The document provides an overview of several major international health agencies and organizations, including: - The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948 as a specialized UN agency focused on global public health. - Other UN agencies like UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA that focus on issues like children's health, development, and population. - Earlier international health organizations from the 19th-20th centuries that paved the way for cooperation on disease control and public health standards. - Regional international health bodies like the Pan American Health Organization and the structure and work of WHO at global and regional levels.

1. INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH AGENCIES
Presented by:
Ramvilas Reddy Jaidupally
1

2. • INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• FIRST INTERNATIONAL SANITARY CONFERENCE
• PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU
• OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL D’HYGIENE PUBLIQUE
• THE HEALTH ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUE OF
NATIONS 2

3. • THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION
ADMINISTRATION
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
• UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S
EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)
• UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP)
• UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES
(UNFPA) 3

4. • FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO)
• INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)
• WORLD BANK
• UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT (USAID)
• THE COLOMBO PLAN
• SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (SIDA)
• NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER AGENCIES
• ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATIONS
4

5. • FORD FOUNDATION
• COOPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF
EVERYWHERE (CARE)
• INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
5

6. introduction
• Health and disease have no political or geographical
boundaries.
• Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other
parts.
• History is replete with plague and cholera, along trade routes.
• In order to protect against the spread of the disease from one
country to another, many attempts were made in the past by
individual rulers and state the barriers against infection.6

7. • Issues like the global spread of infectious diseases, the
consequences of the HIV/AIDS, the growing antibiotic
resistance, and the increasing the strengthening of the fight
against poverty related diseases, have led to an increasing
importance of health issues both at national and international
level.
• International conferences were held and organizations were
set up for discussion, agreement and cooperation on matters
of international health.
7

8. HISTORY
• The moves behind international involvement in health matters
have been varied and complex over the centuries, starting
around the 1300s.
– Preventing plague– Safeguarding global commerce & the slave
trade– Protecting soldiers and colonists overseas– Protecting
workers and improving colonial relations– Religious, humanistic &
social justice motivations
8

9. Pre-1800s
Bubonic plague (mid‐1300s,1630s), cholera, smallpox were
prevailing. Disease spread due to increasing global
commerce. Bubonic plague killed 20‐50% of affected
populations. Quarantine first created in Venice in 1348
requiring ships to wait 40 days before entering port.
9

10. • Quarantine failed in its objective because of the lack of
scientific knowledge regarding the causation and mode of
spread of disease.
• Quarantine was opposed because the detention of the ships
obstructed and caused serious inconveniences to
international trade and travel.
• It became necessary for international agreement and
cooperation on quarantine matters to control communicable
10

11. Flag for quarantine
11

12. Types of quarantine
• "Mandatory quarantine" separates (by legal order) people
who may have been exposed to the virus from others who
have not.
• "Voluntary quarantine" refers to members of the public who
voluntarily follow restrictions on activities as recommended
by their federal, provincial or local health department.
12

13. • Self-Quarantine – In a pandemic, many people or families may
choose to "self-quarantine" by staying at home (not go school and
work). They will also avoid social contacts such as groups or sports
events. Self-quarantine is an effective way to reduce individual and
family risk.
• Sequestering - Because limiting face-to-face contact is also a
proven way to reduce the spread of disease, businesses may
consider the unusual option of having groups of essential "core"
staff live temporarily either at the workplace or at a nearby hotel.
13

14. 1800- mid 1900’s
• Industrial revolution further increased the trade and
commerce, with parallel increase in the spread of
communicable diseases.
• Imperial conquests led to colonization and exploitation;
• Invaders brought smallpox measles, TB,etc., and in turn were
felled by malaria, dysenteries, sleeping sickness.
• Slave trade became extensive with high mortality rates.
• Efforts to protect health of colonists, workers, missionaries has
been started. 14

15. • International conferences were held and organizations were
set up for discussion, agreement and cooperation on matters
of international health.
15

