2. Hub
 Cannot read Mac Addresses
 Connects segments of the local Network
 Messages sent from one host will be broadcasted
to all hosts and not to one specific address.
 Commonly used in LANs.
 Does not manage or examine any of the traffic that
goes through it.
 Commonly has 4 ports.
 Layer 1 (Physical) of the OSI model

3. Switch
 Can read Mac Addresses so when a frame is sent, it
will know which specific host it is directed to.
 Switches cannot connect to wireless devices.
 Switches allow greater bandwidth across the network.
 Commonly used in larger business environments.
 Connects multiple segments of the local network or can
create individual sub networks.
 Uses MAC addresses to forward a frame in a network.
 Uses destination MAC addresses to locate the target
host.
 Layer 2 (Data link) of the OSI model.

4. Router
 Connects to other networks.
 Uses IP addresses to forward packets to other
networks.
 Can act as a DHCP server and allocate IP addresses.
 Operates at the network layout of the OSI model.
 Most routers have both wireless and wired connectivity.
 Connects a LAN to a WAN.
 Contains both a switch and modem.
 Most offer basic security including firewall and DoS
attack prevention.
 Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model.

5. ISR/Access Point
 Connects devices wired or wirelessly through
Wi-Fi.
 The wireless access point is connected via the
ISR.
 Can use Fibre Optic cabling for faster
bandwidth.
 Access Points do not have a firewall.
 Access points extends the coverage of a
network.
 Emits a wireless signal to your network card in
devices and it acts as a receiver and allows
connection to the WAN through the LAN.

6. Mac Addresses
 Defines the host connecting to a network.
 Each host has it’s own unique MAC address
 On a network, Mac filtering can be enabled to increase
security.
 They are assigned by the device’s manufacturer. It is
assigned to the hardware.
 They are 48 bits long, 12 digits hexadecimal.
 When information is sent across the network, the ARP
matches the IP address to the correct MAC address.
 The first 3 pairs are what defines the company that made the
hardware.
e.g. 0C – 0C – 0B – 14 – CD - 98

7. Bridges
 Connects two segments of the network separated
by distance.
 Can connect two separate LANs if they are using
the same protocol.
 Can determine whether the packet is going to be
sent from one end to a building to another, or one
end of a building to one down the street.
 Using a bridge in an internet network will allow a
frame to be sent from one place to another, rather
than all directions.