International journal of scientific and innovative research 2015; 3(1)p issn 2347-2189, e- issn 2347-4971

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(1)
P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
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DR. B.R. PANDEY
DIRECTOR (RESEARCH)
SKY INSTITUTE, KURSI ROAD, LUCKNOW, U.P, INDIA
FORMER JOINT DIRECTOR, COUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, UP, LUCKNOW
(DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, UP GOVERNMENT), INDIA
FORMER PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HERBAL MEDICINE (IIHM), LUCKNOW, U.P., INDIA
E-MAIL ID: editorijsir02@gmail.com, MOBILE-: 9794849800
Dr.B.C.Tripathi
Assistant Prof.
Deptt. of Educa-
tion,
Rama P.G. College,
Chinhat, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh
Dr. PankajVerma
Senior Research Fellow,
Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial
Surgery,
Faculty of Dental Sciences,
K.G. Medical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Shri Sanjay Pandey
Assistant Prof.
National Institute of
Fashion Technology,
Raebareli,
Uttar Pradesh
ShriAshish Tiwari
Research Scholar,
Sai Nath University,
Ranchi,
Jharkhand
ADVISORY BOARD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
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Former Vice Chancellor, CCS Meerut University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
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King George Medical University, Lucknow.
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Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana, South America
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Xevier College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, 7325,
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Deptt. of Radiotherapy, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh
Prof. (Dr.) S.P. Singh
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Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh
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Associate Prof., School of Biotechnology,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Former Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of
Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University,
Tennessee, USA
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Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Internal Medicine, CD University,
C. David Giffen School of Medi., University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Dr. Mohd. Tarique
Prof., Deptt of Physical Edu., Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
1
Shri Sanjay Dixit
Scientist,
Sky Institute
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh

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EDITORIAL BOARD
Prof.(Dr.) Y.B. Tripathi
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Medicinal Chemistry,Institute of Medical Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
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Prof. & Head , Deptt. of Biochemistry, Shri Guru Ram RaiInstitute of Medical &
Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand & Former Prof. & Head, Department of
Biochemistry, K. G. Medical University , Lucknow, U.P.
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Junagarh, Gujarat & Former Principal Scientist – Head, Deptt. of Plant
Physiology, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
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Prof. Deptt. of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.
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Prof. (Dr.) Vibha Singh
Prof., Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences,
Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Pal
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences,
Prof. (Dr. ) K.K. Pant
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Dr. C.M.K.Tripathi
Former Deputy Director & Head, Division of Fermentation Technology, CSIR-
Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. R.D. Tripathi
Chief Scientist & ProfessorPlant Ecology & Environmental Science Division,
Uttar Pradesh CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof.(Dr.) Ashwani K. Srivastav
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biosciences, Integral University,Lucknow,
Former Senior Scientist, Birbal Sbahani Institute Paleobotany, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof.(Dr.) L. Pandey
Prof. & Head , Postgraduate Deptt . of Physics,Former Dean, Faculty of Science,
Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Prof .(Dr.) Bali Ram
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) J.P.N.Rai
Prof.& Head, Deptt. of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agr. &
Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand
Prof.(Dr. )R. S. Dubey
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.
Prof. (Dr.) Omkar
Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) Sudhir Kumar
Prof., Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) Naveen Khare
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) S. M. Natu
Prof., Deptt. of Pathalogy,K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Kusum Lata Mishra,
In-charge, Coagulation Laboratory, Deptt. of Pathology,
K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Sharma,
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Prof.(Dr.) R.K. Shukla
Prof., Deptt. of Physics, Lucknow University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.)Anil Gaur
Prof., Deptt. of Biotechnology & Genetic Engg., G.B. Pant University of Agr. &
Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand
Dr. Mahesh Pal
Principal Scientist ,Phytochemistry Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Vinod Singh
Assoc. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Microbiology, Baruktulla University, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh
Dr. K.K.Verma
Assoc. Prof., Deptt. of Physics & Electronics.Dr. R. M. L. Awadh University ,
Faizabad,Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Atul Gupta
Senior Scientist, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants,
Dr. Saudan Singh,
Senior Principal Scientist,CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants ,
Dr. S.K.Tiwari
Senior Principal Scientist ,CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Shivani Pandey,
Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry,K.G.Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.
Dr. B.C. Yadav,
Lucknow Associate Prof. & Coordinator, Deptt. of Applied Physics, School for
Physical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P.
Dr. Anchal Srivastava,
Prof., Deptt of Physics, Lucknow University,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Shalini Bariar
Asstt. Professor, Durga Devi Saraf Institute of Management, Mumbai, India
Dr.A.K.Pandey
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,Lucknow, U.P.
Dr.S.K.Pandey
G.M. LML Factory, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Suneet Kumar Awasthi,
Asst. Prof ,Deptt.of PhysicsJ.P. University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Dr.G. N. Pandey
Asst. Prof, Deptt. of Physics Amity University, Noida ,Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Mukesh Verma
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Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Abhay Singh,
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Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
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Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. V.P.Sharma
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Dr. Krishna Gopal
Former Deputy Director & Head , Aquatic Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian
Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. S.P. Shukla
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Dr. Ajay Mishra
Associate Prof. , Deptt. of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow , U. P.
Dr. Ashutosh Singh
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry,Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U. P.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Principal, Gita College of Education , Nimbari, Panipat, Haryana
Shri Sudesh Bhat
Advisor (Education), Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
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ABOUT EDITOR-IN- CHIEF : DR. B. R. PANDEY
Dr. B. R. Pandey is a well known academician and scientist with brilliant academic career and
research accomplishments . He has done M.Sc. ( organic chemistry) from Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India in the year 1972. He has done PhD in Medicinal Chemistry under the guidance of world
renowned Biochemist & Medicinal Chemist, Professor S.S. Parmar , Professor of Medicinal Chemistry &
Chemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow (
Presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India in the
year 1976. Dr. Pandey has all throughout first class educational qualifications and his research interest
covers medicinal chemistry, biochemical pharmacology, neurochemistry, neuro-toxicology, environmental
chemistry, herbal medicine & natural products. He is having extensive research experience of more than 40
years and published several research papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute. His research
particularly on the studies of central nervous system acting drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs and their
biochemical mode of action using animal models and enzymes such as monoamine oxidase, acetylcholine
esterase, purine catabolizing enzymes , proteolytic enzymes, membrane stabilizing enzymes, respiratory
enzymes, microsomal enzymes etc. has been well recognized as evidenced by his research publications .
Further, his research on developing herbal medicines has been found very useful in prevention and treatment
of chronic diseases and other refractory diseases for which modern system of medicine have no permanent
cure. He has worked on the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P., Lucknow,
Department of Science & Technology, Uttar Pradesh Government, India from the year 1979 to 2011, where
he successfully executed several R & D projects in various disciplines of Science & Technology including
chemical & pharmaceutical sciences, medical sciences, biological sciences, environmental sciences etc.
During his tenure as Joint Director, he has been instrumental in launching and implementing important
schemes:Young Scientists Scheme,Young Scientist Visiting Fellowship Scheme, Establishment of Centre of
Excellence- Encephalitis Research Centre of Excellence in Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical
Sciences ( SGPGIMS), Lucknow , U. P. India ; Centre of Excellence in Materials Science ( nano materials)
in Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. India, Establishment of
Patent Information Centre in the premises of Council of Science & Technology , U.P. He has also worked
on the post of Secretary ( as additional charge ) , Council of Science & Technology, U.P. several times and
functioned as Administrative Head of the Organization. Prior to taking over the position of Joint Director,
Council of Science & Technology, U.P. in the year 1979, he has worked as Junior Research Fellow/ Senior
Research Fellow ( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi ), Assistant Research Officer (
Jawaharlal Nehru Laboratory of Molecular Biology) at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K.
G. Medical College ( presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow,
Lucknow, India from the year 1972 to 1979 and involved in multidisciplinary biomedical research leading to
drug development . He has worked as Visiting Scientist / Faculty in the Department of Physiology, School
of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA and also visited scientific
institutions in Sweden, U.K. and U.S.A. under Training Program on Capacity Building in Environmental
Research Management (World Bank Funding Project). After his superannuation in the year 2011, he has
been associated with International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India as Professor and is
presently associated with Sky Institute, Lucknow , India as Director ( Research) and involved in programs
related to higher education and research of scientific & technological fields. He has organized several
3