16. First international sanitary conference
• Was held during 1851, lead to the origin of international health
cooperation.
• The conference was attended mainly by European countries.
• The objective was to introduce order and uniformity in the
quarantine laws, which varied from country to country.
• The conference lasted for six months with no lasting results.
16

17. • Despite the many difficulties involved, an international
sanitary code was prepared comprised of 137 articles dealing
with cholera, plague and yellow fever.
• It was ratified by only three countries- France, Portugal and
Sardinia of which Portugal and Sardinia withdrew in 1865.
• This conference was followed in rapid succession between
1851-1902 but they were equally unable to reach an
agreement on quarantine measures.
17

18. Pan American sanitary bureau
(Pasb)
• Establishment of PASB in America during the year 1902 was
important milestone in the international health work.
• In 1924 an important document was signed by the American
Republic namely “The Pan American Sanitary Code” which is
in force between the states.
• In 1947, the bureau was recognized and the organization was
called the Pan American Sanitary Organization (PASO).
18

19. • Now the PAHO has grown from a small information center to a
major health agency with its headquarters in Washington.
• The PASB was the world’s first international health agency.
19

20. Office international d’hygiene
publique
• In the year 1907, the “Office International d’hygiene Publique”
(OIHP), generally known as Paris office was created to
disseminate information on communicable diseases and to
supervise international quarantine measures.
• It was predominantly European, but later on a considerable
degree of cooperation grew up between OIHP and PASB.
• 60 countries including British India joined, giving the office an
international character.
20

21. • In spite of no field staff to investigate the epidemics it did a
remarkable work in disseminating knowledge of
communicable diseases and their control.
• The OIHP continued to exist until 1950, by that time its
responsibilities had been taken over by WHO.
21

22. The health organization of the league of nations
• After the world war I, the league of nations was established to
build a better world and to take steps in matters of
international concern for the prevention of disease.
• It was established during the year 1923.
• It branched out into nutrition, housing, rural hygiene, the
training of public health workers and standardization of certain
biological preparations.
22

23. • This league analyzed the epidemiological information received,
and started the series of periodical epidemiological reports.
• One more eastern bureau was established at Singapore.
• It had laid down regulations for studies (expert committee
reviews) which are substantially followed by the WHO.
• In 1939, the league of nations was dissolved but its health
organization in Geneva continued.
23

24. The united nations relief and rehabilitation
administration (unrra)
• It was set up in 1943 with a purpose of organizing recovery
from the effects world war II.
• This organization had done an outstanding work in preventing
typhus and other diseases.
• It has assisted in malaria control in Greece and Italy, where
war had disrupted peace time and anti-malaria services.
24

25. • The renowned anti-malarial campaign was a joint effort of
UNRRA, the Rockefeller foundation and the Italian
government.
25

26. World health organization
• The WHO has its origin in April 1945, during the conference
held at San Francisco to set up the United Nations.
• The constitution was drawn up at an international health
conference in New York in 1946.
• The ratifications were secured by April 1948; the formal
existence of the WHO as a specialized agency began on that
date.
26

27. • WHO is the specialized, non-political, health agency of the
United Nations, with headquarters at Geneva.
• In 1946, the constitution was drafted by the “Technical
Preparatory Committee” under the chairmanship of Rane
Sand, and was approved by an International Health
Conference of 51 nations in New York.
• A World Health Day theme is chosen every year to focus
attention on a specific aspect of public health.
27

28. objective
• Is “attainment by all people’s of the highest level of health”
• The current objective is “ attainment by all people of the world a
level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and
economically productive life.
• The preamble of the constitution states that;-
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
28

29. • The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is
one of the fundamental rights of every human being without
distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic and
social condition.
• The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of
peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest
cooperation of individuals and states.
29

30. • Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health
and control of disease, especially communicable disease, is a
common danger.
• Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to
live harmoniously in a changing total environment is essential to
such development.
• The extension to all people of the benefits of medical, psychological
and related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.
30

31. • Governments have a responsibility for the health of their
peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of
adequate health and social measures.
31

