The document provides a comprehensive overview of internal combustion engines (ICE), detailing their definitions, classifications based on various criteria, and performance metrics. It discusses the evolution of ICE technologies, including newer forms like gas turbines and hybrid systems, while evaluating different engine configurations and their applications in vehicles. Key advancements such as forced induction, direct injection, and variable valve timing are highlighted as significant trends for improving ICE performance and efficiency.

2. Phase 1
IC ENGINES

3. An Internal Combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat
engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually
air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the
expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The
force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas
turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force
moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical
energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power
whatever the engine is attached to
DEFINITION OF IC ENGINES

4. CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
According to the type of fuel used
(a) Petrol Engines
(b) Diesel Engines
(c) Gas Engines
According to the method of Ignition
(a) Spark Ignition Engines
(b) Compression Ignition Engines
According to cycle of operation
(a) Otto Cycle Engines
(b) Diesel Cycle Engines
(c) Dual Cycle Engines

5. CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
According to number of strokes per cycle
(a) Slow Speed Engines
(b) Medium Speed Engines
(c) High Speed Engines
According to the cooling system
(a) Air Cooled Engines
(b) Water Cooled Engines
According to the method of fuel injection
(a) Carburetor Engines
(b) Air Injection Engines

6. CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
According to number cylinders
(a) Single Cylinder Engines
(b) Multi Cylinder Engines
According to arrangement of cylinders
(a) Vertical Engines
(b) Horizontal Engines
(c) Radial Engines
(d) Inline multi cylinder Engines
(e) V Type multi cylinder Engines
(f) Opposite Cylinder Engines
(g) Opposite Piston Engines

7. CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
According to basic engine design (Most comprehensive)
1. Reciprocating Engines
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi Cylinder
(i) Inline
(ii) V
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary Engines
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi Rotor

8. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS

9. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS
• V TYPE ENGINES • RADIAL ENGINES

10. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS
• OPPOSED CYLINDER ENGINE • OPPOSED PISTON ENGINE

11. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS
• LARGE SIZED 12 CYLINDER ENGINE
USED IN SHIPS
• SMALL SIZED TURBINE ENGINE USED IN
CARS (CHRYSLER)

12. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS
Engine used in M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles
(Cummins VTA-903T; 8 cylinder, 4 cycle, V Shaped,
turbosupercharged diesel)
THE BUGATTI-VEYRON ENGINE PRODUCING
1001 HP AT 6000 REV/MIN, 8L V-16 ENGINE

13. IC ENGINES ILLUSTRATIONS
Turbine Engine used in M1 Abrams Tanks
Turbine Engines used in Aircraft

14. NEWER FORMS OF IC ENGINES (GAS TURBINES)
Where high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion
engines appear in the form of combustion turbines, or sometimes Wankel
engines. Powered aircraft typically use an ICE which may be a reciprocating
engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead
employ turboshafts; both of which are types of turbines. Wankel engines
are fitted to many unmanned aerial vehicles.
Gas turbines are among the most efficient internal combustion
engines. The General Electric 7HA and 9HA turbine combined cycle
electrical plants are rated at over 61% efficiency.
Owing to design considerations and stricter of emission norms, it
is becoming evident that IC engines development has reached a
plateau. This may be referred to as saturation stage in development of
IC Engines. Future engines will hence employ hybrid technologies.

15. SO WHAT IS THE BEST ENGINE CONFIGURATION
Selecting an engine has
its own set of
compromises. From
physical properties like
weight balance to
subjective qualities like
exhaust note, the
engine configuration has
a tremendous bearing
on the performance of a
vehicle.
Inline four cylinder
engines and six cylinder
engines often translate to
a lower center of gravity,
which is great for
handling, but their width
can be a packaging
nightmare especially in
fighting vehicles.
Examples are Subaru and
Porsche
This led to the advent of V
shaped engines. They fit well
in transverse applications
and are shorter than inline-
six engines for easier
packaging in longitudinal
applications. However, they
too require heavier balance
shafts and have abnormal
sound.

16. SO WHAT IS THE BEST ENGINE CONFIGURATION
V-6 engines fit well in
transverse applications
and are shorter than
inline-six engines for
easier packaging in
restricted spaces. But
they are more of a
compromise, have
abnormal sound and gave
room for more
improvements. example
Mazda V6
V-8 engines are
shorter and not much
heavier either. They
have better
acceleration and not
as awful sound but
has a design flaw
namely uneven firing
order. Example
Mercedes AMG
V-12 engines are smooth,
powerful, and they sound
amazing. Unfortunately, they’re
complicated due to the sheer
number of moving parts and are
very expensive to produce.
They’re also even harder to fit
under a hood and are typically
found only in high-end cars. And
sometimes BMWs.

