voluntary- motivated by perceived
economic or quality of life improvement.
forced- motivated by political or
environmental factors
International
5. What are the difference between International
and local Migration?
Permanent move within the same country
interregional- from one region to another
intraregional- within a region
Internal
ex. from rural-urban
ex. central city to a suburban center
6.
7. Since 1970's, the Philippines has supplied all kinds of skilled workers to the world's more
developed regions.
8. As of Dec. 2004, an estimated 8.1 M. Filipinos- nearly 10% of the country's 85M. people- were
working and/ or residing in close to 200 countries.
In the last 30 years, a "culture of migration" has emerged, with millions of Filipinos eager to
work abroad, despite the risks and vulnerabilities they are likely to face. A nationwide survey of
1,200 adult respondents in 2002 found one in five Filipinos expressing a desire to migrate.
More recent surveys carried out by Pulse Asia in 2005 found an increasing percentage of adult
respondents — 26 percent in July and 33 percent in October — agreeing with the statement, "If
it were only possible, I would migrate to another country and live there." Interest in leaving the
country is not limited to adults. In a nationwide survey in 2003 of children ages 10 to 12, 47
percent reported that they wished to work abroad someday. Sixty percent of children of
overseas foreign workers said they had plans to work abroad.
9. For much of the 20th century, "international migration" for Filipinos meant going to the United States
and its Pacific territories. The first batch of Filipino workers arrived in the U.S. territory of Hawaii on
December 20, 1906 to work on sugarcane and pineapple plantations.
1906 and 1934 -According to one estimate, approximately 120,000 Filipino workers came to Hawaii-
1907 and the 1930- Another estimate puts the number of 150,000 Filipinos arriving in the United
States particularly in Hawaii.
A small number of scholars, known as pensionados, also immigrated to the United States before the
1920s. They were either sponsored by the U.S. government or by missionary-related programs. Some
were sent by rich families to study and a few were self-supporting students. Those who returned
assumed important positions in Filipino society while others remained in the United States.
10. Becoming a Labor Exporter
The Philippines' ascent as a major labor exporter in Asia and worldwide is based on various factors.
When large-scale labor migration from the Philippines started in the 1970s,
Oilcrisisin1973.
11. Becoming a Labor Exporter
The absence of sustained economic development,
political instability, a growing population, double-
digit unemployment levels, and low wages continue
to compel people to look abroad.
12. The flow of OFWs, numbering
a few thousand per year in the
early 1970s, surged past 1
million beginning in 2006 (see
Figure 1). In 2015 alone, more
than 1,844,000 Filipinos
worked abroad. The data on
deployed workers include
seafarers, who account for 20
to22 percent of all OFWs every
year. Filipinos dominate the
global seafaring industry,
accounting for 25 to 30
percent of the world's
seafarers.
13. As of December 2004, the stock of overseas Filipinos include some 3.2 million permanent
settlers (the majority of whom are in the United States), about 3.6 million temporary labor
migrants (called OFWs), with Saudi Arabia hosting close to a million, and an estimated 1.3
million migrants in an unauthorized situation. The latter tend to be mostly in the United States
and Malaysia.
15. Terms need to remember
Represent a subset of OFWs, and are temporary migrants.
OFW term is commonly used, a further sign of the pervasive role that labor migration
occupies in Philippine society.
Overseas Filipino Workers( OFW)
source: www.migrationpolicy.org.
16. Fil. immigrants and legal permanent residents abroad.
Filipinos who stay overseas, regular and properly documented.
Permanent Migrants
example: Fil spouses or foreign nationals, Fils. naturalized in their host country,
Fil. dual citizens, and their descendants.
Temporary Migrants
Filipinos who are not properly documented or without valid residence or work
permits, or who may be overstaying their visa.
Irregular Migrants
source: www.migrationpolicy.org.
17. Overseas Filipino Workers are
estimated at 2.3 million
The number of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at
anytime during the period April to
September 2017 was estimated at 2.3
million. Overseas Contract Workers
(OFWs) or those with existing work
contracts comprised 97.0 percent of the
total OFWs during the period April to
September 2017. The rest (3.0%)
worked overseas without contracts
(Table 1 and Figure 1)
2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos (Results from the 2017 Survey on Overseas Filipinos )
18. CALABARZON has the largest proportion of OFWs
Among the regions, the largest
proportion of OFWs were from
CALABARZON (20.7% of the
total OFWs). Those coming
from Central Luzon comprised
12.9 percent, and those from the
National Capital Region and
Western Visayas, comprised 9.5
percent each. On the other hand,
the smallest number of OFWs
came from Caraga (1.7% of the
total OFWs) (Table 2 and Figure
2).
