This June 39 we remember one of the most important dates for those who contemplate space security and its vulnerabilities, accompany us to raise awareness about the latent danger of meteors
The Space Race and nuclear arms race were heated competitions between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Space Race began with the Soviet launch of Sputnik and involved satellites, manned spaceflight, and landing on the moon. The US and USSR engaged in a massive nuclear arms buildup, developing more powerful bombs like hydrogen bombs, and delivery systems like ICBMs that could span continents, in a quest to achieve military supremacy. Both sides developed large nuclear arsenals and second-strike capabilities, resulting in a balance of terror known as Mutually Assured Destruction that prevented direct military conflict but fueled a costly arms buildup throughout the Cold War.
This document is a list of over 100 dates and events related to holidays, birthdays of famous people, historical events, and cultural celebrations from around the world spanning from Da Vinci's birthday to the Winter Olympics in Vancouver in 2010. The dates include international holidays, national independence days, religious and cultural festivals, and anniversaries from many different countries and cultures.
The document discusses several key aspects of the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It begins with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Soviets then developed their own atomic bomb in 1949, marking the start of the arms race. Both sides developed powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear payloads globally. Tensions escalated during events like the US announcing a policy of massive retaliation and the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two superpowers closest to nuclear war.
Rutherfordium is an artificially produced radioactive transuranic element with atomic number 104. In 1964, Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia discovered element 104 and named it kurchatovium after Igor Kurchatov. In 1969, American researchers at the University of California, Berkeley identified different isotopes of the element and proposed the name rutherfordium in honor of Ernest Rutherford.
In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double-helix structure of DNA, publishing their findings in Nature. In 1955, Louis Essen invented the first accurate atomic clock based on the caesium-133 atom. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, demonstrating their capability to launch objects into space.
The document summarizes the nuclear arms race between major world powers from 1945 to 2002. It outlines the key events and developments in nuclear weapons testing and capabilities for the US, Soviet Union/Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, and arms reduction treaties. Major events included the first atomic bomb tests by the US and Soviet Union, development of hydrogen bombs, Sputnik launch, US SDI program, and the 2002 SORT agreement between the US and Russia.
The Space Race and nuclear arms race were heated competitions between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Space Race began with the Soviet launch of Sputnik and involved satellites, manned spaceflight, and landing on the moon. The US and USSR engaged in a massive nuclear arms buildup, developing more powerful bombs like hydrogen bombs, and delivery systems like ICBMs that could span continents, in a quest to achieve military supremacy. Both sides developed large nuclear arsenals and second-strike capabilities, resulting in a balance of terror known as Mutually Assured Destruction that prevented direct military conflict but fueled a costly arms buildup throughout the Cold War.
This document is a list of over 100 dates and events related to holidays, birthdays of famous people, historical events, and cultural celebrations from around the world spanning from Da Vinci's birthday to the Winter Olympics in Vancouver in 2010. The dates include international holidays, national independence days, religious and cultural festivals, and anniversaries from many different countries and cultures.
The document discusses several key aspects of the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It begins with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Soviets then developed their own atomic bomb in 1949, marking the start of the arms race. Both sides developed powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear payloads globally. Tensions escalated during events like the US announcing a policy of massive retaliation and the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two superpowers closest to nuclear war.
Rutherfordium is an artificially produced radioactive transuranic element with atomic number 104. In 1964, Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia discovered element 104 and named it kurchatovium after Igor Kurchatov. In 1969, American researchers at the University of California, Berkeley identified different isotopes of the element and proposed the name rutherfordium in honor of Ernest Rutherford.
In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double-helix structure of DNA, publishing their findings in Nature. In 1955, Louis Essen invented the first accurate atomic clock based on the caesium-133 atom. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, demonstrating their capability to launch objects into space.
The document summarizes the nuclear arms race between major world powers from 1945 to 2002. It outlines the key events and developments in nuclear weapons testing and capabilities for the US, Soviet Union/Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, and arms reduction treaties. Major events included the first atomic bomb tests by the US and Soviet Union, development of hydrogen bombs, Sputnik launch, US SDI program, and the 2002 SORT agreement between the US and Russia.
U d 8_edad_de_los_metales_en_inglés_reducidaAntonio
This document summarizes the Age of Metals, noting that metals like copper, bronze, and iron were discovered and used instead of stone. Copper was the first metal, bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and iron is harder than bronze. Key inventions during this period included the wheel, sailing, and the plow. Civilization arose along with trade, priests, warriors, and large stone monuments like Stonehenge in England.
