Community medicine ppt

1. PRESENTED BY-
19096-SHIVANI
19097-SHIVANI SHARMA
19098-SHIWALI
19099-SHRITIKA SHARMA
19100-SHUBHAM SUKETIYA

2. Introduction and History – 19096
Multilateral agencies – WHO,UNICEF,UNDP,UNFPA - 19097
Multilateral agencies - FAO, ILO, World Bank 19098
Bilateral agencies- 19099
NGOs - 19100

3.  International health is also called Global Health
 It is field of health care dealing with health across regional or
national boundaries
 It provide health services to people living in different regions
,continents or around the world
 Also provide international health assistance to improve long term
medical care in developing countries
Introduction and Need

4. History And Development
• In 14th century ,a procedure known as “Quarantine” was
introduced in Europe to protect against Plague
First International Sanitary Conference ,1851 in Paris
- to introduce uniformity into quarantine measures
- ended in failure
10 conferences between 1851 and 1902

5. • Worlds first international health agency
• To coordinate quarantine procedures in American states
• 1924 – Pan American Sanitary Code signed
• 1947 - Pan American Sanitary Organizations (PASO)
• 1949 – Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Primitive International Health Organization …
 Pan American Sanitary Bureau -1902

6. • Generally known as “Paris Office”
• To disseminate information on communicable diseases and
supervise international quarantine measures
• First Worldwide International Health Organization
• 1950 – taken over by WHO
Primitive International Health Organization…
 OFFICE INTERNATIONAL D HYGIENE PUBLIQUE -1907

7.  THE HEALTH ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS-1923
• League of Nations was formed after the First World War (1914-18)
• Creditable work:
-Quarantine Regulations
-Epidemiological information
- Nutrition, Housing ,rural hygiene
- Training of Public health workers
- Laid down lines for technical studies
Primitive International Health Organization....

8.  UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATIONS
(UNRRA) 1943
• To organize recovery from effects of second World war
• Outstanding work in :
- Prevention of Typhus and other diseases
- Assistance to malaria control in Greece and Italy
- Campaign for Eradication of malaria from Sardinia
Primitive International Health Organization....

9. Birth Of WHO
• April 1945 – Conference held at San Fransisco to set up UN Brazil
and China suggested establishment of international health
organization
• Constitution drawn up in 1946
• Came into formal existence on 7th April
• Culmination of efforts to establish:
Single World wide inter governmental health agency

10. 1. Control of epidemics and communicable diseases affecting more
than one country
2. International exchange of medical and dental health information
3. Combined research
4. Advise governments and health authorities on health questions
5. International control of drugs of addiction
6. International help in disasters
Objectives Of International Health Agencies

11. 1. MULTILATERAL AGENCIES
2. BILATERAL AGNECIES
3. NGO
Classes Of International Health Agencies
MULTILATERAL AGENCIES
BILATERAL AGENCIES
NGOS

12. • A Specialized
• Non- Political
• Health Agency of the United Nations
• Worldwide inter-governmental health agency
• Headquarter: Geneva
WHO

13. • Constitution drafted by the” Technical Preparatory Committee” under
the chairmanship of Rene Sand
• Approved by International Health Conference of 51 nations in New
York in 1946
• Constitution came into force on 7th April ,1948
• 7th April – World Health Day
• A World Health day theme is chosen each year to focus attention on a
specific aspect of public health

14. Objectives in preamble of WHO
Complete state of physical , mental and social well-being
No discrimination in the path of attainment of highest
standard of health
Good health is for attainment of peace and security
Good health is valued to all
Equal development in promotion and control of disease in all
the countries
Extension to all people of benefits of
medical, psychological and related knowledge
Informed opinion and active co-operation

15. Terms Of Reference For Membership
• Open to all countries
• 1948 -56 members
• Currently -194 Member States
2 Associate Members (Puerto Rico and Tokelau)
• Each member contributes yearly to the budget and each is
entitled to the services and aid the organization can provide

16. WORK OF WHO
Prevention and control of specific diseases
Development of comprehensive services
Family health
Environmental health
Health statistics
Biomedical research
Health literature and information
Cooperation with other organizations