19. There are more female OFWs than male OFWs
The proportion of OFWs was higher for
females (53.7%) than males (46.3%). The
largest proportion of OFWs belonged to age
group 30 to 34 years comprising 21.7 percent
of all OFWs, followed by those aged 25 to 29
years with 20.4 percent. Female OFWs were
younger compared to male OFWs. Higher
percentage (24.1%) of female OFWs were in
the age group 25 to 29 years, while the male
OFWs were reported to have higher
percentage (19.8%) in age group 30 to 34
years. There were more male OFWs than
female OFWs in age group 35 years and over
20. Saudi Arabia is the leading destination of OFWs
Saudi Arabia was the leading
country of destination among
OFW (25.4%). Other
destinations of OFWs were
United Arab Emirates (15.3%),
Kuwait (6.7%), Hong Kong
(6.5%) and Qatar (5.5%)
21. One in every three OFWs are in elementary occupations
One in every three (37.6%) OFWs
worked in elementary occupations.
Around 18.0 percent worked as
service and sales workers. OFWs who
worked as plant and machine
operators and assemblers
comprised 13.7 percent, and craft
and related trade workers, 11.4
percent (Table 5 and Figure 5).
More than half of the female OFWs
were in elementary occupations
(59.0%). Among the male OFWs, the
largest group were plant and machine
operators and assemblers (26.9%)
22. Total remittances reach 205.2 billion pesos
The total remittance sent by OFWs
during the period April to September
2017 was estimated at 205.2 billion
pesos. These remittances included
cash sent home (146.8 billion pesos),
cash brought home (48.3 billion pesos)
and remittances in kind (10.1 billion
pesos) (Table 6 and Figure 6). The
majority of OFWs sent their remittance
through banks (62.8%) while the rest
used agencies or local offices (3.1%),
door-to-door delivery (0.8%), friends or
co-workers (0.1%) or other means
(33.1%)
23. Of the total cash remittance sent by OFWs, 38.6 billion pesos was the total remittance sent by elementary occupations
which comprised the biggest share of 18.7 percent. On average, remittance amounts to 52 thousand pesos per OFW. The
total remittance of OFWs working in Asia, comprising 85.6 percent of all OFWs, accounted for 77.9 percent of the
total cash remittances. From other countries, the percentage shares are as follows, Europe (9.8%), North and South
America (8.4%), Australia (2.4%) and Africa (1.5%)
24. Total Remittance
(in Million pesos).
211, 887
cash sent - 158,915.25
cash brought home - 46,615.14
in kind - 6,356.61
Number of overseas Filipino workers
(in thousands)
2,202
25. Place of Work
Asia - 73.4%
East Asia - 20.2%
Southeast and South Central Asia - 7.3%
Western Asia - 45.9%
Elem. Occupation
service and sales workers
Plant and Machine Operator
Technicians and Associate Profs.
Professionals
Craft and Related trade workers
Major Occupation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
26. Main Problems Encounter
by OFWs
Beyond Labor Migration
illegal recruitment, contract
substitution, illegal placement fees, long
working hours, and no days off (in the
case of domestic workers), among
others.
The 1995 Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipinos Act
a landmark law aimed to provide protection to
OFWs from pre-departure through arrival and
return. The focus on protection shifted during
the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(2001-10), when the government for the only
time to date set a target for the deployment of
workers. The Medium-Term Philippine
Development Plan 2004-2010 set a goal of
sending 1 million workers overseas every year.
27. Act(RA)10022
aiming to further strengthen measures to protect migrant workers, their families, and other overseas Filipinos in
distress. Among the law’s key provisions is the restriction of deployment only to countries that have been
certified as safe and offering protection.
The law also mandates recruitment agencies or employers to provide OFWs with compulsory insurance to
cover accidental death or disability, among other protections.
28. The Philippines Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) also amended recruitment
industry regulations, resulting in the 2016 Revised POEA Rules and Regulations Governing
the Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers, and a separate set of rules and regulations
applying to land-based workers.
These measures were aimed at curbing the illegal practices of recruitment agencies, such as
exorbitant placement fees and contract substitution, which negatively impact migrants.
29. RA10801
The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) is mandated to
provide programs and services for the welfare of OFWs and their families
and to manage the funds from member contributions and interest from
investments.
RA10364 Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
amended the 2003 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act to enhance concerted efforts to
combat trafficking and increase penalties for violators. Those who are identified as
victims of trafficking can access support and assistance.
30.
31. Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
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