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national and international conferences. He has actively participated in national and international conferences,
symposia and workshops and presented research papers and chaired scientific / technical sessions. He is
life member and fellow of many scientific societies such as National Academy of Sciences India , Society
of Toxicology of India, Indian Academy of Neurosciences, Bioved Research Society India, International
Society for Herbal Medicine (ISHM), Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, India. He has
been member of several scientific expert committees/ advisory committees to evaluate scientific research
proposals. Dr. Pandey has been actively associated with various universities and institutions in India as
examiner for conducting graduate, post graduate and doctoral level examinations in disciplines like chemical
sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemical sciences, biotechnology and allied areas and member of
Board of Studies for the academic development in the department. He has been approved research supervisor
for guiding research in chemistry, biotechnology and related areas from various universities of India leading
to PhD Degree. In view of his vast research and administrative experience and broad R & D vision, Dr.
Pandey has been associated with International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research (IJSIR) as
Editor-in-Chief.
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FROM THE DESK OF CHAIRMAN, SKY INSTITUTE
It is my privilege to state that I have great desire to contribute to the
development of our country and to bring about social transformation through
education,higherlearningandresearch.Thisinnerfeelingpromptedmetoestablish
SkyInstituteinLucknow(UttarPradesh),thecityknownforitsrichculturalheritage
andvibrantacademicinstitutionsofhigherlearning.SkyInstitute,sinceitsinception
in the year 2006, has been functioning to impart various educational and training
courseswithavisiontoimprovinglivesthrougheducation,researchandinnovation.Theinstituteprovides
aprofessionallearningenvironmentthatactsasacatalyst,fortheexponentialgrowthofstudentaswellas
extracurricularabilities.Itconductsregularcoursesatthelevelofgraduateandpostgraduatefollowedby
researchcoursesleadingtoMPhilandPhDinallsubjectsinassociationwithuniversities.
I feel great pleasure to highlight that Sky Institute has started to publish a bi-annual journal
“InternationalJournalofScientificandInnovativeResearch(IJSIR)whichencouragestopublishresearch
articlesinallbranchesofscience,technology,engineering,health,agricultureandmanagement.Research
articlesinthefieldofeducationarealsoconsideredinordertoimproveeducationalstandardineducational
institutionswithinnovativetechnologies.Firstvolumeofthejournalhasbeensuccessfullypublished. The
present issue of second volume of the journal contains useful and informative research articles which
may be interesting to readers and educational and research organizations. The association of eminent
facultyandscientistsofreputedorganizationswithourjournalishighlyappreciable.
I call upon all the students who are willing to join various programs/courses being run at Sky
Instituteinassociationwithselecteduniversities,tostrivehardtogainknowledge,transformitintoskills
withrightattitudeandinculcatethehabitoflearning,whichwilldrivethemtoselfdirectedlearning.
My best wishes to all the aspiring students.
5
Mohit Bajpai
Chairman
SkyInstitute

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CONTENTS PAGE
MICROBIAL CHOLESTEROL OXIDASES 1
AKANKSHA SRIVASTAVA, RAM NIWAS, VINEETA SINGH, AMREEN KHAN, C.K.M. TRIPATHI
VAJRADANTI -TRADITIONAL TO MODERN ERA 12
VIBHA SINGH
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF HELIUM : AN OVERVIEW 17
B. R. PANDEY, SATENDRA SINGH, NIDHI SHARMA, SANJAY DIXIT
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXIMER LASERS 27
B. R. PANDEY, SATENDRA SINGH, NIDHI SHARMA, SANJAY DIXIT
SUCCESSION AND LIFE CYCLE OF BEETLES ON THE EXPOSED CARCASS 46
REEMA SONKER, SUNITA RAWAT AND KALPANA SINGH
PUPAL DIAPAUSE IN THE FLESH FLY, SARCOPHAGA DUX 51
S. RAWAT, R.SONKER AND K.SINGH
A REVIEW OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR SHUNT ACTIVE POWER 55
FILTER FOR HARMONICS COMPENSATION
SANJAY MATHUR, NIYAZ HASAN KAZMI, TALAHA CHISTI, ANURAG TRIPATHI
STUDY OF DOMAIN SIZE IN ORDER- DISORDER NANO-FERROELECTRIC POWDERS 61
FROM NMR RESPONSE OF I=3/2 QUADRUPOLAR SPIN SYSTEMS
AHIRWAL P. K, CHAITANYA P., SHUKLA A. AND PANDEY L.
EVOLUTION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 72
NIAZ AHMED SIDDIQUI
RIGHT TO INFORMATION- A TOOL OF GOOD GOVERNACE 80
SUNIL KUMAR SINGH, RUPINDER KAUR GULATI, POOJA AWASTHI, OM PRAKASH
A COMPARISON OF SPORTS STRESS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG SPORTS COLLEGE, 88
SPORTS HOSTEL AND STADIUM BADMINTON PLAYERS
TANUJ KUMAR, SATISH SINGH, MANJEET SINGH BHANDARI, RAKESH PRASAD SEMWAL, ABHAY SINGH
STUDIES ON THE BATCH ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS ONTO RICE HUSK 91
R. SRIVASTAVA, D.C.RUPAINWAR
AIRBORN BACTERIA AND FUNGI LEVEL IN INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AREAS 108
AASHISH TIWARI, DIVYA SAHNI, A.H. KHAN
IN SILICO PREDICTION OF EPITOPE-BASED PEPTIDES FROM PROTEOME OF NIPAH VIRUS 119
B. R. PANDEY, SUGANDHA SINGH, SHIPRA SRIVASTAVA, NIDHI SHARMA
A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG B.ED. STUDENTS OF 125
DEHRADUN DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND
SHAILJA ASTHANA AND D.K. DIVEDI
LIFE INSURANCE AND ITS PROVISION OF IN-BUILD SECURITY 131
IMRAN FAROOQ, JYOTI AGARWAL, KAMLESH KUMAR SHUKLA
AIR QUALITY INDEX FOR UTTAR PRADESH WITH A FOCUS ON LUCKNOW 134
SHUKLA S.P., SACHAN R., DWIVEDI L., SHARMA K. J., YADAV V.P., SINGH N.B.
VALUE BASED EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 152
ANSHU TRIPATHI AND B.C. TRIPATHI
6

International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2015; 3(1) : 1-11,
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MICROBIALCHOLESTEROLOXIDASES
AKANKSHASRIVASTAVA1
, RAM NIWAS 1
, VINEETASINGH 1
,
AMREEN KHAN 2
, *C.K.M. TRIPATHI 2
1
Microbiology Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow, India
*Address for correspondence: Dr. C.K.M. Tripathi, Department of Biotechnology, Shri Ramswaroop
Memorial University, Lucknow - Deva Road, Lucknow-225003, India, Email ID: ckm.tripathi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Cholesterol oxidase, a bi-functional FAD-containing microbial enzyme belongs to the family
oxidoreductases which catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol into 4-cholesten-3-one. In recent
time, cholesterol oxidase has received great attention due to its wider use in clinical
(determination of serum cholesterol) laboratories practice and in the biocatalysis for the
production of a number of steroids. Cholesterol oxidase (COD) has been shown to possess
potent insecticidal activity, besides its use to track cell cholesterol. Moreover, this enzyme is
also implicated in the manifestation of some of the diseases of bacterial (tuberculosis), viral
(HIV) and non-viral prion origin (Alzheimer’s). These applications and disease mechanisms
have promoted the need of screening, isolation and characterization of newer microbes from
diverse habitats as a source of COD to learn more about its structural and functional aspects.
In this review, we discuss microbial sources of COD, its structure and important biochemical
properties besides its broad range of biological functions and applications.
Keywords: Cholesterol, Steroids, Bio-catalysis, Microorganisms, Biosensors
INTRODUCTION
The enzyme Cholesterol oxidase (COD)
(cholesterol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.6)
catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 4-
cholesten-3-one in the presence of O2
[1]
. COD
has wide applications in clinical, pharmaceuticals,
food and agricultural industries which has
considerably increased the demand of this
enzyme. Various microorganisms are reported
to produce COD with specific properties.
Cholesterol oxidases are used to determine
cholesterol concentration in food and blood
serum by coupling of the enzyme with peroxidase
[2,3]
in the production of precursors for chemical
synthesis of steroid hormones, degradation of
dietary cholesterol in foods [4]
and as biological
control agent [5]
.
COD is a monomeric bi-functional flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD) containing enzyme
which belongs to the oxidoreductases family and
acts on the CH-OH group of donor with oxygen
as an acceptor. COD catalyzes the oxidation of
3 β -hydroxoysteroids and the isomerization of
5-6-ene- 3 β -ketosteroid (cholest-5-en-3-one)
to produce 3-4-ene-3 β -ketosteroid (cholest-
4-en-3-one) (Figure 1)
Figure 1: Breakdown of cholesterol with the help of
cholesterol oxidase
SOURCES OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE
Cholesterol oxidase has been isolated and
characterized from numerous microorganisms
that are found in different environments (Figure
2). The first COD enzyme was isolated from
Nocardia (later Rhodococcus) erythropolis and
oxidant effect of cholesterol was explored [6]
.
Mycobacterium sp. and Streptomyces sp. are
reported from soil for COD production. COD
producing microorganisms have also been
isolated from food stuffs like chicken fat, pork