Pedagogy of Physical Science (Part II ) - Carbon and its compounds, B.Ed., II year pedagogy, IX std School Science - Carbon and its compounds, Carbon and its compounds, Tamil Nadu state book IX science, Chemistry
The document discusses the Space Race between the US and USSR during the Cold War from 1957-1975. The two superpowers competed to achieve firsts in space exploration, such as launching satellites, sending humans into space, and landing on the Moon, which were seen as demonstrations of technological and ideological superiority. The Space Race began with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 and concluded with the US landing astronauts on the Moon in 1969, achieving President Kennedy's goal. The Space Race had long-term effects on education in the US by inspiring greater emphasis on STEM subjects in schools.
The document provides instructions for group activities related to medieval England. Students will: 1) research social life, kings, battles and Saint Thomas Beckett's connection to Canterbury from a historic period; 2) listen to Geoffrey Chaucer's biography and create a timeline of important life events; 3) watch videos of stories from The Canterbury Tales, choose one, and summarize the characters, plot and moral lesson.
Apollo 13 was a 1970 Apollo space mission to the moon that suffered a critical failure en route. The three astronauts aboard - James Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise - worked with mission control to return safely after an oxygen tank exploded, endangering the spacecraft and crew's survival. The explosion forced the crew to abort their lunar landing and return to Earth earlier than planned, making emergency repairs and using the lunar module as a "lifeboat" to keep the command module's systems functioning well enough for reentry.
If we ask you what’s so special about October, you will probably say “Halloween”. Although we too love spooky decorations, toffee apples and trick-or-treaters’ tireless knocking on the door after dusk, there is more this month to remember and celebrate.
Here is October in historic space dates, famous astronomers’ and astronauts’ birthdays and upcoming events.
Happy October!
The document discusses the development of nuclear weapons by the United States and Russia during the Cold War. It notes that the US was the first to develop nuclear weapons and used them against Japan, shocking the world. Russia then began developing its own nuclear weapons to compete with the US in the arms race. Both countries massively increased their nuclear stockpiles throughout the 1950s and developed more powerful weapons like the hydrogen bomb. This arms buildup continued into the 1960s and led to a theory of mutual assured destruction if either country initiated a nuclear attack.
Space Race Presentation With Works Cited[1]CdrHeather
The document discusses the early history of rocketry pioneers Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, and Hermann Oberth, who conducted experiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It then covers the Space Race between the US and USSR during the Cold War, which began with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in 1957 and ended with the US landing on the moon in 1969. The Space Race accelerated technological advances and helped launch the modern space age, but also increased fears and paranoia that contributed to UFO conspiracy theories and sci-fi culture.
Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist and applied mathematician known for his contributions to general relativity and quantum gravity. Some of his many honors and awards included the Eddington Medal, Albert Einstein Medal, and Presidential Medal of Freedom. He warned of existential risks to humanity from threats like nuclear war or engineered pandemics and advocated for human space exploration. Al Capone was a notorious American gangster and crime boss during the Prohibition era in the 1920s who controlled organized crime in Chicago. Though infamous, he believed he was only supplying a demand and that fear was key to his criminal organization's power.
R. Hechter: Chasing Aurora: Using authentic context for STEM Brussels, Belgium
This document outlines plans to develop a STEM curriculum focused on studying the aurora borealis. It discusses using the aurora as an authentic context to teach science, technology, engineering, art and math concepts. The curriculum would involve students learning fundamentals at home and then communicating in real-time with researchers in Manitoba, who are working to capture photos and study the aurora. Future plans include revising the companion curriculum, partnering with schools worldwide on an "overhead view" experiment, and visiting Churchill multiple times per year to continue developing the project.
James Chadwick was a British physicist born in 1891 who is known for discovering the neutron. He received several honors for his work, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. Chadwick served in World War I and was a prisoner of war. He also participated in the Manhattan Project during World War II. Chadwick's model of the atom focused on neutrons, differing from Niels Bohr's model which depicted electrons in rings. Both models showed the structure of the atom but represented it differently.
This talks about the time when magnets where discovered and who discovers various elements in a magnet.Hope you enjoy and don't forget to leave a like !!!
The document discusses the nuclear and space technology race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. Both nations developed nuclear weapons and feared a nuclear war, leading to an arms race as President Reagan challenged the USSR to increase military spending. In space, the Soviets initially led by launching the first satellite and manned mission while the US gained the advantage by landing astronauts on the moon. Eventually, the two countries began cooperating in space exploration.