32. membership
• Membership is open to all countries, most of the countries are
members of both the UN and WHO except few differences.
• For example, Switzerland is a member of WHO, but not of the
united nations.
• Territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their
international relationships may be admitted as associate
members.
32

33. Work of who
1. Prevention and control of specific diseases.
• The global eradication of smallpox is an outstanding example
of international health cooperation.
• WHO is now directing the global battle against AIDS.
• An important activity of WHO is epidemiological surveillance
of communicable diseases.
33

34. • Member States can also make use of the "WHO Emergency
Scheme for epidemics" whenever necessary.
• The aim of International health Regulations is to ensure
maximum security against international spread of diseases
with the minimum interference with world traffic.
• Immunization against common diseases of childhood
expanded (Program on Immunization) is now a priority
program of the WHO.
34

35. Development of comprehensive services
• To promote and support national health policy development
and the development of comprehensive national health
programs.
• This includes wide variety of activities such as organizing
health systems based on primary health care, the
development of health manpower and utilization, building of
long-term national capability, particularly in the areas of health
infrastructure development and health services research.
35

36. • Appropriate Technology for Health (ATH) is another new
program launched by the WHO to encourage self-sufficiency
in solving health problems.
• The new program is part of WHO's efforts to build up primary
health care.
36

37. Family health
• Family health is one of the major program activities of WHO
since 1970, and is broadly subdivided into maternal and child
health care, human reproduction, nutrition and health
education.
• The chief concern is improvement of the quality of life of the
family as a unit.
37

38. Environmental health
• WHO advises governments on national program for the
provision of basic sanitary services.
• A number of programs have been developed such as the
'WHO Environmental Health Criteria Program and WHO
Environmental Health Monitoring Program towards improving
environmental health.
38

39. Health statistics
• From 1947, WHO has been concerned with the dissemination
of a wide variety of morbidity and mortality statistics relating
to health problems
• The data is published in the (a) Weekly Epidemiological
Record (b) World Health Statistics Quarterly and (c) World
Health Statistics Annual.
39

40. Biomedical research
• It has established a world-wide network of WHO collaborating
centers, besides awarding grants to research workers and
research institutions for promoting research.
• There are Regional Advisory Committees on health research
which define regional health research priorities and a Global
Advisory Committee, which in close collaboration with the
regional committee deals with policy issues of global import.
40

41. Health literature and information
• WHO acts as a clearing house for information on health problems.
• Its publications comprise hundreds of titles on a wide variety of
health subjects.
• The WHO library is one of the satellite centers of the Medical
Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine.
• The WHO has also a public information service both at
headquarters and each of the six regional offices.
41

42. Cooperation with other organization
• WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other specialized
agencies, and maintains various degrees of working
relationships.
• Besides, WHO has also established relations with a number
of international governmental organizations.
42

43. structure
• The WHO consists of three principal organs :
1) World Health Assembly
2) Executive Board and
3) Secretariat.
43

44. World health assembly
• This is the "Health Parliament" of Nations and the supreme
governing body of the organization.
• It meets annually, usually in May, and generally at the
headquarters in Geneva, but from time to time in other
countries. (The 14th World Health Assembly met in New Delhi
in 196I).
• The Assembly is composed of delegates representing
Member States, each of which has one vote.
44

45. • The main functions of the Health Assembly are :
(I) to determine international health policy and programs
(ii) to review the work of the past year
(iii) to approve the budget needed for the following year
(iv) to elect Member States
(v) to designate a person to serve for three years on the
Executive Board, and to replace the retiring members.
45

46. The executive board
• The Board had originally 18 members, each designated by a
Member State.
• Subsequently, the number was raised to 24 and 30. The Health
Assembly (I976) increased the membership from 30 to 31, providing
that no fewer than three are to be elected from each of the WHO
regions
• The main work of the Board is to give effect to the decisions and
policies of the Assembly. The Board also has power to take action
itself in an emergency, such as epidemics, earthquakes and floods
where immediate action is needed.
46