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fat, butter and bacon eg. Rhodococcus strain
[7]
.COD has also been reported in many other
microorganisms such as Arthrobacter sp. [8,9]
Corynebacterium sp. [10]
Nocardia erythropolis [11]
,
Rhodococcus erythropolis [12,13]
, Mycobacterium
sp.[14]
, Brevibacterium sterolicum,
Streptoverticillium sp. [15],
Streptomyces violascens
[16]
, Streptomyces sp. [17-19],
and Enterobacter sp.
[20]
. COD has also been isolated from some gram-
negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp. [21]
,
Chromobacterium sp. [22]
. COD from a eukaryotic
microorganism Schizophyllum sp. (identified as
basidiomycetes) has also been reported [23].
Table 2: Milestones of discoveries related to
cholesterol oxidase enzyme
STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE
There are two distinct types of COD that
bind with FAD cofactor in two different ways: non-
covalently and covalently. They also differ in
terms of structure, folding, kinetic and
thermodynamic properties. Two types of
cholesterol oxidases are reported.
Class-I cholesterol oxidase
The class-I COD enzyme contains the FAD
redox cofactor which is non-covalently bound to
the enzyme. It belongs to the glucose-methanol-
choline (GMC) oxidoreductase family and has
been found mostly in actinomycetes such as
Streptomyces sp. The structural and mutational
analysis of Streptomyces sp. (class-I enzyme)
has revealed that His447 and Glu361 residues
are implicated in the activity for the oxidation and
isomerization steps[34]
and reported comparison
of amino acid sequences from class-I enzymes
eg. Streptomyces sp., Rhodococcus sp. and
Mycobacterium sp. These sequences contain a
consensus sequence for FAD binding, Gly-X-
Gly-X-X-Gly, in the N-terminal region of the
COD[35]
.
The class-I enzyme possesses the
characteristic nucleotide-binding fold (Rossmann
fold) consisting of a -pleated sheet
sandwiched between -helices and the motif
needed for binding the cofactor. The
diphosphate group of the cofactor is positioned
closely to the N terminus of the first -helix of
the protein where the conserved GXGXG glycine
residues are located [29]
.
Class-II cholesterol oxidase
In the class-II enzyme the FAD cofactor
covalently linked to the enzyme [36]
. The class-II
enzyme belongs to the (VAO) vanillyl-alcohol-
oxidase family. This enzyme has been found in
Brevibacterium sterolicum, Rhodococcus
erythropolis and gram-negative bacteria such as
Burkholderia sp., Chromobacterium sp. and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing similarity
(43% to 99%) to one another. The structure of
COD (class-II enzyme) from the Brevibacterium
sterolicum has been determined by X-ray
crystallography and refined to high resolution.
The structure suggested that the FAD was
covalently bound to an active-site histidine
(His121) via the C8 group of the flavin
isoalloxazine ring. This covalent bond is
implicated in the redox potential and contributes
to the stability of the enzyme [37].
In addition, Glu475 and Arg477, located at
the active-site cavity, were suggested to
constitute gate functioning in the control of
oxygen access. In the covalent form of the
enzyme, the diphosphate moiety is localized in
the residues found between the third and fourth
b-strands of a four-stranded -pleated sheet.

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www.ijsir.co.in 3
COD has been known in a number of
microorganisms and these flavoenzymes exhibit
different sequences that suggest structural
differences between the proteins. The
comparison of sequence alignments are
performed using CLUSTALW2 (http://
www.expasy.ch.) for different types of CODs.
Amino acids sequences are obtained using the
protein search algorithm at The National Centre
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [38]
.
MODE OF ACTION OF CHOLESTEROL
OXIDASE
The CODs enzymes are bi functional,
catalyzing the oxidation of D5-ene-3b-
hydroxysteroids with a trans A±B ring junction to
the D5-3- ketosteroid and also isomerization to
the D4-3-ketosteroid [26]
. The mode of action
depends on the presence of molecular oxygen
and NAD-dependent dehydrogenases e.g. the
coupled enzyme 3b-hydroxysteroid: NAD (P)
oxidoreductase-3-ketosteroid D4, D5-isomerase
(3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: D5-
isomerase) from the mitochondrial fraction of
human placenta. COD catalyzes three chemical
reactions (Figure 2).
In the first catalytic step, the
dehydrogenation of the alcohol function at the
3-position of the steroid ring system occurs,
resulting in two redox equivalents which are
transferred to the (oxidized) flavin cofactor that
becomes reduced in the process. In the second
catalytic step, the reduced flavin reacts with
dioxygen to regenerate the oxidized enzyme and
hydrogen peroxide (H2
O2
) (oxidative half-
reaction). Finally in the third step, the oxidized
steroid undergoes an isomerization of the
double bond in the steroid ring system from D5-
6 to D4-5 and formed the final product cholest-
4-en-3-one. In general, this isomerization
reaction occurs faster than the release of the
intermediate cholest-5-en-3-one [38]
.
PROPERTIES OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASES
Cholesterol oxidases are produced from
several microorganisms and its properties have
been extensively studied. Various properties of
microbial cholesterol oxidases (molecular weight,
pH and temperature optima, effect of metal ions
and detergents) are summarized in Table 2b.
COD molecular weights have been reported to
be in the range of 47–61 kDa. Most of the CODs
are produced extracellular into the growth
medium. However some of the intracellular or
membrane-bound CODs have been reported
from Mycobacterium [39]
, Rhodococcus [40,41]
. R.
erythropolis produces both membrane-bound
and extracellular cholesterol oxidases [41]
.
Effect of pH and temperature on the activity
and stability of cholesterol oxidases
Generally microbial CODs have neutral pH
optima and possess stability over a wide range.
The enzymes have temperature optima in the
range of 37–60°C. The optimum temperature
(70°C) of cholesterol oxidase from Streptomyces
fradiae is the highest among the enzymes
reported so far [42]
. COD produced from
Chromobacterium sp. strain DS-1 is highly
thermo-stable [22]
. The thermal stability of the DS-
1 enzyme was compared with commercially
available cholesterol oxidases from various
bacterial sources such as Streptomyces sp.,
Cellulomonas sp., Nocardia sp., Nocardia
erythropolis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and B.
cepacia ST-200 and it was found that all of these
commercial enzymes lost most of their activities
Figure 2: Mechanism of reaction catalyzed by
cholesterol oxidase

4 www.ijsir.co.in
P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
after incubation at 60–80°C for 30 min [22]
while
enzyme from strain DS-1 had retained 80% of
its original activity even at 85°C after 30 min. [43]
and improved the thermal stability of
Streptomyces COD by random mutagenesis.
Effect of metal ions on the activity of
cholesterol oxidases
Generally CODs activity does not require
metal ions but some COD activity was enhanced
in the presence of metal ions. Chelating agents,
including EDTA, o-phenanthroline, and 8-
hydroxyquinoline, did not show a significant
inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity [44,45,22]
. In
many cases, cholesterol oxidase activity is
remarkably inhibited by an SH inhibitor, Hg2+
, or
Ag+
represented in Table 2b. Exceptionally, Cu2+
increases COD activity approximately 2-3 fold
in some strains as Streptomyces sp.
Enterobacter sp. and Bordetella sp. [18,9,20]
. By
contrast Ag+
scarcely influenced the activity of
the enzyme from strain DS-1 [22]
. FeSO4
remarkably inhibited the activity of the enzyme
from S. violascens and Streptomyces sp. [44.18]
.
CuSO4
significantly inhibited the COD activity of
Streptoverticillium cholesterolieum. In the
addition of p-chloro-mercuric benzonate partially
reduced the COD activity produced from A.
simplex [8]
and B. sterolicum [24]
. The activities of
the enzymes from Pseudomonas sp. COX629,
-Proteobacterium and Streptomyces parvus
were partially activated by the addition of Mn2+
[21,45,19]
. SDS and β -Mercaptoethanol significantly
inhibited the COD activity produced from
Streptomyces sp. and Streptomyces parvus [19,18]
.
Effect of detergents and organic solvents
on the activity of cholesterol oxidases
Cholesterol is an insoluble compound so
detergents are often added to the reaction
solution to act as a solubilizer. For diagnosis of
hyperlipidemia or atherosclerotic diseases the
monitoring of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
cholesterol in serum is important. Therefore,
several methods for the separation of HDL or
LDL cholesterol with various detergents have
been presumed [46,47,48]
. Since detergents
influence the COD activity [49,19]
and often
inactivate cholesterol oxidases as well as most
enzymes [45,22,19,18]
a COD with high activity and
stability in the presence of a wide range of
detergents is expected to improve the differential
assay method for HDL and LDL cholesterol in
serum. A detergent-tolerant COD was reported
from -Proteobacterium Y-134 and this enzyme
retained more than 80% of its original activity in
0.5% Triton X-405 and sodium cholate after
incubation for 1 h at 60°C. At this experimental
condition commercially available enzymes from
Nocardia, Brevibacterium and Streptomyces lost
most of their activities. Commercially available
CODs were completely inactivated by the
addition of ionic detergents such as sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl benzene
sulfonate (LBS) after incubation for 1 h at 30°C.
By contrast, the COD produced from
Chromobacterium sp. DS-1 was relatively
tolerant to SDS and LBS. In addition, the
treatment with sodium dodecyl sarcosinate or
Emal 20CM completely inactivated all of the
enzymes except the DS-1 enzyme after 1 h at
60°C. The DS-1 enzyme was relatively tolerant
to these detergents even at 60°C.
Organic solvents are also employed to
solubilize the steroids. COD has been used for
the optical resolution of non-steroidal
compounds, allylic alcohols [50,5]
and the
bioconversion of 3 -hydroxysteroids in the
presence of organic solvents [52]
. Therefore, an
organic solvent-tolerant COD would be useful
for several applications. Organic solvents often
influence the cholesterol oxidase activity [49]
.
Laane et al. [53]
has reported that organic solvents
with low log Pow values inactivate most enzymes.
Pollegioni et al. [49]
examined the stability of COD
produced from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and
B. sterolicum in the presence of various
concentrations of isopropanol. The activity of the
B. sterolicum COD is rapidly inactivated, whereas
the S. hygroscopicus enzyme retained 70% of
the initial activity after 5 h in the presence of 30%
propan-2-ol at 25°C. Commercially available
cholesterol oxidases including Streptomyces sp.,
Cellulomonas sp., Nocardia sp., N. erythropolis,
and P. fluorescens, were inactivated by the
addition of 50% volume of dimethylsulfoxide,
methanol, ethanol, acetone isopropanol, ethyl
acetate, or butanol after incubation at 37°C for
24 h. By contrast, Chromobacterium sp. DS-1,
B. cepacia ST-200 and Streptomyces sp.
enzymes were stable in the presence of all
solvents except for acetone.