17. WHO REGIONAL CENTRES
REGION HEADQUATERS
1. South East Asia New Delhi (India)
2. Africa Brazzaville Congo
3. The Americas Washington D.C. (USA)
4. Europe Copenhagen (Denmark)
5. Eastern Mediterranean Alexandria(Egypt)
6. Western Pacific Manila (Philippines)

18. WHO Structure
World Health
Assembly
The Executive
Board
The
Secretariat

19. WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY
• “Health Parliament” of Nations
• Supreme governing body of WHO
• Meets annually ,usually in Geneva in May
• Composed of delegates from different countries
respective countries

20. To determine International health policy and programs
Review the work of past year
Approve the budget of the following year
Elect Member states to designate a person to serve for three years on
the executive board and to replace the retiring members
Function of World Health Assembly

21. Executive Board
• 34 members technically qualified in the field of health
• Designed by their respective governments, but do not represent their
respective government
• Members are elected fir three year terms
• One third of the membership is renewed every year.
• Meets twice a year (Jan & May) after meeting of World Health Assembly
• Gives effect to the decisions and policies of the assembly
• Emergent and immediate action in epidemics, earthquakes and flood

23. UNICEF
• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
• Formulated in 1946
• Headquarter: New York (US)
• In 1953: known as U.N. Children’s Fund
• Regional office in Kathmandu , Nepal (South Central Asian Region)

24. Functions
• Child health
• Child nutrition
• Family and child welfare
• Education

25. 1.Child health:
Production of vaccines and sera
Environmental sanitation programme
Improves quality of life in villages
Primary health care to mother and children
Immunization
Family planning
Safe water and sanitation

26. 2. Child nutrition:
Supplementing child feeding
“Applied nutrition” programme
Nutrition deficiency diseases
Development of national food and nutrition policies

27. 3. FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE:
 Improve care of children
Parent education
4. EDUCATION:
 Formal and non formal
 Science laboratories

28. GOBI campaign
G- growth charts to better monitor child development
O- oral rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration
B-breast feeding
I-immunisation against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus
and tuberculosis

29. UNDP
• United Nation Development Programme
• Established in 1966 located in New York
Objectives
• To help poorer nations develop their human and natural resources more fully
• Efficient utilization of manpower, human and natural resources

30. FUNCTION
GLOBALLY
• Sustainable development
• Resilience building
• Services to tackle poverty
• Financial services
• Carbon emmision cut
• System and
institutional
strengthening
• Sustainable
,livelihood
• environment
and resilience
INDIA

31. UNFPA
United Nations Fund for Population Activities
Provide assistance to India since 1974
Funding National level of schemes
Area projects for intensive development of health and family welfare
Improvement of availability of services in rural areas
Implemented in 11 districts of Bihar and 4 districts of Rajasthan

32. INPUTS
To develop National capability for manufacture of contraceptives
To develop population education programmes
To undertake organised sector projects
To strengthen programme management
To improve output of grass- root level health workers
Introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH
care

33. function
Avoid
unwanted
pregnancies
• Undergo
safe
pregnancy
and
childbirth
Avoid
spreading
sexually
transmitted
infections
Increase the
equality of
women
Decrease
violence
against
women
Encouraging
the use of
birth control

34. United Nation Agencies
 WHO
 UNICEF
 UNDP
 UNFPA
 FAO
 ILO
 World Bank
Presented by - 19098

35. Food and Agriculture Organization

36. FAO
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of
the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
 Established- 1945
 Headquarters- Rome (Italy)
 Headquarters of Asia region- Bangkok (Thailand)
 195 members - 194 countries and the European Union, works in over
130 countries worldwide

37. Aims
 To help nations raise living standards
 To improve nutrition of people of all countries
 To increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries
 To better the condition of rural people and, through all these
means, to widen the opportunity of all people for productive
work
FAO's prime concern is the increased production of food to keep
pace with ever-growing world population

38. Structure
 FAO is governed by the Conference of Member Nations
 The Conference elects a Council (49 member nations)
It acts as an interim governing body.
 The Conference also elects the Director General
 Current Director General of FAO- Qu Dongyu

39. Structure...
Composed of 7 departments :-
• Administration and Finance
• Agriculture and Consumer protection
• Economic and Social development
• Fisheries and Aquaculture
• Forestry
• Natural resources management and Environment
• Technical cooperation

40. Role and Functions
 Helping government and Development Agencies coordinate their
activities which are targeted to develop and improve agriculture
and fisheries etc.
 Conducting research and providing technical assistance to various
projects related to improving agricultural output and development.
 Conducting training and educational programs and also collecting
and analyzing agricultural data to improve yield and production.

