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Abortion Public Policy
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Crook uses the bible as a source of moral values. It is through
the bible that the author tries all possible ways to condemn
abortion. The bible teaches human beings about the benefits of
living morally. Crook believes that those people who strongly
believe in the biblical words have lived a fruitful life.
Regarding abortion, the bible strongly condemns it because it is
immoral to kill. Many people in the society have the perception
that unwanted pregnancies have become the major source of
abortions across the globe. On the other hand, such cases of
unwanted pregnancies may arise from immoral behaviors like
prostitution or pre marital sex. In other cases, students are
forced to abandon school and became parents simply because of
early pregnancies. Therefore, to avoid such cases, significant
number students have engaged in abortion activities to avoid the
problem of becoming parents before the right time.

In the article, “A Defense of Abortion,” Judith Thomson
supports her principal argument that the impermissibility of
abortion does not follow from the premises that every fetus is a
person and that every person has the right to life on the claim
any woman that carries a pregnancy to term should be under the
act of a Good Samaritan. From the moral point of view, the
woman who carries the pregnancy is like a person who offers to
provide what another needs but cannot have the right to, while a
woman who generally decides to terminate a pregnancy is
compared to a person who declines to offer assistance. The
continuity to incur the burdens involved in pregnancy does not
mean abortion violates the requirements of morality. Similarly,
Crook is strongly opposing abortion and uses biblical principles
to defend his argument. Crook takes a strong stand and believes
that abortion is not accepted before the eyes of God. The author
who is Christian defends his argument of the grounds that life
begins at conception. In addition, Crook strongly believes that
any one who does an act of abortion violates God’s
commandment that says do not kill. This discussion illustrates
various cases where Crook strongly opposes abortion and uses
Christian principles to defend his stand.
Thomson also says that there is a moral difference between
killing and letting die, in this abortion kills the fetus. A woman
who becomes pregnant as a result of contraceptive failure
cannot be thought of as being responsible for the pregnancy as
Thomson argues. This statement does not; however provide a
satisfactory answer for two reasons. First, the response that
Thomson uses seems to concede that a woman who fails to use
contraceptives should be held responsible for her unwanted
pregnancy and therefore the fetus has the right to use her body.
Secondly, it can be highly argued that since, not all
contraceptives are perfect, a woman who voluntary engages into
sexual intercourse using one is responsible for the results since
she knows she stands the risk of becoming pregnant.

Crook uses spiritual aspects to illustrate limitations of abortion.
As a Christian, the author emphasizes the importance of life and
gives its meaning. For example, he contends that anyone who
commits abortion is like a person who kills and takes away life.
Crook argues that God alone is the giver and taker of life.
Therefore, anyone who takes a step and undertakes an abortion
is seen to have committed murder. Based on spiritual teachings,
the author contends that there is immorality associated with the
acts of abortion. The spiritual principles used by the author are
mainly based on biblical teachings. Crook anchors his opinion
on the idea that the bible does not encourage the act of abortion.
In line with morals, the bible puts emphasis on morals. The idea
of life beginning at conception is strongly supported by the
bible hence makes the Christians have a strong belief that life is
important.
It is also seen that Thomson criticizes the methods of deducing
a woman’s right to abort from the permissibility of a third party
committing the abortion. She says that when a doctor refuses to
perform abortion for the woman, it denies her right to her body.
A third party in this case cannot make the choice to either kill
the child or the person. The person has the right to defend the
life of the fetus where her life is under threat from the fetus, in
that there is no reason that the mother’s life should be
threatened and also is the fetus because they are both innocent
and in such situations a third party can intervene. In a case like
this, she says hat a mother can rightfully abort.
He believes that human beings are influenced by both
environmental and hereditary factors. To support this kind of
perception, Crook contends that human beings are not
completely free. The ultimate character of a particular person is
determined by the way he or she is brought up and the genes
that are inherited. Crook believes that some of the behaviors
portrayed by humans are dependent of the genetic make up of
that particular individual. Additionally, the environment plays a