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SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY
The oxidation rate affects length and
structure of the 17-side chain the steroid ring D.
Next to cholesterol most of the CODs oxidized
-cholestanol at a high rate. The double bond
between the positions of the 5 and 6 do not seem
to be very important for this enzyme activity.
There seems to be a tendency for sterols with
the short side chain to be oxidized at a low rate.
Although the oxidation rates of pregnenolone by
most enzymes were slow and enzymes from
Chromobacterium sp. DS-1, Streptomyces sp.
SA-COO, and S. violascens oxidized pregneno-
lone at a high rate. Substrate specificity of CODs
is briefly summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Characterization COD produced from different microbial sources
Sources
M.Wt.
(kDa)
Optimum
pH
Optimum
Temp (°C)
Substrate Specificity Inhibitors References
Arthrobacter simplex 57 7.5 50
Cholesterol, Ergosterol and
-Stigmasterol.
HgCl2 [8]
Arthrobacter sp. IM79 63 7.5-8.5 40-50
Cholesterol, Ergosterol and
-Stigmasterol.
- [54]
Brevibacterium
sterolicum
55 7.5 50
-Stigmasterol,
Dehydroepiandrosterone,
-Sitosterol and
-Cholestanol.
HgCl2 and
AgNO3
[24]
Bordetella sp. 55 7.0 50 - Hg2+
and Ag+
[8]
Burkholderia cepaca
ST-200
60 6.8-8.0 60
-Stigmasterol,
-Sitosterol,
-Cholestanol and
Epiandrosterone.
- [22]
Corynebacterium
cholesterolicum
57 7.0-7.5 40-42
-Stigmasterol,
Ergosterol, Pregnenolone and
-Sitosterol.
HgCl2 and
AgNO3
[55]
Chromobacterium sp.
DS-1
58 7.0-7.5 65
-Stigmasterol,
-Sitosterol,
-Cholestanol Epiandrosterone,
Dehydroepiandrosterone and
Ergosterol.
[22]
Enterobacter sp. 58 7.0 - Hg2+
andAg+
[20]
Nocardia
rhodochrous
7.0 30 [11]
Schizophyllum
commune
53 5.0 -
Cholesterol, Dehydr epiandro
sterone and Pregnenolone.
- [23]
Streptomyces fradiae 60 7.0 70 - [42]
Streptomyces sp. SA-
COO
58 6.5-7.0 45-50
-Stigmasterol,
Ergosterol,Pregnenolone,
-Sitosterol and
-Cholestanol.
Hg++
and Ag+
[21]
Streptomyces sp. 55 7.0 - [56]
Streptomyces sp. 62 7.5 37 -
Ba++
, Mn++
,
Hg++ [18]
Streptomyces parvus 55 7.2 50
Cholestero -Stigmasterol,
Ergosterol, Pregnenolone,
-Sitosterol, and
-Cholestanol.
Pb++
, Ag++
,
Hg++
and Zn++ [19]
Streptoverticillium
cholesterolieum
56 7.0-7.5
-Stigmasterol,
-Sitosterol, and
-Cholestanol.
Hg2+
and Ag+
[67]
-Proteobacterium 58 6.5 50
-Stigmasterol and
- -Cholestanol
[45]
Pseudomonas
sp.COX629
56 7.0
-Stigmastero
-Cholestanol.
Fe2+
, Zn2+
and
Hg2+
[21]
Pseudomonas sp.
strain ST-200
60 7 60
-Stigmasterol,
- -Cholestanol and
Epicholesterol.
[58]

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APPLICATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL
OXIDASES
COD of microbial origin are the enzymes of
great interest in the present era. COD is widely
used in clinical diagnosis and determining lipid
disorders. It is used as an insecticide also [59]
and
plays a role in lysis of macrophages and
leukocytes as well. The important applications
of COD have been discussed below under
separate categories.
Clinical applications
COD is useful for the clinical determination
of cholesterol levels in foods, serum (HDL and
LDL) for the assessment of atherosclerotic
diseases and other lipid disorders as well as the
risk of thrombosis [60]
. Analysis of serum
cholesterol is generally accomplished by using
a three enzyme assay [2,25]
. Because most of the
cholesterol present in serum samples is
esterified, the incubation of serum with
cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) is necessary
to release free cholesterol. After that peroxidase
enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) subsequently catalyzes the
oxidative coupling reaction with hydrogen
peroxide, 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol to form
a red quinoneimine dye. This red dye is easy to
measure by spectrophotometric determination.
In recent years various electrochemical
biosensors using the immobilized CODs have
been reported for the determination of
cholesterol in serum and food.
Insecticidal activity
Bacterial COD has potent insecticidal
activity against the cotton boll weevil
(Anthonomus grandis). Purcell et al. [31]
discovered a highly efficient protein that killed
boll weevil (Anthonomusgrandis grandis
Boheman) larvae from Streptomyces culture
filtrates and identified the protein as cholesterol
oxidase. The COD is involved in the lysis of the
mid gut epithelial cells of the larvae. Cholesterol
or the related sterol at the membrane of the boll
weevil mid gut epithelium seemed to be
accessible to the enzyme and it is oxidized by
cholesterol oxidase causing lysis of the mid gut
epithelial cells resulting in larval death. Purified
COD was active against boll weevil larvae at a
concentration (LC50
of 20.9 ìg/ml), which is
comparable to the bioactivity of Bacillus
thuringiensis proteins against other insect pests.
Corbin et al. [5]
studied that enzyme also which
exhibits insecticidal activity against lepidopteran
cotton insect pests, tobacco budworm
(Heliothisvirescens), corn earworm
(Helicoverpazea) and pink bollworm
(Pectinophora gossypiella). Recently, it was
reported that Chromobacterium subtsugae has
insecticidal properties [61]
. Cholesterol oxidase
might be involved in this insecticidal activity
because it was recently found that
Chromobacterium strains produce cholesterol
oxidase [22]
and also shows insecticidal activity.
Some insecticide proteins are vital for pest
control strategies employing transgenic crops.
Corbin et al. [5]
expressed the Streptomyces COD
gene in tobacco protoplasts and Cho et al. [62]
also have succeeded in the expression of the
COD gene in tobacco cells.
Transformation of sterols and non-steroidal
compounds and production of steroid
hormones precursors
Bioconversion of non-water-soluble
compounds has been hindered because of their
low solubility in an aqueous medium. Sterols
including cholesterol are insoluble compounds
so various reaction systems with COD have
been developed. COD has been used for the
transformation of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-
one in the presence of different organic solvents
in reverse micelles system [63]
and in supercritical
carbon dioxide. COD has a broad range of
substrate specificity and can be used for the
bioconversion of a number of 3 -hydroxyster-
oids which can be used for the synthesis of
steroid hormones and other pharmaceutical
steroids in the presence of organic solvents and
in aqueous medium containing modified
cyclodextrin [64]
. Also cholesterol oxidase can be
used for the optical resolution of non-steroidal
compounds allylic alcohols in the presence of
organic solvents [50]
. A wide range of
microorganisms can metabolize cholesterol and
use it as a sole carbon and energy source [65]
.
Cholesterol degradation is achieved through a
complex metabolic pathway involving many
enzymatic steps starting with the oxidation of the
3 β -hydroxyl group by COD followed by the
oxidation of the 17- alkyl side chain and the