47. The secretariat
• The secretariat is headed by the Director General who is the
chief technical and administrative officer of the Organization.
• The primary function of the WHO secretariat is to provide
Member States with technical and managerial support for their
national health development programs.
• At WHO headquarters in Geneva, there are 5 Assistant
Director Generals each of whom is responsible for the work of
such divisions as may from time to time be assigned to him by
the Director General. On 31st December, 1,985.
47

48. • Division of epidemiological surveillance and health situation
and trend assessment.
• Division of communicable diseases.
• Division of vector biology and control.
• Division of environmental health.
• Division of public information and education for health
• Division of mental health.
48

49. • Division of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative
technology.
• Division of strengthening of health services.
• Division of family health.
• Division of non-communicable diseases.
• Division of health manpower development.
• Division of information systems support.
• Division of personnel and general services.
• Division of budget and finance.49

50. regions
50

51. • These regional committees meet once a year to review health
work in the region and plan its continuation and development.
• Regional plans are amalgamated into overall plans for the
organization by the Director General at WHO’s headquarters
in Geneva.
51

52. The south east Asia region
• The headquarters of the South East Asia Regional Office
(SEARO) is in New Delhi, the official address being World
Health House, Indraprastha Estate, Delhi. The Region has
now 11 members.
52

53. • WHO's emblem was chosen by the first World Health
Assembly in 1948. The emblem consists of the United
Nations symbol surmounted by a staff with a snake coiling
round it. 53

54. United nations international children’s
emergency fund
• It was established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly
to deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries
• In 1953, when the emergency functions were over, the General
Assembly gave it a new name "U.N. Children's Fund" but retained
the initials, UNICEF.
• UNICEF's regional office is in New Delhi; the region 's known as
the South Central Asian Region which covers Afghanistan, Sri
Lanka, India, the Maldives, Mongolia and Nepal.
54

55. • UNICEF works in close collaboration with WHO, and the
other specialized agencies of the United Nations like UNDP,
FAO and UNESCO.
• In the early years, UNICEF and WHO worked together on
problems such as malaria, tuberculosis and venereal
diseases.
• More recent times UNICEF had turn away from campaigns
for the eradication of specific diseases unless they are of
55

56. • UNICEF is giving greater attention to the concept of the
"whole child”.
• This approach is also known as ‘country health programming'
in which UNICEF is currently interested so as to meet the
needs of children as an integral part of the country's
development effort.
• Its headquarters is located in New York.
56

57. Emblem of unicef
57

58. Services by UNIcef
CHILD HEALTH
• UNICEF has provided substantial aid for production of
vaccines and has supported BCG vaccination program in
India.
• It has also assisted in building a penicillin plant near Pune.
• Assisted environmental sanitation programs emphasizing safe
and sufficient water for drinking and household use in rural
areas.
• The purpose is not only to reduce child illness and death, but
to improve the quality of life in the villages.58

59. Child nutrition
• It gives high priority to improving child nutrition.
• In collaboration with FAO, UNICEF also began aiding
"applied nutrition" programs through such channels as
community development, agricultural extension, schools and
health services so as to stimulate and help the rural
population to grow and eat the foods it required for better
child nutrition.
• Supplied equipment for modern dairy plants in various parts
of India, viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
59

60. Family and child welfare
• The purpose is to improve the care of children, both within
and outside their homes through such means as parent
education, day-care centers, child welfare and youth
agencies and women's clubs.
• These services are carried out not as separate projects but
as part of health, nutrition and education or home economics
extension programs.
60

61. Education
• In collaboration with UNESCO, UNICEF is assisting India in
the expansion and improvement of teaching science in India.
Science laboratories' equipment, workshop tools, library
books, audiovisual aids are being made available to
educational institutions.
• Emphasis is placed on the kind of schooling relevant to the
environment and future life of the children.
61

