Institutional repositories face several challenges including increasing individual and institutional research profiles, expanding repositories in Africa and South Africa, sharing knowledge with other institutions, gaining support within their own institutions, populating repositories with content, developing staff skills, influencing publisher policies on self-archiving, shifting mindsets towards open source, ensuring OAI-PMH compliance, and ensuring long-term preservation of works. Additional challenges include increasing adoption rates, providing sustainability, developing policies, and managing intellectual property rights and costs.