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steroid ring system and ultimately degrading the
entire molecule to CO2
and H2
O. A number of
Mycobacterium strains treated with mutagens
have been reported to accumulate sterol
biodegradation intermediates such as 4-
androstene-3, 17-dione and 1,4-androstadiene-
3,17-dione [66]
. These intermediates may be used
as precursors for the production of steroid drugs
and hormones.
A potential target for new antibiotics
Some pathogenic bacteria which possess
cholesterol oxidases are thought to contribute
to their pathogenicity. Navas et al. [34]
observed
that the COD is a major membrane damaging
factor of Rhodococcus equi which is a primary
pathogen of horses and an opportunistic
pathogen in humans. The disruption of the COD
gene was associated with a loss of cooperative
(CAMP-like) hemolysis with sphingomyelinase
producing bacteria. However the gene disruption
analysis of the choE gene in R. equi performed
by another group showed no difference between
the mutant and parent strain in cytotoxic activity
for macrophages or in intra macrophage
multiplication. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also
a principal bacterial pathogen of humans and
has been found to possess cholesterol oxidase.
[67]
. It has been shown that the choD mutant of
M. tuberculosis was attenuated in peritoneal
macrophages. The mice infection experiments
confirmed the significance of choD in the
pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Thus, there
seems to be opposite effects of the genes
disruption in R. equi and in M. tuberculosis. S.
natalensis cholesterol oxidase (PimE) has been
described as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis
of the polyene macrolide pimaricin [68]
. Pimaricin
is a macrolide antifungal antibiotic widely used
in the food industry. The antifungal activity of
pimaricin is involved in its interaction with
membrane sterols, causing the alternation of
membrane structure and leading to the leakage
of cellular materials. The pimE gene is located
in the center of the pimaricin biosynthetic cluster.
The gene disruption completely blocked the
pimaricin production, whereas gene
complementation recovered the antibiotic
production. The addition of purified PimE or
commercial cholesterol oxidases to the gene
disruptant culture triggered the pimaricin
production. These results suggested that
cholesterol oxidases could act as signaling
proteins for polyene biosynthesis. These new
findings might be important for improving the
productivity of the polyene from S. natalensis.
Studies on membrane structure
Cholesterol is the main constituent of
eukaryotic cell membrane. Cholesterol is
expected to promote and stabilize the local bi-
layer bending which is supposed to take place
during membrane fusion, since the curvature
stress is towards the negative side [69]
. Many
researchers have studied the role of cholesterol
in membrane organization that has used COD
as probe [68]
. COD has been used as a probe to
investigate the interaction of cholesterol with
phospholipids [70]
and the eukaryotic cell
membrane structure i.e., lipid rafts. Pollegioni et
al. [49]
demonstrated the inaccessibility of COD
for the outer-membrane surface of human
erythrocytes and virus. The lipid rafts are the
domains in which cholesterol and saturated lipids
present in membrane, such as sphingolipids,
promote the formation of a highly ordered
membrane structure [71]
. Lipid rafts participate in
numerous cellular processes including signal
transduction, protein and lipid sorting, cellular
entry by toxins and viruses, and viral budding.
Therefore, the investigation of the lipid raft is
important with regard to the study of eukaryotic
membrane function.
Cholesterol oxidases biosensors
Cholesterol detection is important for clinical
investigation and food analysis. For cholesterol
detection different electrochemical biosensors
have been proposed. Cholesterol biosensors
based on immobilized cholesterol esterase and
cholesterol oxidase have been studied to
determine the total cholesterol content in food
stuffs and electrochemical measurements are
performed in the cholesterol analysis of food
samples. Different types of methods to use COD
as biosensors, such as screen printed electrode
[72]
hydrogel membranes, polymeric membrane,
self-assembled mono layers, composite sol-gel
membrane , liquid crystal cubic phase matrices
and films prepared by the layer-by-layer
technique have been developed. Generally in
electrochemical biosensor the detection was

8 www.ijsir.co.in
P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
monitored on the basis consumption of oxygen
and H2
O2
. Novel amperometric biosensors have
been formed by immobilizing COD in sol-gel layer
on CNT-Pt modified electrodes. This biosensor
was successfully used for serum cholesterol
determination.
A new electrochemical biosensor was
introduced in 2010, for determination of
cholesterol that combined with Fourier
transformation continuous cycle voltmeter
[FFTCCV] technique in a flow injection analysis
[73]
.Asurface plasma resonance based biosensor
for simple, label-free, highly selective and
sensitive detection of cholesterol employing the
flavo-enzyme COD as a sensing element has
been proposed by Gehlot et al. [74]
. A novel
amperometric cholesterol biosensor immobilized
with COD on electrochemically polymerized poly-
pyrole-polyvinlyulphonate (PPy-PVS) film
entrapped on platinum electrode was developed
by [75]
.
Commonly cholesterol biosensors have
been used in biochemical analysis owing to their
good selectivity, low cost, small size, fast
response and long term stability. The cited
literature based on cholesterol biosensors have
been mainly focused on diagnosing disorders
[76]
.
Recently a novel COD biosensor has been
fabricated by co-immobilizing three enzymes
COD, cholesterol esterase and HRP on
nanoporous gold network directly grown on
titanium substrate [77]
. This biosensor possessed
a wide linear range up to 300 mg/dl in a physical
condition (pH 7.4) for very effective clinical
determination of cholesterol. The microchip
capillary electrophoresis (MCE) was also used
to demonstrate the rapid detection of cholesterol
in serum, using (MCE) fabricated from poly
(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip channel
successfully applied to determine cholesterol
levels. Also this developed method was used to
measure cholesterol in a bovine serum standard
solution. The developed polymer micro- fluid
biochip has more advantages like, compact size,
high sensitivity, and high selectivity, low cost and
fast response that appeared to be beneficial to
perform routine analysis in clinical laboratory.
Investigations pertaining with the isolation of
novel COD producing microbial strains having
commercial application will be welcomed in
future.
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45. Isobe K, Shoji K, Nakanishi Y, Yokoe M, Wakao N.
Purification and some properties of cholesterol
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New method for the homogeneous assay of
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Watanabe H. Clinical efficacy of the direct assay
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49. Pollegioni L, Gadda G, Ambrosius D, Ghisla S,
Pilone MS. Cholesterol oxidase from Streptomyces
hygroscopicus and Brevibacterium sterolicum:
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50. Biellmann JF. Resolution of alcohols by
cholesterol oxidase fromRrhodococcus
erythropolis: lack of enantiospecificity for the
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51. Dieth S, Tritsch D, Biellmann JF. Resolution of
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52. Doukyu N, Kobayashi H, Nakajima H, Aon R.
Control with organic solvents of efiiciency of
persolvent cholesterol fermentation by
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53. Laane C, Boeren S, Vos K, Veeger C. Rules for
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some properties of an extracellular cholesterol
oxidase produced by Arthrobacter sp. IM 79. Acta
Microbiol Polonica 1988; 37: 45–51.
55. Shirokane Y NK, Mizusawa K Purification and
some properties of an extracellular 3-
hydroxysteroid oxidase produced by
Corynebacterium cholesterolicum. J Ferm
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56. Lartillot S, Kedziora P. Production, purification and
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59. Inouye Y, Taguchi K, Fuji A, Ishimaru K, Nakamura
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Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase gene (ChoA),
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63. Bru R, Sánchez-Ferrer A, García-Carmona F.
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64. Alexander DL, Fisher JF. A convenient synthesis
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4508-4513.

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VAJRADANTI-TRADITIONALTOMODERNERA
*VIBHA SINGH
Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Surgery, K.G.Medical University, Lucknow,India
*Address for correspondence: Dr. Vibha singh, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Surgery,
K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India. Email ID: vibhasinghraghuvanshi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
There are approximately 500000 plant species occurring worldwide. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people (80% of the World’s population) use herbal
medicines for some aspect of primary healthcare. These evidences contribute to support and
quantify the importance of screening natural plants. In India 2500 plants and 100 species of
plants used as regular source of medicine .In developed countries 25% of the medical drugs
are based on plants and their derivatives. In Indian traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda)
it is known as sahachara, baana, kurantaka, kuranta, koranda, korandaka, shairiya and pita-
saireyaka. This is a plant of miraculous nature. It has wide range of medicinal properties
which can be used for welfare of human being without any side effects. It has its traditional use
and well documented to use in modern medicine too.
Keywords: Vajradanti, Anti-inflammatory, Antidontalgic
INTRODUCTION
There are approximately 500000 plant
species occurring worldwide. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion
people (80% of the World’s population) use
herbal medicines for some aspect of primary
healthcare. These evidences contribute to
support and quantify the importance of screening
natural plants. In India 2500 plants and 100
species of plants used as regular source of
medicine. In developed countries 25% of the
medical drugs are based on plants and their
derivatives. In Indian traditional systems of
medicine (Ayurveda) vajradanti is known as
sahachara, baana, kurantaka, kuranta, koranda,
korandaka, shairiya and pita-saireyaka. In folk
medicine it is known as piyaabaasaa, jhinti and
katsaraiya. Vajradanti is plant of Ramayan Kal .
It was found near Pampa lake . It is known as
Kurant, and pita Saireyaka in Sanskrit and
vajradanti in Hindi and Baleria prointis in
English. It belongs to family Acanthaecae and
occurs in hotter part of India . Barleria prionitis
L. (Family Acanthaceae; commonly known as
Vajradanti) is an annual shrub, 1–3 feet high,
found throughout Africa, India, Sri Lanka and
tropical Asia.
The chemical constituents present in plants
are a part of the physiological functions of living
flora and hence they are believed to have better
compatibility with the human body. They have
stood the test of time for their safety, efficacy,
cultural acceptability and lesser side effects.
Plant derived medicines have been the first line
of defense in maintaining health and combating
diseases.
The herbal products today symbolize safety
in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded
as unsafe to human and environment .These
evidences contribute to support and quantify the
importance of screening natural plants.
The medicinal properties of Vajradanti are
well reported in Ayurveda as anti-inflammatory
and diuretic .Leaves are used for treating
bleeding gums and tooth ache. It has a long
history of healing and curative properties .It is al
so known as Vajradanti which means strong
teeth. Because of its antidontalgic property it is
known as ‘Vajradanti’. It is al so known as
Porcupine flower.
Oral diseases are major health problems
with dental caries . Oral health influences the
general quality of life and poor oral health is
linked with systemic diseases. The vast diversity