The document summarizes the key events of the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, demonstrating their technological capabilities. Both nations worked to launch animals and humans into space, with Yuri Gagarin becoming the first person in space in 1961. The US achieved several milestones as well, with Neil Armstrong landing on the moon in 1969, representing an American victory in the Space Race.
Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. He was born in 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio and received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University. As an astronaut, Armstrong achieved the milestone of being the first person to set foot on the moon in 1969, inspiring continued space exploration.
The document discusses key events in the development of nuclear weapons and space technology between 1945-1984:
- The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 and was initially the sole possessor of nuclear weapons technology until the Rosenbergs were executed for espionage in providing secrets to the Soviet Union, allowing them to develop an atomic bomb in 1949.
- Both nations then focused on developing more advanced hydrogen bombs, with the U.S. succeeding in 1952 and the Soviet Union in 1953. Satellite and ICBM technology accelerated the space race during this period.
- Notable events include the first Soviet satellite and manned spacecraft launches in 1957-1961 which spurred the U.S. manned
John Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and advocate for wilderness preservation in the United States. He founded the Sierra Club, one of the most important conservation organizations, and devoted much of his time to preserving western forests. Through his advocacy, Muir helped establish Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks after the passage of the National Park Bill in 1899.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938 in China, an expedition discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs telling a story about a crashed spacecraft and its pilots called the Dropa.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938, an expedition in China discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs describing a crash landing of spacecraft carrying beings called Dropa.
1. Astronomers detected a planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, the star closest to our sun, that is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and sits within the star's habitable zone.
2. Scientists from LIGO detected gravitational waves from the collision of two black holes over a billion years ago, confirming Einstein's theory of relativity.
3. Archaeological discoveries in Australia have shown that humans have inhabited the continent's interior for at least 49,000 years, 10,000 years longer than previously thought.
U d 8_edad_de_los_metales_en_inglés_reducidaAntonio
This document summarizes the Age of Metals, noting that metals like copper, bronze, and iron were discovered and used instead of stone. Copper was the first metal, bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and iron is harder than bronze. Key inventions during this period included the wheel, sailing, and the plow. Civilization arose along with trade, priests, warriors, and large stone monuments like Stonehenge in England.
Pedagogy of Physical Science (Part II ) - Carbon and its compounds, B.Ed., II year pedagogy, IX std School Science - Carbon and its compounds, Carbon and its compounds, Tamil Nadu state book IX science, Chemistry
The document discusses the Space Race between the US and USSR during the Cold War from 1957-1975. The two superpowers competed to achieve firsts in space exploration, such as launching satellites, sending humans into space, and landing on the Moon, which were seen as demonstrations of technological and ideological superiority. The Space Race began with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 and concluded with the US landing astronauts on the Moon in 1969, achieving President Kennedy's goal. The Space Race had long-term effects on education in the US by inspiring greater emphasis on STEM subjects in schools.
The document provides instructions for group activities related to medieval England. Students will: 1) research social life, kings, battles and Saint Thomas Beckett's connection to Canterbury from a historic period; 2) listen to Geoffrey Chaucer's biography and create a timeline of important life events; 3) watch videos of stories from The Canterbury Tales, choose one, and summarize the characters, plot and moral lesson.
Apollo 13 was a 1970 Apollo space mission to the moon that suffered a critical failure en route. The three astronauts aboard - James Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise - worked with mission control to return safely after an oxygen tank exploded, endangering the spacecraft and crew's survival. The explosion forced the crew to abort their lunar landing and return to Earth earlier than planned, making emergency repairs and using the lunar module as a "lifeboat" to keep the command module's systems functioning well enough for reentry.
If we ask you what’s so special about October, you will probably say “Halloween”. Although we too love spooky decorations, toffee apples and trick-or-treaters’ tireless knocking on the door after dusk, there is more this month to remember and celebrate.
Here is October in historic space dates, famous astronomers’ and astronauts’ birthdays and upcoming events.
Happy October!
The document discusses the development of nuclear weapons by the United States and Russia during the Cold War. It notes that the US was the first to develop nuclear weapons and used them against Japan, shocking the world. Russia then began developing its own nuclear weapons to compete with the US in the arms race. Both countries massively increased their nuclear stockpiles throughout the 1950s and developed more powerful weapons like the hydrogen bomb. This arms buildup continued into the 1960s and led to a theory of mutual assured destruction if either country initiated a nuclear attack.