significant role in molding a human being. The author goes
ahead and provides several indications to prove that both
genetic and environmental factors are highly influential when
determining the overall character of a human being. Therefore,
the issue of determination according to Crook is entirely
dependent on these two factors. For instance, some
environments may offer an individual with the opportunity to
prosper whereas other environments are too harsh and likely to
ruin the overall character of an individual.
Rights as endowments of goods by societal structures are
advocated for by Crook. This can be interpreted to mean that
the society is the sole determiner of the way of life. In relation
to biblical teachings, the societal structure is a critical element
of a person’s total character. Just like in the theory of
environment and hereditary factors, the society falls
automatically in the category of environment. Some structures
are put in place to ensure that members of a particular
community adhere to as expected. There are several conflicting
values with regard to wishing to condemn abortion. The
hierarchy of values is used by Crook so that individuals are left
to decide upon themselves after the teachings. For example,
there is a conflict of values when abortion should be done
because the life of the mother is in danger.
Scientists believe that abortion is the only option remaining in
situations where the life of the mother carrying the baby is
endangered by pregnancy. Although this scenario appears to be
a dilemma to Christians, Crook provides a way forward to those
who believe in biblical teachings that life is important no matter
what stage it is. According to the Jenkins, love is very
important and reflects the extent to which care among the
members of the society operates. There are few cases where
love may not reflect care between the affected parties. To show
that there is love; Jenkins uses moral teachings as a way of
helping the responsible parties avoid problems that are likely to
be caused by abortions. In comparison to Crook’s teachings
about morals, there is some similarity. For example, the two

authors (Crook and Thomson) share an interest in ensuring that
all the members of the society act in accordance with the morals
of the community. The only objection that Thomson justifies is
abortion only in cases of rape. A woman who is pregnant due to
rape is a different case from a woman who had sexual
intercourse voluntarily and thus has the obligation to let the
fetus use her body. Thomson implies that all moral obligations
are voluntary and must be voluntary accepted to have a moral
force. Thus she mistakenly emphasizes that all moral
obligations to one’s offspring are voluntary.(Citation for
Thompson)?
It’s also seen that Thomson ignores the fact that abortion is to
an extent killing. She makes a point in her use of the violinist
story that there are times when withholding or withdrawing
medical treatment is morally justified. For example one is not
obligated to donate an organ to another so that they can live. In
other words, you are not obligated to risk your life for someone
else to live longer, if however one does, that will be an act
above and beyond the call of duty since he/she will have
performed a super moral act.(Citation for Thompson)?
Works Cited
Arguing about Abortion, ed. Lewis M. Schwartz (Belmont,
Mass.: Wadsworth, 1993),
Judith A. Boss, The Birth Lottery: Prenatal Diagnosis and
Selective Abortion (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1993)
Judith Jarvis Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion," Philosophy
and Public Affairs
Keith J. Pavlischek, "Abortion Logic and Paternal
Responsibility:
Thomson's 'A Defense of Abortion,"' Public Affairs Quarterly7
[1993]:
· Um, what happened to all the other people you cited before:
Jenkins, Richard, Robert, and Smith? – those and Thompson’s
article are the ones I need, rather than what you just sent!!
· Please make the corrections that I’ve just asked for

immediately and I beg you not to disregard them this time
around.
· The Works Cited page should only include authors & titles of
writer cited in in-text citations and it is to be in MLA format;
not whatever you are using. If you’re having trouble with MLA
standards; follow this guideline, under individual resources:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Name:
Course:
College:
Tutor:
Date:
You did not follow the directions for this assignment; which
were to pick ONE of the three attached articles and reflect upon
the author’s position on ABORTION PUBLIC POLICY whilst
comparing it to that of Roger H. Crooks. I’m not sure how all
the paragraphs, with no content alluding to ABORTION
PUBLIC POLICY, fit in with the overall assignment. In
addition, you were to answer as many of the accompanying
guide questions possible. Regardless, it is probably way too late
for any major corrections at this point. I have included marks
throughout the paper, where you’re missing appropriate
citations and other odd ends of this composition. Please make
these corrections promptly, as I need to submit the paper for
grading very soon; thank you! I also need you to supply me with
a copy of every article you used, by the way.

