Major international health organizations have evolved over time in response to global pandemics and the need for international cooperation. The First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 aimed to standardize quarantine measures between countries. Over subsequent decades, other organizations were formed including the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in 1902 and the Office International D’Hygiene Publique in 1907. These organizations worked in parallel until being absorbed by the World Health Organization, formed in 1945 in the wake of World War 2 to coordinate a global response to health issues.

1. Major collaborative efforts in
international health
Sandeep Ghimire
Kantipur academy of health science
2018

2. • 40 days quarantine lead to inconvenience in
international trade and travel
• International conference was set for
discussion, agreement and cooperation on
matters of international health
2IH_BPH_3rd sem

3. First International Sanitary Conference
(1851, Paris)
• Objective:
Introduce some order and uniformity into
quarantine measures which varied from
country to country
• Attended :
Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece,
Portugal, Russia, Spain
3IH_BPH_3rd sem

4. • Prepared sanitary code
– 137 articles dealing with cholera, plague, yellow
fever(never came into force)
This code was ratified by only three countries
Ended in failure
4IH_BPH_3rd sem

5. Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1902,
Americas)
• First international health agency
• Intended to coordinate quarantine procedure
in American States
• Pan American Sanitary code
Still in force between the states
Pan American Health organization-grown as
major health agency(1958)
–headquarters in Washigton,D.C
5IH_BPH_3rd sem

6. Office International D’Hygiene
Publique(OIHP)- 1907
• To establish Permanent International Health
Bureau(1903)
• Office International D’Hygiene Publique, Paris
Office (1907)
• To disseminate information on communicable
diseases and to supervise international
quarantine measure
6IH_BPH_3rd sem

7. • OIHP and PASB joined together
• Continued to exist until 1950 and taken over
by WHO
7IH_BPH_3rd sem

8. The Health Organization of the League
of Nations (1923)
• After first world war(1914-1918)
• league of nations established better world
• ‘Health Organization’ (“take steps of
international concern for prevention and
control of disease”)
8IH_BPH_3rd sem

9. • Not concerned only on quarantine
– work in the field of health, hygiene, nutrition,
housing, standardization of biologicals and
training of public health workers
• Till second world war they were co exisiting
(OIHP,PASB and HO)
• Later HO only was existing
9IH_BPH_3rd sem

10. The United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration (1943)
• Purpose
– organize recovery from the effect of 2nd world
war.
• Did outstanding work of preventing the spread
of typhus and other diseases
• Assistance to malaria control in Italy and
Greece
• 1946-taken over by interim Commission on
the WHO
10IH_BPH_3rd sem

11. Birth of WHO (1945)
• The United Nations Conference in San
Francisco, USA, unanimously approves the
establishment of a new, autonomous
international health organization.
11IH_BPH_3rd sem

12. 12IH_BPH_3rd sem

13. 1946
• The International Health Conference in New
York approves the Constitution of the World
Health Organization in July, 1946
13IH_BPH_3rd sem

14. 1947
• The epidemiological information service is
established.
• An automatic telex reply service, it tracks
information on diseases subject to the
International Sanitary Regulations (later
renamed International Health Regulations)
and other communicable diseases of
international importance.
14IH_BPH_3rd sem

15. 1948
• The World Health Organization Constitution
comes into force on 7 April, 1948
15IH_BPH_3rd sem

16. • Dr. Brock Chisholm from Canada is elected as
the first Director-General of the World Health
Organization.
• 1948-1953
16IH_BPH_3rd sem

17. 1950
The World Health Assembly establishes World
Health Day to take place annually on 7 April.
17IH_BPH_3rd sem

18. World Health Day Themes
• 1995: Global Polio Eradication
• 1996: Healthy Cities for better life
• 1997: Emerging infectious diseases
• 1998: Safe motherhood
• 1999: Active aging makes the difference
• 2000: Safe Blood starts with me
.
.
.
18IH_BPH_3rd sem

19. World Health Day Themes
• 2007: International health security
• 2008: Protecting health from the adverse effects
of climate change
• 2009: Save lives, Make hospitals safe in
emergencies
• 2010: Urbanization and health: make cities
healthier
• 2011: Antimicrobial resistance: no action today,
no cure tomorrow
19IH_BPH_3rd sem

20. World Health Day Themes
• 2012: Good health adds life to years
• 2013: Healthy heart beat, Healthy blood
pressure
• 2014: Vector-borne diseases: small bite, big
threat
• 2015: Food safety
• 2016: Halt the rise: beat diabetes
• 2017: Depression: Let's talk
20IH_BPH_3rd sem