Space Race Presentation With Works Cited[1]CdrHeather
The document discusses the early history of rocketry pioneers Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, and Hermann Oberth, who conducted experiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It then covers the Space Race between the US and USSR during the Cold War, which began with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in 1957 and ended with the US landing on the moon in 1969. The Space Race accelerated technological advances and helped launch the modern space age, but also increased fears and paranoia that contributed to UFO conspiracy theories and sci-fi culture.
Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist and applied mathematician known for his contributions to general relativity and quantum gravity. Some of his many honors and awards included the Eddington Medal, Albert Einstein Medal, and Presidential Medal of Freedom. He warned of existential risks to humanity from threats like nuclear war or engineered pandemics and advocated for human space exploration. Al Capone was a notorious American gangster and crime boss during the Prohibition era in the 1920s who controlled organized crime in Chicago. Though infamous, he believed he was only supplying a demand and that fear was key to his criminal organization's power.
R. Hechter: Chasing Aurora: Using authentic context for STEM Brussels, Belgium
This document outlines plans to develop a STEM curriculum focused on studying the aurora borealis. It discusses using the aurora as an authentic context to teach science, technology, engineering, art and math concepts. The curriculum would involve students learning fundamentals at home and then communicating in real-time with researchers in Manitoba, who are working to capture photos and study the aurora. Future plans include revising the companion curriculum, partnering with schools worldwide on an "overhead view" experiment, and visiting Churchill multiple times per year to continue developing the project.
James Chadwick was a British physicist born in 1891 who is known for discovering the neutron. He received several honors for his work, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. Chadwick served in World War I and was a prisoner of war. He also participated in the Manhattan Project during World War II. Chadwick's model of the atom focused on neutrons, differing from Niels Bohr's model which depicted electrons in rings. Both models showed the structure of the atom but represented it differently.
This talks about the time when magnets where discovered and who discovers various elements in a magnet.Hope you enjoy and don't forget to leave a like !!!
The document discusses the nuclear and space technology race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. Both nations developed nuclear weapons and feared a nuclear war, leading to an arms race as President Reagan challenged the USSR to increase military spending. In space, the Soviets initially led by launching the first satellite and manned mission while the US gained the advantage by landing astronauts on the moon. Eventually, the two countries began cooperating in space exploration.
The document summarizes the key events of the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, demonstrating their technological capabilities. Both nations worked to launch animals and humans into space, with Yuri Gagarin becoming the first person in space in 1961. The US achieved several milestones as well, with Neil Armstrong landing on the moon in 1969, representing an American victory in the Space Race.
Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. He was born in 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio and received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University. As an astronaut, Armstrong achieved the milestone of being the first person to set foot on the moon in 1969, inspiring continued space exploration.
The document discusses key events in the development of nuclear weapons and space technology between 1945-1984:
- The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 and was initially the sole possessor of nuclear weapons technology until the Rosenbergs were executed for espionage in providing secrets to the Soviet Union, allowing them to develop an atomic bomb in 1949.
- Both nations then focused on developing more advanced hydrogen bombs, with the U.S. succeeding in 1952 and the Soviet Union in 1953. Satellite and ICBM technology accelerated the space race during this period.
- Notable events include the first Soviet satellite and manned spacecraft launches in 1957-1961 which spurred the U.S. manned
John Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and advocate for wilderness preservation in the United States. He founded the Sierra Club, one of the most important conservation organizations, and devoted much of his time to preserving western forests. Through his advocacy, Muir helped establish Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks after the passage of the National Park Bill in 1899.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938 in China, an expedition discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs telling a story about a crashed spacecraft and its pilots called the Dropa.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938, an expedition in China discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs describing a crash landing of spacecraft carrying beings called Dropa.
1. Astronomers detected a planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, the star closest to our sun, that is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and sits within the star's habitable zone.
2. Scientists from LIGO detected gravitational waves from the collision of two black holes over a billion years ago, confirming Einstein's theory of relativity.
3. Archaeological discoveries in Australia have shown that humans have inhabited the continent's interior for at least 49,000 years, 10,000 years longer than previously thought.