Abortion public policy
Roger Crook has become a highly controversial author of all
time. In his book entitled Introduction to Christian ethics,
Christian principles to defend his stand (Crook, 35).
Apparently, Crook uses spiritual aspects to illustrate limitations
of abortion. As a Christian, the author emphasizes the
importance of life and gives its meaning. For example, he
contends that anyone who commits abortion is like a person who
kills and takes away life. Crook argues that God alone is the
giver and taker of life. Therefore, anyone who takes a step and
undertakes an abortion is seen to have committed murder. Based
on spiritual teachings, the author contends that there is
immorality associated with the acts of abortion (Crook, 89). The
spiritual principles used by the author are mainly based on
biblical teachings. Crook anchors his opinion on the idea that
the bible does not encourage the act of abortion. In line with
morals, the bible puts emphasis on morals. The idea of life
beginning at conception is strongly supported by the bible hence
makes the Christians have a strong belief that life is important
(Crook, 88).
Concerning human freedom, Crook believes that human beings
are influenced by both environmental and hereditary factors. To
support this kind of perception, Crook contends that human
beings are not completely free. The ultimate character of a
particular person is determined by the way he or she is brought
up and the genes that are inherited. Crook believes that some of

the behaviors portrayed by humans are dependent of the genetic
make up of that particular individual. Additionally, the
environment plays a significant role in molding a human being
(Roberts 67). The author goes ahead and provides several
indications to prove that both genetic and environmental factors
are highly influential when determining the overall character of
a human being. Therefore, the issue of determination according
to Crook is entirely dependent on these two factors. (Citation
for Crook)? For instance, some environments may offer an
individual with the opportunity to prosper whereas other
environments are too harsh and likely to ruin the overall
character of an individual (Smith 68).
problem of becoming parents before the right time (Richard
134).
The author uses deontological approach to address the issue of
abortion. This strategy emphasizes rules rather than goals.
Basically, the bible has rules that Christians should follow if at
all they want to have eternal life. Similarly, this particular rules
do not provide alternatives to Christians because but rather
offer the opportunity either support them or violate them. Crook
cites the Ten Commandments and illustrates how such rules
should be followed by Christians to the later. For example,

there is a commandment that says do not commit adultery. This
particular commandment can be interpreted by the Christians in
different ways. Committing adultery means that one is engaging
in sinful sexual activities. Therefore, if a Christian violates this
commandment, the consequences become disastrous. Crook
points out that God punishes death with death and does not
uplift those who violate biblical teachings (Crook 90).
community adhere to as expected (Crook 120).
There are several conflicting values with regard to wishing to
condemn abortion. The hierarchy of values is used by Crook so
that individuals are left to decide upon themselves after the
teachings. For example, there is a conflict of values when
abortion should be done because the life of the mother is in
danger. Scientists believe that abortion is the only option
remaining in situations where the life of the mother carrying the
baby is endangered by pregnancy. Although this scenario
appears to be a dilemma to Christians, Crook provides a way
forward to those who believe in biblical teachings that life is
important no matter what stage it is (Crook 113).
According to the Jenkins, love is very important and reflects the
extent to which care among the members of the society
operates. There are few cases where love may not reflect care
between the affected parties. To show that there is love; Jenkins
uses moral teachings as a way of helping the responsible parties
avoid problems that are likely to be caused by abortions

(Jenkins 92). In comparison to Crook’s teachings about morals,
there is some similarity. For example, the two authors (Crook
and Jenkins) share an interest in ensuring that all the members
of the society act in accordance with the morals of the
community.
Unlike Crook, Jenkins considers ethics to be human features.
This means that every human being is naturally ethical. Use of
common sense is emphasized by Jenkins as a way of illustrating
that all human beings are not supposed to be taught how to act
in an ethical manner (Jenkins 90). Crook uses biblical
teachings to intensify the notion that Christians are the only
people who are living in an ethical manner. Similarly, the
Christians are required to offer a sense of direction in the
society according to the bible. In addition, Crook argues that
the only way to differentiate Christians from the rest of the
members of the community is to see their actions (Crook 76).
Unlike Crook, Jenkins believes that all humans are created with
an inner capacity to know what is right and wrong. It is out of
this ability that Jenkins goes ahead to defend his argument that
the issue of morals and ethics applies to all human beings
equally (Jenkins 95).
Some of the activities that particular members of a community
are involved in simply reflect the extent to which morals are
practiced in the same society. Moreover, Crook suggests that
most of the ethical activities that are seen in many communities
are as a result of harmonious contributions by members of the
community.(Citation for Crook)? Without mentioning the
challenges faced by different members in the community, the
level of participation in moral issues is highly critical. For
example, if the community is participating entirely on matters
of ethics, then it is an adequate proof that a substantial number
of individuals in the community are morally upright (Jenkins
89).