21. 1950
• Mass TB immunization gets under way as the
bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is used
to protect children from tuberculosis.
21IH_BPH_3rd sem

22. 1953-1973
• Dr Marcolino Gomes Candau of Brazil is
elected as the second Director General of the
World Health Organization.
22IH_BPH_3rd sem

23. 1955
• The Malaria Eradication Programme is
launched.
• Its objective was modified in 1969.
• Subsequently, most of the malaria eradication
programmes were turned into national
malaria control programmes.
23IH_BPH_3rd sem

24. 1965
• The first report on diabetes mellitus is issued.
• By 2000, 171 million people worldwide carried
the disease.
• The number is likely to increase to at least 366
million by 2030.
24IH_BPH_3rd sem

25. 1965
• The International Agency for Research on
Cancer is established to coordinate and
conduct epidemiological and laboratory
research into the causes of human cancer.
25IH_BPH_3rd sem

26. 1966
• The new headquarters building of the World
Health Organization in Geneva is inaugurated.
26IH_BPH_3rd sem

27. 1947
• The onchocerciasis control programme is
launched in collaboration with the World
Bank, the United Nations Development
Programme and the Food and Agriculture
Organization.
• also known as river blindness
27IH_BPH_3rd sem

28. 1974
• The expanded programme on immunization is
launched. Immunization currently averts
between 2-3 million deaths every year.
28IH_BPH_3rd sem

29. 1975
• The Special Programme for Research and
Training in Tropical Diseases is established to
help coordinate, support and influence global
efforts to combat neglected infectious
diseases that disproportionately affect poor
and marginalized populations.
29IH_BPH_3rd sem

30. 1976
• The World Health Assembly adopts a
resolution on disability prevention and
rehabilitation, calling for an integration of
rehabilitation into primary health care
programmes and community life.
30IH_BPH_3rd sem

31. 1977
• The first essential medicines list is published.
Today, the list contains 340 medicines that
address most global priority conditions,
including malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,
reproductive health and, increasingly, chronic
diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
31IH_BPH_3rd sem

32. 1978
• The International Conference on Primary
Health Care in Alma-Ata (in the former Soviet
Union) sets the historic goal of "Health for all".
32IH_BPH_3rd sem

33. 1979
• A global commission certifies the worldwide
eradication of smallpox.
33IH_BPH_3rd sem

34. 1986
• The global programme on AIDS is created to
develop and coordinate a global strategy to
fight the disease.
34IH_BPH_3rd sem

35. 1988
• The World Health Assembly endorses a
resolution on non-discrimination against
people living with AIDS.
35IH_BPH_3rd sem

36. 1988
• The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is
established in collaboration with Rotary
International, the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention and UNICEF.
36IH_BPH_3rd sem

37. 1995
• The International Commission for the
Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication is
established.
• Dracunculiasis is also known as guinea-worm
disease.
37IH_BPH_3rd sem

38. 1996
• UNAIDS is created with six founding partner
agencies.
38IH_BPH_3rd sem

39. 2000
• The Stop TB Partnership, hosted by WHO, is
launched. The partnership includes over 500
partners working to reach the MDG for TB by
increasing access to treatment through DOTS
programmes, and addressing challenges such
as TB/HIV and drug-resistant TB.
39IH_BPH_3rd sem

40. 2001
• The Measles Initiative is launched in
partnership with the American Red Cross,
UNICEF, the United Nations Foundation and
the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. As of 2016, overall global measles
deaths have fallen by 84%.
40IH_BPH_3rd sem

41. 2002
• The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis
and Malaria is created to substantially
increase resources to fight three of the world's
most devastating diseases
41IH_BPH_3rd sem

42. 2003
• The World Health Assembly adopts the
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, now
one of the most widely supported treaties in the
history of the United Nations.
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is first
recognized and then controlled. WHO
coordinates the international investigation with
the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
and works closely with health authorities in the
affected countries.
42IH_BPH_3rd sem

43. 2005
• The World Health Assembly revises and
adopts the International Health Regulations, a
new legal framework adopted by most
countries to contain the threats from diseases
that may rapidly spread from one country to
another. The regulations came into force in
2007.
43IH_BPH_3rd sem

44. 44IH_BPH_3rd sem

45. 45IH_BPH_3rd sem

46. Reference
• http://www.who.int/archives/en/
• http://www.who.int/global_health_histories/links/en/
• Michael Seear. “An Introduction to International Health”
Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.,2007
46IH_BPH_3rd sem

47. 47IH_BPH_3rd sem