The document summarizes a scientific report on the Tunguska event of 1908, in which an extraterrestrial object exploded in the atmosphere over Siberia. Witnesses observed a fireball and heard a loud bang, which felled around 80 million trees over 2,150 square kilometers. Though no crater was found, evidence points to an asteroid or comet exploding 5-10 kilometers above the surface. The event generated energy equivalent to 185 Hiroshima bombs but caused no casualties due to the remote location. Scientists still debate whether it was an asteroid or comet and investigate the risks of future impacts.
The Wilkes Land Crater is the largest impact crater ever discovered on Earth, located in East Antarctica. It was formed approximately 250 million years ago by a meteorite that was 50 kilometers wide. At 483 kilometers wide, it is larger and older than the Chicxulub crater associated with the extinction of the dinosaurs. The Wilkes Land Crater was discovered in 2006 using NASA gravity radar and would have caused massive damage when it impacted due to its enormous size. It may have contributed to the largest mass extinction event on Earth, the Great Dying in the Permian period.
The document summarizes theories about the cause of the 1908 Tunguska event in Siberia, in which an explosion leveled 800 square miles of forest. Early expeditions in the 1920s found no crater or meteorite fragments, but subsequent hypotheses proposed a meteorite impact. Later studies in the 1990s suggested an exploding alien spacecraft caused the blast. In 2007, Italian researchers claimed to have discovered an impact crater under Lake Cheko near the explosion site.
This document provides an overview of the internal structure of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The core is at the center and has a solid inner core and liquid outer core. Seismic waves and magnetic reversals provide evidence about the composition and movement of materials in the Earth's interior.
Psyche 16 is a large metallic asteroid that orbits between Mars and Jupiter. It is composed primarily of iron and nickel, unlike most other asteroids which contain silicate minerals. Due to its high metal content, Psyche 16 is estimated to have a value of $700 quintillion. NASA is planning a mission to explore Psyche 16 which could provide insights into the early formation of planets in the solar system, as Psyche 16 may be the exposed core of an early planet. The Psyche mission could launch in 2022 and arrive at the asteroid in 2026 to study it from orbit for 21 months.
This document summarizes iconic National Geographic magazine covers from 1888 to 1982. It provides brief descriptions of 15 covers, highlighting the people, places and events they featured, including the first photograph on a cover in 1959, Jacques Cousteau in 1960, the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, and environmental issues in 1970. The covers showcase National Geographic's history of exploring cultures, science and the natural world.
Harry Coumnas’ Description about the Eclipse of Ash Cloudskevin8smith
Thirty years ago, the people of Russia thought that they were witnessing an eclipse and the strange darkness was just the beginning. Many heavy storms in the area opened graves and even boats navigated the streets, where floods destroyed many villages. Within a few years, it entered into a mini Ice Age. Harry Coumnas, a famous geologist in Russia found out that this disruptive weather came from a historic volcanic eruption. Harry Coumnas told that it was so epic that the ash clouds blanketed the world and even blocked the sun’s warmth.
There are two main sources that can provide information about Australia's ancient past: oral accounts from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and archaeological evidence. Oral accounts include stories passed down for generations about origins, customs, and laws. Archaeological evidence includes artifacts found at sites like middens, burial sites, rock engravings, paintings, and tools, which provide clues in the absence of written records. In 1969, archaeologists discovered the skeleton of an ancient person at Lake Mungo, and five years later another skeleton. The Lake Mungo discoveries rewrote the understanding of Australia's ancient human history and sent shockwaves around the world.
This document provides summaries of 15 iconic National Geographic magazine covers from 1959 to 1999. The covers showcase important moments in history, exploration, science and culture. They feature historic events like the first photograph on a cover in 1959, the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, and women of Saudi Arabia in 1987. The covers also highlight environmental issues, places of interest and endangered species. National Geographic is recognized for its educational yet compelling photography and stories from around the world.
There are two main sources that can provide information about Australia's ancient past: oral accounts from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and archaeological evidence. Oral accounts include stories passed down for generations about origins, customs, and laws. Archaeological evidence includes artifacts found at sites like middens, burial sites, rock engravings, paintings, and tools, which provide clues in the absence of written records. In 1969, archaeologists discovered the skeleton of an ancient person at Lake Mungo, and five years later another complete skeleton. The Lake Mungo discoveries rewrote the understanding of Australia's early human history and the world's oldest ritual burial.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It has 67 moons including the four largest moons - Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Io is the innermost moon and has active volcanoes. Europa has a liquid ocean under its icy surface. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system. Callisto was one of the first moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Saturn is the second largest planet and has over 60 moons including Titan and Enceladus. Titan has a dense atmosphere and is the only moon known to have stable bodies of liquid on its surface. Enceladus has jets of water vapor and organic molecules erupting from its
There are three basic types of meteorites: stony, iron, and stony-iron. Stony meteorites are the most common type, making up 90% of meteorite falls. The value of a meteorite depends on its chemical composition and abundance - rare meteorites from Mars or the Moon can be worth $2,500-$3,000 per gram. Meteorite hunters search known strewn fields using metal detectors and magnets to locate scattered fragments, sometimes following eyewitness accounts of meteorite falls.
