1. Intelligence involves understanding the world, thinking rationally, and using resources effectively when faced with challenges. 2. Theories of intelligence include Spearman's two-factor theory of general and specific abilities, Thurstone's weighted group-factor theory emphasizing multiple abilities, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences. 3. Factors influencing intelligence include heredity, environment, and learning through processes such as conditioning, social learning, and cognitive development affected by maturation, readiness, and intelligence.

1. Intelligence
 Is the capacity to understand the
world, think rationally and use
resources effectively when we faced
with challenge.
 The capacity to understand the
world and resourcefulness to cope
with its challenges ( D. Wechsler)

2. Theories Of Intelligence
• Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
assumes that there are two kinds
of ability:
a. (G) general ability- ability to
deduce abstract relationship.
b. (S) specific ability -

3. • Thurstone’s Weighted Group-Factor
- organizational of mental abilities in
terms of group factors ( these factors
correlates cluster)
- he believed that assessing an
individual intelligence in terms of a single ,
over all score was wrong
- emphasize on testees standing
abilities are reported in terms of percentile

4. Thurstone’s PMA:
1. Verbal – ability to understand and utilize verbal
ideas effectively and primarily.
2. Number – ability to carry out the fundamental
arithmetic operations (+,-,X, /).
3. Spatial – ability to deal with objects in space
and spatial relationship, as demanded in
geometric problems.
4. Perceptual speed – ability to identify objects
quickly and accurately, as

5. as required in reading, map work and the like.
5. Memory – ability to learn and retain information.
6. Reasoning – ability to perceive and utilize
abstract relationships ; to put together past
experiences in the solution of new problems.
7. Word Fluency – ability to think of words rapidly.
Word fluency may be related to personality
variables as well as to intellective factors.

6. • Catells Theory
- two fundamental types of intelligence:
1. Fluid intelligence- processing
capabilities, reasoning and memory
( eg: to solve analogy or remember a set
of numbers)
2. Crystallized – accumulation of
information, skills and strategies that
people learned through experiences that
they can apply in problem solving.

7. • Gadner Multiple Intelligence Theory
- believes hat there are 8 major kinds of
intelligence:
1. Linguistic – involved in reading, writing,
listening and talking. High linguistic intelligence
can be demonstrated by writers.
2. Logical-Mathematical- thinking, detecting
patterns, scientific reasoning and deduction;
analyze problems, perform mathematical
calculations, understands relationship between
cause and effect towards a tangible outcome
or result

8. 3. Bodily-Kinesthetic body movement
control, manual dexterity, physical agility and
balance .
4. Spatial-Visual visual and spatial
perception; interpretation and creation of visual
images; pictorial imagination and expression;
understands relationship between images and
meanings.
5. Interpersonal perception of other people's
feelings; ability to relate to others; interpretation
of behavior and communications; understands
the relationships between people and their
situations

9. 6. Intrapersonal self-awareness,
personal cognizance, personal
objectivity, the capability to understand
oneself, one's relationship to others and
the world, and one's own need for, and
reaction to change
7. Musical musical ability, awareness,
appreciation and use of sound;
recognition of tonal and rhythmic
patterns, understands relationship
between sound and feeling

10. Measurement of Intelligence
• Intelligence test – the instrument to
measure intelligence.
Types of IT:
1. Stanford-Binet
consist of series of items that vary in
nature according to the age of the
person being tested.
2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
consist of verbal and performance
scale

11. Factor influencing Intelligence
• 1. heredity
• 2. environment

12. Learning
a process through which one’s
capacity or disposition is changed
as a result of experience ( Craig).
 any relatively permanent change
in behavior which occurs as a
result of practice or experience.

13. Types of Learning
I. STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORY
A. Ivan Pavlov “ Classical conditioning
= is a reflexive or automatic type of
learning in which a stimulus acquires
the capacity to evoke a response that
was originally evoked by another
stimulus.

14. B. B.F. Skinner “ Operant Conditioning” is
based upon the idea that learning is a
function of change in overt behavior.
Changes in behavior are the result of an
individual's response to events (stimuli)
that occur in the environment. A response
produces a consequence such as defining
a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math
problem. When a particular Stimulus-
Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced
(rewarded), the individual is conditioned to
respond.

15. II. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
posits that people learn from one another,
via observation, imitation, and modeling.
The theory has often been called a bridge
between behaviorist and cognitive learning
theories because it encompasses
attention, memory, and motivation.

16. Factor affecting Learning Process
• Maturation
• Readiness
• Intelligence

17. Memory
• is defined as the totality of past experience that
can be remembered.
Steps or process of memory:
1. Sensory –information storage
information stored for only 1 second.
eg: a. iconic – information received thru the
eyes
b. echoic – information received thru the
ears.

18. 2. Short-term memory
input can stay from few seconds upt to
30 seconds.
( to improve on short-term memory
rehearsal process is needed0.
3. Long-term memory
information that we store in our brain
for years and be able to retrieve when
needed.

19. Types of Long-term Memory
1. Episodic memory – is a record of some
personal experiences .
2. Semantic memory – is a memory of
concepts and rules

20. Ways of Improving memory
• Chunking – grouping items together.
eg: groups fruits or meats
• Mnemonic - acronyms

21. Theories of forgetting
• Trace decay theory
when information stored is not use, it
fades away.
• Interference theory
confusion among items stored in LTM:
it can be a retroactive ( new things are
learn interfere with things already in
memory) or proactive ( old learning
interfere with learning something new).

22. Amnesia
• Is loss of memory, either total or partial
Types of amnesia:
1. Retrograde – cause by traumatic injuries;
events immediately preceding to injury are
forgotten.
2. Anterograde – amnesia coming from the
traumatic injuries to the brain, inability to
remember new information for a length of time.
( the person can not remember something that
has just said to him even if it as told to him for
only a few seconds)