41. Contributions
• Collaborated with the National Dairy Development Board to provide
technical assistance in milk production and processing.
• FAO-UNDP assistance helped in bringing hybrid rice technology to
India in 1990’s.
• Established 28 centers of excellence in 23 agricultural
universities from 1973-1994.
• Collaborated with the Govt & Confederation of Indian Industry to
organize 2 International Food Summits held in 2007 and 2008.

42. International Labour Organization

43. ILO
International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency to
improve the working and living conditions of the working population
all over the world.
 First specialized agency of United Nations
 Established - 1919
 Headquarters – Geneva (Switzerland)
 Sub regional office for South Asia – New Delhi (India)
 Member states - 187

44. Aims
 Contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting
social justice
 Improve labour conditions and living standards through
international action
 Promote economic and social stability

45. Structure
ILO has a tripartite governing structure that brings together
governments, employers and workers.
Comprises of :-
 International labour Conference
 Governing Body
 International labour Office
Director General selected by – Governing Body
Current Director General – Guy Rayder

46. Roles of ILO

47. Contributions
Conventions on child labour - the Minimum age Convention, 1973
and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999.
Provided technical assistance to Ministry of Rural development
Work in Freedom project
Start and Improve your Business Program

49. World Bank
• World bank is an international Financial Institution which provides
loans and grants to developing countries for development
programs to raise their standard of living.
Established – 1944
Headquarters – Washington D.C. (USA)
President – David Malpass
189 member countries

50. Mission
To end extreme poverty :
By reducing the share of the global population that lives in extreme
poverty
To promote shared prosperity:
By increasing the income of poorest 40 percent of people in every
country

51. Structure
World Bank Group is the parent organization of World Bank.
Consists of 5 institutions:-
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association(IDA)
International Finance Corporation(IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency(MIGA)
International Centre for Settlement of International Disputes (ICSID)
IBRD and IDA jointly make World Bank.

52. Management
Board of governors
Board of executive directors
Advisory council
Loan committee

53. Objectives
Help to improve the lives of under-served populations worldwide
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability

54. Contributions
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:-Contributed US$ 1.1 billion in two phases
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Project:- Invested US$1.8
billion
Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project:- Awarded
US$100 million
Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program:- Contributed
US$278 million

55. HEALTH WORK OF BILATERAL AGENCIES
Content-
 USAID
 Colombo Plan
 DANIDA
 SIDA
Presented by-19099

57. Overview
USAID is an independent agency of US federal government that is primarily
responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance.
• Samantha Janes is currently the administrator of USAID.
• It was established on November 3,1961
• Headquarters-Washington DC.
• Has partnered with India to alleviate food insecurity, fuel green revolution,
eradicate polio and strengthen health systems.

58. Areas of work
1) Agriculture and food security-
Agricultural research to develop better seeds and fertilizers.
2)Economic growth and trade-
Improving infrastructure like roads, bridges.
3)Education-
Expand access to quality basic education for all, particularly
marginalized and vulnerable population.

59. 4) Environment and climate change-
It partnership in various programmes for environment protection.
5) Gender equality and women empowerment
6)Health-
USAID health efforts are focussed around three priorities-
 Prevention of child and maternal deaths
 Controlling HIV/AIDS
 Prevention of infectious diseases
7)Water and sanitation-
• Promotes access to safe drinking water and sanitation services.
• Encourage management and protection of water resources.

60. Objectives in India
*Strengthening Health system-
Usaid partners with Govt of India to strengthen the impact
,reach affordability and quality of health services for vulnerable
and poor.
*Fighting climate crisis-
Usaid is working with India to build resilience against the impacts
of climate change.
*Equality and women empowerment-
Promotes the rights of underrepresented population and
ensures gender equality.