This document summarizes the history of space exploration, beginning with early experiments with rockets and satellites in the 20th century. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1, the founding of NASA, and the first missions that sent animals (dogs) into space to test the viability of life support systems before human spaceflight. The overall goal of space exploration is discussed - to answer fundamental questions about what exists in space and how resources there could benefit life on Earth, while better understanding our planet and solar system through observation and research beyond our atmosphere.
Meteoroids are small rocky bodies that travel through space. When they enter Earth's atmosphere, they are called meteors and if they survive entry and hit the ground, they are called meteorites. Meteoroids come from asteroids and comets. Meteors are commonly called shooting stars. Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through streams of debris left by comets. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune or farther out in the Oort Cloud, and are composed of ice and dust. When comets approach the sun, their tails always point away from the sun due to the pressure of the solar wind.
The Gameplay called Moon Voyage and the truth behind itKhSakibFarhad
The document discusses skepticism around the moon landings and proposes an alternative theory. It questions how the astronauts could have survived the conditions on the moon given its lack of atmosphere and extreme temperatures. It also raises doubts about how the landings were filmed without advanced satellites. The author believes the moon voyages have coincided with conflicts harming Muslim populations, suggesting they may have been orchestrated to provoke such events.
Asteroids are small rocky or metallic bodies that orbit the sun and range in size from meters to over 500 km wide. They are found predominantly in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid at 940 km in diameter. Asteroids are classified according to their composition, with C-type asteroids being the most common at 75% and consisting of carbon and dust. It is believed that an asteroid impact was responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
Space Debris - An Environmental Problem for Space MissionsPramod Devireddy
Space Debris Report
What is Space Debris? Why is Space Debris dangerous? Space Debris Events,
Threat to Space Missions, Measures taken for Cleaning Space Debris, ISRO – Space Debris.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
3. One of them meteorites is El Chaco this meteorit
is the biggest in America. It is composed mainly
of iron and nickel.
4. Hoba, is the heaviest meteor and the largest
natural mass of iron that is known on the surface
of the earth.
5. Ahnighito, this meteorite of almost three and a
half meters. It was discovered in 1984 at
Greenland by an explorer named Robert Perry
6. Armanty, is a very dense metal meteorite,
composed mainly of iron. It was discovered in
1898 near the border between China and
Mongolia.
Look at the
Museum with a
visitant
7. Bacubirito, was discovered in 1893 by people from the town of
Bacubirito, located in Sinaloa, México; It measured 4 meters
long by wide and is the second biggest meteor in America just
behind the Chaco meteorite.
8. Agpalilik, was discovered in
1963 at Greenland by a back
wood hole nicknamed
Agpalilik.
It is one of the most
important stellar of
Greenland after the little
meteorite both pieces come
from the same body
Yorkshire known as a
meteorite.
9. Mbosi, it´s three meters
long and a meter high
and it is composed iron
and nickel silicate
inclusions, I was
discovered in 1930 in
Southern Tanzania.
10. Willamete, was discovered in Oregon in 1902 and it´s the largest
meteor that has been found in the USA. It is a metallic type,
composed of iron and nickel and its holes are formed by the
action of the rain in the place of the discovery
11. Chupaderos 1 was discovered in 1852 in the State of
Chihuahua, México. Its measures two and a half meters and it
is composed of iron and nickel.
12. Mundrabilla, it is the
largest meteor that has
been found in Australia. It
was discovered in 1966 by
two geologist in the plain
of Nullarbor. It is
composed of nickel, iron
and graphite.
13. On December 6, 2016, the General Assembly
of the United Nations adopted resolution
and declaring June 30 the International
Asteroid Day "to celebrate each year at the
international level the anniversary of the
impact of Tunguska, in Siberia (Russian
Federation), which occurred on June 30,
1908, and to increase public awareness of
the danger of impact of asteroids ».