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of Indian forest provides several plants which
are mentioned in Ayurveda for prevention and
management of dental caries. [1]
Numerous
medicinal plants have been reported in ancient
literature for the control of oral diseases. In one
of studies , seven plant extracts of Anantmul,
Lavang, Maiphal, Peelu, Trifala, Vajradanti and
Vedang were found to be effective against
Streptococcus mutans and four extracts viz
.Lavang, Maiphal, Trifala and Vajradanti were
found to be active against Candida albicans. [2]
In traditional health practice bark and leaves
of the plants are used for the management of
various diseases. Vajradanti is an annual shrub
1-3 feet in height and its leaves are chewed to
relieve tooth ache and the parts of the roots are
applied to glandular swellings and disperse boil.
It also has been reported as anti- arthritic, anti-
inflammatory and antifertility agent. Juice of the
plant is used in cataract and fever. Its leaves
are also used in some tribal communities for the
treatment of piles and to control irritation .It is
used in stiffness of limbs and enlargement of
scrotum and sciatica .The leaves of this plant
are used to provide healing of wound and relieve
joint pain and bleeding gum. [3]
In South India this plant is widely used in
neurological disorder like paraplegia, sciatica
and also in leprosy and other skin disease .The
plant formulation is available for the treatment
of dysurea ,rheumatic infections ,internal
abscess ,nervine disorders and chronic sinusitis
.The crude extract of this plant in oil is used in
arresting graying of hair, arthritis and gout.
The natural occurring enzyme inhibitors play
an important role in drug discovery program. .
Ethanolic extract of B. prionitis yielded a new
compound. Glutathione S- transferase (GSTs)
are family of enzyme that catalyze the tripeptise
.It has also anti- stress and immuno restorative
properties . Because of its antidontalgic
properties, it is known as Vajrdanti. It is also used
in management of asthma , plant ash mixed with
honey is given in bronchial asthma [4,5]
.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Hydro methanolic extract of B. prionitis
whole plant indicates the presence of glycosides,
saponins, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. The
leaves and flowering tops were reported to rich
in potassium salt. Several phytochemicals like
balarenone, pipataline, lupeol, prioniside. A,
prioniside B and prinoside C have been isolated
from the ethanolic extract of B. prionitis. Number
of glycosides including barlerinoside
,verascoside shanzhiside methyl ester 6-O trans
–p-coumaroyl 8-O acetylshanzhiside methyl
ester, barlerin , acetylbarlerin ,7-
methoxydiderroside lupulinoside have also been
isolated from the aerial parts. Two anthrax
quinones derivatives have been also identified
in the plant and their structures were
characterized as 1,8 dihydroxy- 2,7dimethyl3,6-
dimethoxy anthraquinone and 1,3,6,8 tetra
methoxy -2, 7-methoxyanthraquinone.The
leaves were reported to contain scutellarein
,melilotic acid ,syringe acid , vanillic acid , p-
hydroxyflavones Beside these phytochemicals
luteolin -7-O beta D-glucoside 14.14
secostigmata -5 ,14-diene -3-a-ol were also
reported in B.prionitis. Methanolic extract of
whole plant indicates presence of glycosides
,saponins . Flowers are rich with potassium salt
and several phytochemicals .The crude extract
of this plant exhibited GST inhibitory activity with
ICS50 value of 160muml and results in isolation
of six natural products balarenone ,pipataline
,lupeol ,prioniside A prioniside B and prionide C
compound.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Antibacterial Properties : Ethanol extract
of the plant yielded a new compound along with
other compounds known as balarenone, which is
effective against four bacteria and three fungi viz.Picture of Vajradanti (Baleria prionitis) Plant

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Bacillus species, pseudomonas, staphylococcus
aureus, and streptococcus mutans and candida
albicans ,and saccarromyces cerevisiae. It has
been seen that crude extract of B.prrionitis
possessed good activity against dental caries
causing oral pathogens where modern therapy
has failed . The crude extract of the plant also
showed antibacterial activity against staphareus
and pseudomonas aeroginosa in initial
antibacterial screening.The antibacterial potency
of the plants are believed to be due to
tannin,saponins, phenolic compounds ,essential
oils and flavonoids present in them. The
antimicrobial potency of B.prionitis may be due to
presence of five iridoid glucoside esters, acetyl
barlerin 6,8,di-o-acetyl shanzhisisde methyl ester
,shanzhiside methyl ester verbascoide. This study
affirms that extract of B. prionits L can damage
MDR E.coli cell membrane by exerting profound
physiological changes that lead to bacterial death.
Crude methanolic extract of B. prionits L revealed
in vitro anti-oxidant, total phenol and flavonoid
contents, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial
potential. The results are comparable to the
standard compounds such asAscorbic acid, Gallic
acid, Quercetin and Ibuprofen to clarify the in vivo
potential of this plant in the management of UTI
infections. Thus the multi-therapeutic
characteristics of this plant extract serves as a
source of plant derived natural products that
modify antibiotic resistance of MDR E.coli. Further
investigations are in progress to find active
component of this plant extract and to confirm its
mechanism of action in vivo. Leaf juice is used in
stomach disorder and urinary infection. [6,7,11]
Ant-inflammatory Properties : It is
reported by various authors that methanolic
extract shows anti-inflammatory activities and
antimicrobial activities against staph and
pseudomonas. The plant is having anti-
inflammatory properties and is used in ulcers
and itching of leprosy ulcers. Leaves juice are
used in stomach disorder, urinary afflictions,
fever and catarrh, this plant is especially well
known for treating bleeding gum and toothache.[8]
Antihypertensive Properties : Meth-
anolic extract of B.prionitis has profound
antihypertensive activity without any side effects.
Diuretic Activity : This plant is rich in
potassium and said to contribute to its diuretic
action. Its leaves and young inflorescence are
diuretic. Leaves juice are used in urinary
afflictions. [9,10]
The diuretic property of B. prionitis flower
extract was performed . The oral administration
of aqueous flower extract (200 mg kg-1
) was
significantly increased the urination and sodium
elimination but not potassium in rats. The diuretic
effect of flower extract (200 mg kg-1
) was found
comparable with the reference drug furosemide
(20 mg kg-1
)
Antioxidant properties : The whole plant
extract was reported to show potent antioxidant
activity. It was observed that leaves showed
higher degree of antioxidant potential and high
phenolic content in comparison to flower and
stem. The methanolic extracts of root ,stem and
leaves show significant antioxidant properties.
Enzyme inhibitory effect–The phytoche-
miclas are reported to inhibit the clinically
significant enzymes Acetylchlolinesterase
(AChE) and glutathione S- transferase (GST). It
has been reported that the methanolic extract
of leaf and stem of the plant exhibited AChE
inhibitory activities and leaf and stem extract
exhibited higher potency of exhibition in
comparison to the root extract.
All prionside A,B and C also showed GST
inhibitory activity. B and C were more potent
GST inhibitors.
Anti- asthmatic Activity : Ash of the whole
plant mixed with honey is used for asthma in
traditional medicine. It also showed biological
activity against respiratory syncyrial virus.
Antidiabetic Activity: It was found the
alcoholic extract of leaves was effective in
reducing blood sugar in diabetic animals. Oral
administration at the dose of 200mg/kg
significantly reduced blood glucose glycosylated
hemoglobin level and increased serum insulin
and liver glycogen level in diabetic rats. It also
arrested the weight loss due to diabetes.[12]
Anti-arthritic Activity : It is reported that the
methanolic extract of the whole plant showed
dose dependent mast cells and erythrocytes
membrane protection activity in response to the
toxic chemicals.[13]
It is also reported as anti-