61. *Leveraging India’s private sector-
USAID is working with govt of India to test and scale innovative
development solutions.
*Agriculture-
It helped India to partner with Kenya for supplying hybrid seeds,
IPM.
*Education-
Usaid supports “Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat program”.
*Health-
Supports Govt of India with many health campaigns .

62. COLOMBO PLAN
Headquarters –Sri Lanka

63. History & Overview
At a meeting of the commonwealth foreign ministers at Colombo in
January 1950 a plan for cooperative economic development in South
and South East Asia was introduced.
• Currently this plan has 28 members.
• Secretary general-Dr. Benjamin
• Establishment of plan-28 Nov 1950
• Agenda of plan- Development of human
resources in Southeast regions of Asia

64. Objectives
• To aid technical assistance for economic and social development of region.
• To promote technical cooperation and assist in sharing and transfer of
technology among member countries.
Funding
• A special characteristic of the Colombo plan is that the administrative costs of
the council and the secretariat are borne equally by all member countries.
• Colombo plan training programmes are also funded by contributions from non
member governments and regional organizations.

65. Programmes
• Long-Term Scholarships Programme
• Drug Advisory Programme
• Programme for Private Sector Development
• Programme for Public Administration & Environment
• Gender Affairs Programme
• Programme for Environment & Climate Change

66. SIDA
Swedish International Developmental Agency

67. Overview
• Formed-1995
• Headquarter- Sweden
• India has been a recipient of Swedish bilateral development
assistance since 1964

68. AREAS OF WORK
• Poverty oriented projects in the primary health sector with special
emphasis on reproductive health and rights of girls and women
• Environment and urban development with focus on water , sanitation
and waste management, air and noise pollution
• Assistance in National tb control programme since 1979
• Mutual exchange and research cooperation in the field of knowledge
and technology
• Assistance through UN Agencies/NGOs in health, water and sanitation
program

69. Founded – 1962
Headquarter - Denmark

70. Danish International Development agency
• DANIDA is the brand used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Denmark when it provides humanitarian aid and development assistance to
other countries, with focus on developing countries
• Denmark has been giving bilateral development assistance to India since
1963.

71. Areas of interest
Human rights
Green growth
Social progress
Stability and
protection

72. DANIDA AND INDIA
• DANIDA provides assistance for 3 NHP
1)DANLEP-Leprosy
2)DANTB- TB
3)DANPCB-Blindness

73. DANLEP
• The programme was started in four districts in three states - Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, & Tamil Nadu.
• It offers infrastructural support, health education, human resource
development, programme monitoring & prevention & care of deformities.
DANTB
• DANIDA assists the Revised national Tuberculosis Control Programme since
1966.

74. DANPCB
• DANIDA provides assistance for the services rendered under National
Blindness Control Programme since 1978
• The assistance is offered in three phases-
• PHASE I : Strengthening the infrastructure of Primary Health centers
• PHASE II : Setting up District Blindness Control Societies
• PHASE III : To set up national Eye Care Center through its assistance

75. Non Governmental Agencies (NGOs)
• Red Cross
• Ford Foundation
• Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
• Rockefeller Foundation

76. Red Cross
The Red Cross is a non political non official international
humanitarian organization devoted to service of mankind in
peace and war
Founded by – Henry Dunnant
Headquarters- Geneva Switzerland
World Red Cross day – 8th may

77. AIM
• Initially-To protect the lives of victims of war and internal violence
Later the work extended to
• Services to arm forces
• Disaster management service
• Nursing, first aid
• Health education
• Maternity and child welfare

78. Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS)
• Established in 1920
• IRCS has 36 states/union territories branches with more than
1000 district and sub district branches
Objectives of IRCS
• Improvement of health
• Prevention of disease
• Mitigation of suffering

79. Projects
• Integrated nutrition and health project
• Anaemia control project
• Improving women’s health
• Child survival project
• Improving women’s reproductive health