62. Currently, UNICEF is promoting a campaign known as GOBI
campaign to encourage 4 strategies for a "child health revolution”
 G for growth charts to better monitor child development
 O for oral rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration
 B for breast feeding, and
 I for immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis,
tetanus and tuberculosis.
62

63. • Since 1976, UNICEF has been participating in Urban Basic
Services (UBS).
• The aim of the UBS projects is to upgrade basic services
(e.g., health, nutrition, water supply, sanitation and education)
especially for children and women - in selected cities and
towns.
• The overall objective is to improve the degree and quality of
survival and development of the children of urban low-income
families. 63

64. undp
• The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was
established in 1966 and is the main source of funds for
technical assistance..
64

65. United nations fund for population activities
(UNFPA)
• The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)
has been providing assistance to India since I974.
• The UNFPA inputs are designed to develop national
capability for the manufacture of contraceptives, to develop
population education programs, to undertake organized
sector projects, to strengthen program management as well
as to improve output of grass-root level health workers and
introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and
MCH care 65

66. 66

67. Food and agriculture organization (FAO)
• was formed in 1945 with headquarters in Rome
• The chief aims of FAO are :
(1) to help nations raise living standards
(2) to improve nutrition of the people of all countries
(3) to increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries
(4) to better the condition of rural people and, through all these
means, to widen the opportunity of all people for productive work.
67

68. • FAO's prime concern is the increased production of food to keep
pace with the ever-growing world population.
• FAO has organized a world Freedom from Hunger Campaign
(FFHC) in 1960. The main object of the Campaign is to combat
malnutrition and to disseminate information and education.
• The joint WHO/FAO expert committees have provided the basis for
many cooperative activities - nutritional surveys. training courses,
seminars and the coordination of research programs on brucellosis
and other zoonosis 68

69. 69

70. International labor organization (ILO)
• In 1919, the International Labor Organization (lLO) was
established as an affiliate of the League of Nations to improve the
working and living conditions of the working population all over the
world.
• The purposes of ILO are :
 to contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting social
justice.
 to improve, through international action, labor conditions, and living
standards.
 to promote economic and social stability.
70

71. • The International Labor Code is a collection of international
minimum standards related to health, welfare, living and
working conditions of workers all over the world.
• There is a close collaboration between ILO and WHO in the
field of health and labor.
• The headquarters of ILO is in Geneva, Switzerland.
71

72. 72

73. WOrlD bANK
• It was established with the purpose of helping less developed
countries raise their living standards.
• The powers of bank are vested in a Board of Governors.
• Health and environmental components have been added to
many projects. Cooperation programs exist between WHO
and the Bank. e.g.. projects for water supply, World Food
Program, Population Control, and the control of
onchocerciasis program in West Africa
73

74. 74

75. United States Agency for Internationa.
Development (USAID)
• The US Government presently extends aid to India through
three agencies
(1) United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
(2) The Public Law 480 (Food for Peace) Program
(3) The US Export-Import Bank.
• USAID was created in 1961, it is in charge of activities
previously administered by the Technical Cooperation Mission
(TCM).
• A USAID mission functions in New Delhi. Both grants and
loans are extended by the Agency.
75

76. • The US has been assisting in a number of projects designed
to improve the health of Indian population.
• The recent trend in assistance from the USA is increasingly in
the support of agricultural and family planning programs, with
some reduction in aid in the general public health field.
76

77. 77

78. THE Colombo plan
• The bulk of Colombo Plan assistance goes into industrial and
agricultural development but some support has also been
given to health development, mostly through fellowships.
• The All India Institute of Medical Sciences at New Delhi was
established with a assistance from New Zealand.
• The Plan provides visits to countries by experts who can offer
advice on local problems and train the local people.
• Colombo plan seeks to improve living standards of the people
of the area by reviewing developmental plans and
coordinating development assistance.
78

79. Swedish international development
agnecy (SIDA)
• Assisting the National Tuberculosis Control Program since
I979.
• The SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of
supplies like X-ray unit, microscopes and anti-tuberculosis
drugs.
• SIDA authorities are also supporting the Short Course
Chemotherapy.
79