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arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antifertility
agent[14]
Hepatoprotective Activity : Aerial part
of leaves and stem are reported to possess
hepatoprotective activity by various authors.
The aqueous bioactive fractions have been
shown to possess hepatoprotective activity. The
irioid fraction significantly reduced the hepato
toxin induced elevated level of serum alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate transaminase
(AST) , alkaline phosphatase ALP bilirubin and
triglycerides in dose dependent manner .The
fraction was also found to increase the hepatic
glutathione content and reduce the hepatic lipid
peroxidation in response to the hepatotoxicity in
mice and rats.
Antihelminthic Activity : Chavan et al [15]
reported its anti-helminthic properties which was
compared with albendazole and it was found
that Pheretima posthuma worms were paralyzed
at lower dose and caused death on the higher
dose.
Antifertility Activity: The plant was
reported to possess antifertility activity. The
oral administration of methanolic extract in male
albino rats was found to reduce
spermatogenesis in the albino rats. This effect
of root extract may be due to presence of iridoid
glycosides barlerin and acetyl barlerin via
affecting the functions of testicular somatic cells.
Verma et al [ 16 ]
found methanolic extract of plant
to produce anti- spermatogenic effect without
affecting general body metabolism.
Anti-diarrheal Activity : The anti-
diarrheal potential of butanol fraction of
B.prionitis leaves has been reported . In vivo
study showed that butanol fraction dose
dependently inhibited the castor oil induced
diarrhea. This also reduced the gastrointestinal
motility in response to charcoal induced gut
transit changes.
Anti- nociceptive Activity : Jaiswal et al
[17]
reported analgesic activity of B.prionitis
flowers. In vivo study showed flower extract dose
dependently provide a significant increase in
analgesio -meter induced force and exhibited
significant resistance against pain in mice. The
flower extract also provided dose dependent
significant reduction in acetic induced abdominal
cramping . [14]
Antifungal Activity : Bark of the plant is
reported in controlling candidacies and other
fungal infections, it has both fungicidal and fungi
static activity. Acetone methanol and ethanol
extract of B. prionitis bark showed antifungal
activity against oral pathogenic fungus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two strains of
Candida albicans . It has been reported that
the petroleum ether dicloro methane and ethanol
extract of stem and root showed fungi static and
fungicidal activities against C.albicans [7,14]
Antiviral Activity : In India and Thailand
the decoction of the leaves and flowers of B.
Prionitis is used in the treatment of viral fever .
The plant shows biological activity against
respiratory syncytial virus.isolated two iridoid
glycosides that is 6-O trans-p-coumaroyl -8-O
acetylshanzhiside methyl ester and its cis isomer
from B prionitis .In vitro study showed that these
glycosides possess potent antiviral activity
against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)with
EC50 and IC 50 values of 2.46 and 42.2
microgrammL -1
respectively [3,14]
Toxicity : It was reported that extract of
leaves and roots of the plant did not show any
toxic effect on albino rats. No death was
observed up to the oral administration of extract
dose concentration 2.5 g/ kg body weight during
the 14 days .Singh et al [18]
reported that the iridoid
gluco side rich aqueous fraction B. prionitis did
not produce any abnormality or any mortality up
the single oral administration of 3000mg kg -1
dose in mice during the 15days of study period
.However the intraperitoneal LD50 was
determined 25-30mgkg-1
for aqueous fraction in
mice.[14]
Cyto protective Mast cells play an important
role in inflammatory responses and release
histamine upon their degranulation to produce
various allergic reactions and significant
erythrocyte membrane protection against
hypotonocity hemolysis and result was
compared with reference standard
indomethasone .
[14]
CONCLUSION
Vajradanti is a plant of miraculous nature.
It has wide range of medicinal properties which
can be used for welfare of human being without

16 www.ijsir.co.in
P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
any side effects. It has its traditional use and
well documented to use in modern medicine too.
A wide range of phytochemical constituents
including balarenone ,pipataline ,prionisides
,barlerinoside ,verbascoside ,shanzhisde,methyl
ester, barlerin, pipataline, acetylbarlerin,
lupulinoside, scutellarein, have been isolated
from different part of the plant. Extracts and
phytochemicals isolated from the plant have been
found to possess wide range of pharmacological
activities without any side effects .It is common
plant which is found in hotter part of India, but it
needs identification and its proper use and
standardization.
REFERENCES
1. Reenu Yadav and Dr S.K.Yadav et al. Dental
diseases and its cure Asian J Pharm Clin Res,
Vol 6, Suppl 2, 2013, 16-20 .
2. Pachori, R. R.1, N.S. Kulkarni1*, M. G.
Bodhankar2, and S.C. Aithal3. Antimicrobial
Studies of Herbs and Shrubs Against Dental
Pathogens Journal of Empirical Biology Vol 1(1)
10-16.
3. P.D.Diwan and Y.A. Gadhikar Assessment of
phytochemical composition and antibacterial
activity of different extracts of Barleria prionitis
leaves against oral micro flora to improve dental
hygiene Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
clinical research Vol 5Suppl2 2012.
4. Kalhari S,Kosmulalage Zahid et al GlutathioneS-
Transferase Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and
antibacterial activity of chemical constituents of
Barleria prionitis. Z. Naturoforsch 2007. 62b-580-
586.
5. Athar Ata, Stephaine A .Van Den
Bosch,DrewJ.Harwank and Grant E. Pinwinski.
Glutathione S- transferase and
acetylcholinesterase inhibiting natural products
from medicinally important plants.
Pure.Appl.Chem.,Vol 79No 12 pp 2269-2276
.2007.
6. Shukla P, Singh A, Gwari S et al invitro propogation
of Barleria Prionitis and its antibacterial activity.
International journal of Pharma Professional
research Vol 2 Issue 1 Jan2011 .
7. Kamarai Aneja ,Radhika Joshi ,Chetan Sharma
Potency of Barleria prionitis L bark extract against
oral disease causing strains of bacteria and fungi
of clinical origin New Yark Science journal
2010,3(11).
8. Kuldeep Singh, Rupinder Kaur , Sarvjit Singh, B S
Bajwa1 and D N Prasad,Antiinflammatory activity
of Barleria prionotis Journal of Natural Remedies
| ISSN: 2320-3358 www.jnronline.com | Vol 13 (1)
| January 2013
9. Bhavana B Mourya , S.B.Bothara Investigation of
Antihypertensive activity of leaves of Barleria
Prionitis in Doca salt induced Hypertensive rat Int
J Pharma Sci Res 18(2)Jan –Feb 2013 n003-17-
19.
10. Ghule B.V.Yeole P.G. in vitro and in vivo
immunomodulatory activities of iridoids fractions
from Barleria prionitis journal of Ethano
Pharmacology Vol 141 ,issue 1 ,424-431.
11. Manupati Prasanth Antimicrobial efficacy of
different tooth paste and mouth rinse An in vitro
study Dental Research Journal Vol 8 no 2 Spring
2011 85-94.
12. Dheer Rana, Bhtanagar Prdeep A Study of
antidiabetic activity of Barleria prionitis Indian
Journal of Pharmacology Vol 42, Issue 2 page
70-72 .
13. Dhaked Umesh Nama Gaurav Singnh Devendra
Mishra Amit Kumar Nitin Pharmacognostical and
pharmacological profile of B areleria prionitis root
Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry 2011,Vol 3,Issue 3. Year : 2011,
Volume : 3, Issue : 3
14. D.Banerjee A.K.Maji et al Barleria prionitis Linn A
Review of its traditional use ,phytochemistry
pharmacology and Toxicity Research journal of
phytochemistry 6:31-41.
15. Chavan CB, Hogade MG, Bhinge SD, Kumbhar M
and Tamboli A. In vitro anthelmintic activity of fruit
extract of Barleria prionitis Linn. Against Pheretima
posthuma. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 2: 49-
50.
16. Verma PK, Sharma A, Joshi SC, Gupta RS and
Dixit VP. Effect of isolated fractions of Barleria
prionitis root methanolic extract on reproductive
function of male rats: Preliminary study.
Fitoterapia. 2005; 76: 428-432.
17. Jaiswal SK, Dubey MK, Verma AK, Das S,
Vijaykumar M and Rao CV. Evaluation of iridoid
glycosides from leave of Barleria prionitis as an
anti- diarrhoeal activity: An Ethnopharmacological
study. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 2: 680-686.
18. Singh B, Chandan BK, Prabhakar A, Taneja SC,
Singh J, Qazi GN. Chemistry and hepatoprotective
activity of an active fraction from Barleria prionitis
Linn. In experimental animals. Phytother Res.
2005; 19(5): 391-404.