80. Principles
1. Humanity
2. Impartiality
3. Neutrality
4. Independence
5. Voluntary service
6. Unity
7. Universality

81. Himachal Pradesh Red Cross Society
Governing Body
• President – Governor of Himachal Pradesh
• Ex-officio member- Director (Health Services)
• General Secretary - IAS
• 12 elected members - from 12 District branches

82. District branches
• There are 12 district branches in every district and every district
branch has a district unit organised at local level
Members
• Chairperson – Deputy Commissioner of District
• Secretary - Chief Medical Office
• Members of society are resident of district

83. Work of Red Cross Society
• Relief work during calamities
• Assistance for long term and specialized medical treatment for
patients from IRDP families
up to- 20,000- district level
and above – 20,000 through state red cross
• Service to patients in hospitals
e.g. free clothing
Wheel chairs, stretchers

84. Disaster Management Programme
Established in 2012
Objective
• To make community aware of disaster , its cause and how to
reduce its impact
• To equip the local people with life saving skills
• To build the capacity of First Medical Responder
• Draft the Disaster Management Preparedness Plan

85. • The Rockefeller Foundation is a philanthropic organisation
started in 1913
• Founded by John D Rockefeller
• Headquarter – New York
• President –Rajiv Shah

86. Mission
‘ its purpose is to promote well being of mankind throughout
the world’
Initially was active chiefly in
• Public health
• Medical education
• Now it also include the advancement of life sciences , social
sciences, and agricultural sciences

87. Work in India
•Work began in 1920 with a scheme to control
hookworm disease in the Madras presidency
•Training of teachers and research workers in abroad
•Helps in development of medical college libraries,
population studies

88. •Helps in setting up of a field demonstration area in
(Ballabhgarh)
•It also help in improvement of agriculture, family
planning and rural training centre
•Assisted in establishing National Institute of Virology
Pune
•Helps in establishing
All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health at Kolkata

90. Introduction
• Ford foundation is non government non profitable
philanthropic organisation dedicated to human welfare
• Founded on –Jan -15-1936
• Located in Ford foundation building New York
• President- Darren Walker
• Area served-
United states, Africa , Latin America, Middle East , Asia

91. Areas of work
1.Civic engagement and government
2.Creativity and free expansion
3.Disability and inclusion
4.Future of workers
5.Gender Racial and Ethnic justice
6.International cooperation
7.Mission investment
8.Natural resource and climate change
9.Technology and society

92. Work in India
• Active in development of rural health services and family planning
Projects established
1. Orientation training centre-
• Establish at Singur, Poonamalle and Najafgarh
• These centres provide training for medical and paramedical
personnel from all over the India
2. Research cum action project-
• Helps in solving environmental hygiene

93. 3. Pilot project in rural health services in Tamil Nadu-
an attempt was made to develop and coordinate health services
which will made a useful model for health administration in country
4.Establishment of -
National Institute Of Health Administration and Education at Delhi
5. Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme-
helps in improving water supply ,drainage and sewerage in the city
6. Supporting research in reproductive biology and in family
planning programme

95. Introduction
• CARE stands Cooperative for assistance and relief Everywhere
• Founded during 2nd world war in 1945
CARE provides emergency aid and long term development assistance
AREAS OF WORK
1.Health
2.Food ,water and nutrition
3.Climate justice
4.Gender equality

96. CARE work in India
• It began its work in India in 1950
• Primary objective is to provide food for children in the age group of 6-10 years
• From 1980s it focused its food support in the ICDS programme and in the
development of programme in area of health
• Care –India works in partnership with the Government of India,
State government , NGOs etc
• Currently it has its project in Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal
Rajasthan

97. Achievements
• Himachal Pradesh Red Cross Society Received 2nd prize in fund raising
campaign in year 2016
• Provided First Aid training to 538 workers
• Provided financial help of Rs 2,96,822 to 1035 during the year 2015-2016
• Created a cadre of 163 First medical responders under disaster management
programme in district Shimla , Solan and Mandi
• 162 volunteers also trained under disaster management programme

98. Indian NGOs
• Help age India- work for elders
• Smile Foundation- rehabilitation of the underprivileged by
providing them education
• Deepalaya- Provide education to children living in slums
• Save life foundation – focussed on improving road safety