80. Danish international developmental
agency (DANIDA)
• The Government of Denmark is providing assistance
for the development of services under National
Blindness Control Program since 1978.
80

81. Rockefeller foundation
• The Foundation was active chiefly in public health and
medical education. Subsequently, its interest was expanded
to include the advancement of life sciences, the social
sciences, the humanities and the agricultural sciences.
• The work of the Rockefeller Foundation in India began in
1920 with a scheme for the control of hookworm disease in
the then Madras Presidency.
81

82. • The establishment of the All India Institute of Hygiene and
Public Health at Kolkata was in a large measure due to the
cooperation of the Rockefeller Foundation.
• At present the Foundation is directing its support to the
improvement of agriculture, family planning and rural training
centers as well as to medical education
82

83. Ford foundation
• The Foundation has been active in the development of rural
health services and family planning.
• The Ford Foundation has helped India in the following
projects
• Orientation training centers
• Research-cum-action projects
• Pilot project in rural health services, Gandhigram Tamil Nadu) :
Among a rural population of 100,000 people, an attempt was made
to develop and operate a coordinated type of health service which
will provide a useful model for health administrators in the country.
83

84. • Establishment of NIHAE
• Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme
• Family planning program : The Foundation is supporting
research in reproductive biology and in the family planning
fellowship programs.
84

85. CARE
• CARE (Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)
was founded in North America in the wake of the Second
World War in the year 1945.
• It is one of the world's largest independent, non-profit, non-
sectarian international relief and development organization.
• It provides emergency aid and long term development
assistance.
85

86. • CARE began its operation in India in 1950, till the end of
1980s, the primary objective of CARE - India was to provide
food for children in the age group of 6-11 years.
• CARE-India works in partnership with the Government of
India, State Governments, NGOs etc. Currently it has projects
in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
86

87. Red Cross
• The Red Cross is a non-political non-official international
humanitarian organization devoted to the service of mankind
in peace and war.
• In the book "Un Souvenir de Solferine" and in countless
interviews with eminent persons, throughout Europe, Dunant
urged that voluntary national societies be founded "which in
time of war would render aid to the wounded without
distinction of nationality".
87

88. • The First Geneva Convention took place in 1864 and a treaty
was signed for the relief of the wounded and the sick of the
armies in the field.
• Thus came into being the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC), an independent, neutral institution, the founder
organization of the Red Cross
88

89. Role of Red Cross
• The work of the Red Cross was extended to other programs
which would prevent human suffering. These comprise
service to armed forces, service to war veterans, disaster
service, first aid and nursing, health education and maternity
and child welfare services.
89

90. Red cross emblem
90

91. conclusion
• Health has long been an important part of development
assistance, foreign policy and education- but motivations
priorities and mechanisms have changed over time.
• Development assistance accomplishments over most of the
past 60 years have generally disappointing.
• Since the latter 1990s there has been a rapid rise in the
number, variety and capabilities of organizations involved in
and funding available for improving global health.91

92. • New assistance approaches can program development in
the future. These collaborative partnerships are seeking
better, more transparent ways to set priorities.
92

93. References
• Park K. International Health. In: Preventive And Social
Medicine. 23rd ed. Jabalpur: Banarsidas Bhanot; 2015.p.916-
923.
• http://www.ccohs.ca/pandemic/documents/quarantine.html. Last
accessed on 3rd January 2016.
• http://www.who.int/about/licensing/emblem/en/. Last
accessed on 3rd January 2016.
• Hall TL, Gundersen ET, Jensen TP. Global Health Actors and
Their Programs. Consortium of Universities For Global
Health. 93

94. • Hiremath SS. International and National Health Agencies. In:
Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry.2nd ed. New
Delhi: Elsevier; 2011. p. 97-111.
• Kohlmorgen L. International Organizations and Global Health
Governance. The Role of WHO,WB,UNAIDS.
94

95. 95