P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
www.ijsir.co.in 17
BIOMEDICALAPPLICATIONSOFHELIUM:ANOVERVIEW
*B. R. PANDEY 1
, SATENDRASINGH 2
, NIDHI SHARMA2
, SANJAYDIXIT 1
1
Sky Institute, Lucknow, India, 2
Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India
*Address for correspondence: Dr. B. R. Pandey, Director (Research), Sky Institute,
Lucknow, U. P., India,
E mail ID : drbrpandey@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Helium has varied applications in biomedicine. The research studies with hyperpolarized
helium-3 (3
He) and xenon-129 (129
Xe ) magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) have been found
useful in developing non-radiation based and sensitive approaches for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease ( COPD ). The applications of atmospheric pressure plasmas ( APPs ) in
biomedicine are becoming better treatment protocols for various chronic diseases as the
research studies have shown their potential in bacterial sterilization, blood coagulation and
wound healing, dermatology and cancer treatment. It is interesting to emphasize that the
atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet driven by pulsed dc voltage has been utilized to treat
human lung cancer cells in vitro. This plasma device may serve as a valuable tool for reactive
oxygen species (ROS) – promoting cancer therapy, a boon for cancer patients. Helium based
low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma has been found to break Amyloidfibrils into
smaller units in vitro and can be used as plasma based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer and Parkinson’s. Attempts have been made to present the biomedical
applications of helium and its utility in health and diseases. However, multidisciplinary scientific
studies on the interaction of helium based low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma on
the sub cellular and molecular levels in disease conditions could be useful in strengthening
its application in biomedicine to address the health challenges for ailing humanity.
Keywords : Helium, Hyperpolarized helium-3 (3
He) and Xenon-129 (129
Xe ) Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI), Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas (AAPs), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD), Cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson’s
INTRODUCTION
The unexpected prolonged exposure of
human beings to large number toxic chemicals
and xenobiotics present in the environment and
unhealthy life styles have become the major
cause of the complex diseases crippling the
human subjects in the world. This has also
resulted in multi -drug resistance problems in
the society .In the present situation, clinicians
and biomedical scientists throughout the world
are in search of developing suitable diagnostic
tool for the diseases .Radio- diagnosis has
emerged as more accurate diagnostic technique
for disease diagnosis at early stage and
measuring the clinical conditions of the diseased
people during treatment. X-ray and CT scan
commonly employed by clinicians in diagnosing
the diseases have been found to produce
harmful effects on the patients as they produce
radiations harming the body thereby making the
human system immunologically deficient. In this
scenario, scientists are exploring the use of
noble gases in developing non-radiation based
sensitive approaches for the diagnosis and
treatment of complex diseases.
Naturally occurring noble gases are Helium
( He ), Neon (Ne ), Argon( Ar ), Krypton( Kr ),
Xenon ( Xe) and radioactive Randon ( Rn) which
are also known as rare gases. They were once
also called as inert gases as they were said to
be incapable in producing chemical reactions
with other elements. They are a group of
chemical elements with very similar properties.
They are all colourless, odourless, monoatomic
gases and have very low chemical reactivity.
The very low boiling and melting points of these
gases make them useful as cryogenic
refrigerants. Among these noble gases, helium
has been found varied applications in health
care. Liquid helium, which boils at 4.2K (-

18 www.ijsir.co.in
P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
268.95°C;-452.11°F) has been found useful for
superconducting magnets which are needed in
Nuclear Resonance Imaging and Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance. The use of liquid helium
in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is
continuously increasing in medical field because
of the utility of MRI in diagnosis of complex
diseases by medical profession. Helium is used
as the carrier medium in gas chromatography,
as a filler gas for thermometers and in devices
for measuring radiation, such as the Geiger
counter and the bubble chamber. Helium is
sometimes used to improve the ease of
breathing of asthma sufferers. The recent
studies with hyperpolarized helium-3 (3
He) and
xenon-129 (129
Xe ) magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) have been found useful in developing non-
radiation based and sensitive approaches for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).[1]
Atmospheric pressure plasmas
(APPs) based on helium have also been
developed as new tools in the biomedicine and
have proved their effectiveness in biomedical
applications such as treatment of living cells,
sterilization, blood coagulation, wound healing
and air purification.[2]
Attempts have been made
to present the biomedical applications of helium
and its utility in health and diseases.
SOURCES
Scientists have observed that helium is the
most abundant element found in the universe
and is extracted from natural gases. All natural
gases have trace quantities of helium.
Scientists have been able to detect the helium
in abundance by spectroscopic method in hotter
stars. Helium has been found to be an important
component in proton-proton reaction and carbon
cycle accounting for the energy of the sun and
stars. It has been found that the helium content
of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000.
Helium has been found to be present in
radioactive minerals. The free world supply of
this noble gas in bulk quantity is obtained from
USA especially from wells in Texas, Oklahoma
and Kansas while outside the United States,
the only known helium extraction plants in 1984
were in Eastern Europe ( Poland ), the USSR,
and a few in India
CHEMISTRY OF HELIUM
It has been found that helium is the second
lightest and second most abundant gas in the
universe (hydrogen being one). Since no
helium compounds are known, this family of
gases was once thought to be inert. In the year
1962, scientists could be able to prepare first
noble gas compound with xenon. Helium occurs
in un-combined form. It is believed that it must
be extracted from the atmosphere by
liquefaction of air or separated from deposits
of natural gas. Research studies have predicted
that some of the terrestrial helium is the product
of the alpha decay of radioactive isotopes
beneath the crust. Helium is said to be the only
element which cannot be converted to a solid
by cooling.
Chemists have found that helium possess
lowest melting point of any element. It is widely
used in cryogenic research because its boiling
point is close to absolute zero. Helium has been
found to be a vital element in the study of super
conductivity. Research studies have revealed
that liquid helium can be used in obtaining
temperatures of a few micro kelvins by the
adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei.[ 3]
Helium is known to be only liquid which could
not be solidified by lowering the temperature
and remains in liquid down to absolute zero at
ordinary pressure. It has ability to solidify by
increasing the pressure while solid 3
He and
4
He can be changed in volume in volume (more
than 30 percent) by applying pressure. The
specific heat of helium gas is high sand the
density of helium vapor at normal boiling point
is also very high with vapour expanding greatly
when heated at room temperature. Although
helium has weak chemical reactivity to combine
with other elements, scientific studies have been
carried towards preparation of helium
difluoride. [4]
Further, scientists have also
investigated on molecular ions of helium like
He+
and He++
. Seven isotopes of helium are
known: Liquid helium (He-4) exists in two forms:
He-4I and He-4II, with sharp transition point at
2.174K. He-4I (above this temperature) is a
normal liquid, but He-4II (below it) is unlike any
other known substance. It expands on cooling,
its conductivity for heat is enormous, and neither
its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal

P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
www.ijsir.co.in 19
rules.[5,6]
BIOMEDICALAPPLICATIONS
The very low boiling and melting points of
noble gases make them useful as cryogenic
refrigerants. Among these noble gases, helium
has been found varied applications in health
care. Liquid helium, which boils at 4.2K (-
268.95°C; -452.11°F) has been found useful for
supercond-ucting magnets which are needed in
Nuclear Resonance Imaging and Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance. The use of liquid helium
in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is
continuously increasing in medical field because
of the utility of MRI in diagnosis of complex
diseases by medical profession. Magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic
resonance imaging (NMRI) or magnetic
resonance tomography (MRT), is a medical
imaging technique used in radiology to
investigate the anatomy and physiology of the
body in both health and disease . MRI scanners
use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to
form images of the body. The technique is used
in hospitals for medical diagnosis, staging of
disease and for follow- up without exposure to
ionizing radiation.
Atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs)
based on helium have been developed as new
tools in the biomedicine and have proved their
effectiveness in biomedical applications such as
treatment of living cells, sterilization, blood
coagulation, wound healing and air purification[2]
.
Low temperature plasmas have potential to
produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) having diverse
biological implications such as ROS effects on
cell membrane : per oxidation of lipids, oxidation
of proteins, DNA strands and RNS effects on
biological cells : cell signalling. The applications
of helium based MRI and low temperature
atmospheric pressure plasmas in chronic
complex diseases such as chronic obstructive
disease (COPD), cancer, neurodegenerative
diseases etc. are discussed in this review article.
Pulmonary Diseases
Complex respiratory disorders like chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
characterized by persistent airflow limitation that
is usually progressive and associated with an
enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the
airways and lung to noxious particles or gases
present in the environment.[7]
COPD has
emerged as the 4th
leading cause of death
worldwide.[8,9]
Several research studies have
shown the efficacy of nuclear medicine ,
computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and developing
imaging biomarkers for assessment of disease
progression and treatment response.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inhaled
hyperpolarized noble gases helium-3 (3
He)[10-23]
and xenon-129 (129
Xe)[24, 25]
have been shown to
provide structural and functional measurements
in healthy volunteers as well as subjects with a
range of respiratory conditions. These strategies
are based on the research studies conducted
by Albert and colleagues[24]
showing the
effectiveness of inhaled hyperpolarized or
magnetized noble gas for pulmonary magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI). It is interesting to
emphasize that hyperpolarized gas MR imaging
helps the clinicians in quantifying important
structural and functional components of the lung
such as Ventilation Defect Measurements and
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as biomarkers[26-
30 ]
which play vital role in diagnosis and treatment
of complex respiratory disorders like chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The need for sensitive regional and
surrogate measurements of lung structure and
function in COPD continues to motivate the
development of non-radiation based and
sensitive imaging approaches, such as
hyperpolarized helium-3 (3
He) and xenon-129
(129
Xe) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 3
He
ventilation defect measurements in COPD have
been found to correlate with spirometric
measurements of airflow limitation. [27, 31]
Studies
on 3
He MRI in COPD cases revealed
heterogeneous signal intensity and ventilation
abnormalities or “defects’’, representing local
hypoventilation of the lung. [10]
Hyperpolarized 3
He
MRI with xenon-133 scintigraphy has been found
to produce encouraging response in evaluating
ventilation abnormalities in COPD cases.[32]
Studies have shown that 3
He ADC can serve as
a good imaging biomarker to measure lung

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