17. SO WHAT IS THE BEST ENGINE CONFIGURATION
Unlike V engines, the W
engines can house three or
four groups of cylinders
connected to one or two
crankshafts. W engines are
used in heavy duty vehicles,
luxury and exotic cars
because they take less
space and provide more
power
Rotary engines have a
higher power output per
combustion cycle. Rotary
engines also have a greater
mass coefficient, a stronger
fuel-air mixture flow, and
less maintenance required
than piston engines.
Disadvantages of rotary
engines which limit their
use include less fuel
efficiency, low thermal
efficiency, high emissions,
increased oil consumption,
abrupt power delivery and
low reliability.

18. USAGE IN ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES
The V12 is a common engine
configuration for tanks and
other armoured fighting
vehicles. Some examples are the
German HL120TRM gasoline
engine, used on World War II
Panzer III, Panzer IV and other
tanks based on their chassis.
The Soviets had also
employed V 12 engine in
T 72 (super charged
version of V 12). It is also
used by French in AMX
series of Tanks.
American Continental
AV1790 engine, produced
in gasoline and diesel
variants, used on all
versions of the Patton
tank

19. USAGE IN ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES
The T 14 Armata Tank
uses the 12N360 Diesel
Engine having a 12
speeds automatic gear
box. The engine is a
double turbocharger
based engine producing
1500 hp power.
The M1 Abram Tanks instead
use a 1500 hp Gas Turbine
Engine. The Engine is AGT 1500
engine which uses jet fuel. This
tank though providing an edge
in speed and maneuverability
has large number of
maintainability and reliability
issues in addition to being a
gas guzzler.
?

20. PERFORMANCE OF IC ENGINES
• The Performance of IC Engine depends on how effectively the
engine is converting fuel (chemical energy) to mechanical
energy
• Measures of Engine Performance
Energy Efficiency
Fuel Consumption
Power to Weight Ratio
Thrust to Weight Ratio
Torque Curves
Compression Ratio

21. BEST THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS POWER PLANTS
Ser No Power Plant Type Efficiency (%)
1 Spark-ignited, port-Injected 31.5
2 Direct-injected, spark-ignited 33
3 Direct-injected, spark-ignited, lean, early injection 34.5
4 Indirect-injected diesel 35.5
5 Direct-injected, spark ignited, lean, late injection 38
6 Gas turbine 38
7 High-speed, direct-injected diesel 43
8 Heavy-duty, direct-injected diesel (HDDI) 46
9 Fuel Cell 52
10 Turbo compounded, HDDI diesel 54

22. Phase - II
Latest Trends in IC Engine Technology

23. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS AIDING
PERFORMANCE OF IC ENGINES
FORCED INDUCTION
DIRECT INJECTION
ALUMINIUM ENGINE BLOCKS
OVERHEAD CAMSHAFTS
VARIABLE VALVE TIMING
ONBOARD ENGINE COMPUTERS

24. • The ability to increase compression inside the engine while still being
able to operate on conventional 87 octane fuel, this increased power
potential which allows smaller engines to be utilized in large vehicle
configurations.
• It achieved increased fuel efficiency and high power output
• Here, gasoline is highly pressurized, and injected via a common rail
fuel line directly into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as
opposed to conventional multi-point fuel injection that happens in the
intake tract, or cylinder port
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION

25. GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION
• GMC TERRAIN CAR • Ecotec 2.4L I-4 VVT DI Engine

26. • Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is an automotive technology that allows for better
control over the opening and closing of the engine’s valves. By adjusting the timing
of the valves, VVT can optimize engine performance, improve fuel efficiency, and
reduce emissions. This technology is particularly useful in modern engines, as it
allows for a more precise control of the air-fuel mixture and enhances the engine’s
power delivery across different RPM ranges.The Variable Valve Timing system
further optimizes the timing of opening and closing the valves for multiple engine
speeds.
• Advantages of Variable Valve Timing
• 1. It allows to recirculate internal exhaust gas.
• 2. Increased torque can be obtained.
• 3. It ensures better fuel economy.
• 4. It reduces nitrogen oxide.
• 5. Hydrocarbon emissions can be controlled.
• Different manufacturers use custom names for this kind of Engine developed by them like Renault
and Volve use the name CVVT (Continuous Variable Valve Timing). Ford and Suzuki use VCT
(Variable Cam Timing) etc
VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)

27. VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)
• Chrysler 300 V6
• Pentastar 3.6 L VVT V6 Engine