Despite not being Christian, the author Crook mirrors some of
the Christian ethics that shows how concerned he is with regard
to morals. No doubt, ethics are stronger in Christian
perspectives whereas the non Christians are seen as just
ordinary persons. The ability by Christians to identify issues
that create problems in the society and find ways of addressing
them is seen by the author as the single most way of limiting
immoral activities. Therefore, this is precisely the point where
Crook agrees with Christian principles (Crook 96).
Works Cited
Crook, Roger. Introduction to Christian ethics. Washington,
Sage, 2006. Print.
Jenkins, Peter. Immorality and abortion. New York, Cengage,
2011. Print.
Richards, John. Biblical perspective of abortion. Chicago,
Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
Robert, Johnson. Societal morals. Washington, Sage, 2011.
Print.
Smith, Henderson. Changes in societal morals. Boston, Prentice
Hall, 2010. Print.
Name:
Course:
College:
Tutor:

Date:
contends that anyone who commits abortion is like a person who
kills and takes away life. Crook argues that God alone is the
giver and taker of life. Therefore, anyone who takes a step and

undertakes an abortion is seen to have committed murder. Based
on spiritual teachings, the author contends that there is
makes the Christians have a strong belief that life is important
(Crook, 88).
Concerning human freedom, Crook believes that human beings
are influenced by both environmental and hereditary factors. To
support this kind of perception, Crook contends that human
beings are not completely free. The ultimate character of a
particular person is determined by the way he or she is brought
up and the genes that are inherited. Crook believes that some of
the behaviors portrayed by humans are dependent of the genetic
make up of that particular individual. Additionally, the
environment plays a significant role in molding a human being
(Roberts 67). The author(You still haven’t specified which
author you’re referring to here)! goes ahead and provides
several indications to prove that both genetic and environmental
factors are highly influential when determining the overall
character of a human being. Therefore, the issue of
determination according to Crook is entirely dependent on these
two factors. For instance, some environments may offer an
individual with the opportunity to prosper whereas other
environments are too harsh and likely to ruin the overall
character of an individual (Smith 68).

problem of becoming parents before the right time
(Richards, 134).
The author(Please specify who you’re talking about each time
you say “the author,” never to be used as an address in
academic writing and cite accordingly)!! uses deontological
approach to address the issue of abortion. This strategy
emphasizes rules rather than goals. Basically, the bible has rules
that Christians should follow if at all they want to have eternal
life. Similarly, this particular rules do not provide alternatives
to Christians because but rather offer the opportunity either
support them or violate them. Crook cites the Ten
Commandments and illustrates how such rules should be
followed by Christians to the later. For example, there is a
commandment that says do not commit adultery. This particular
commandment can be interpreted by the Christians in different
ways.(Citation for Crook)? Committing adultery means that one
is engaging in sinful sexual activities; the same goes for
abortion Therefore, if a Christian violates this commandment,
the consequences become disastrous (Jenkins, 380). Crook
points out that God punishes death with death and does not
uplift those who violate biblical teachings (Crook 90).

community adhere to as expected (Crook 120).
There are several conflicting values with regard to wishing to
condemn abortion. The hierarchy of values is used by Crook so
that individuals are left to decide upon themselves after the
teachings. For example, there is a conflict of values when
abortion should be done because the life of the mother is in
danger. Scientists believe that abortion is the only option
remaining in situations where the life of the mother carrying the
baby is endangered by pregnancy. Although this scenario
appears to be a dilemma to Christians, Crook provides a way
forward to those who believe in biblical teachings that life is
important no matter what stage it is (Crook 113).
According to the Jenkins, love is very important and reflects the
extent to which care among the members of the society
operates. There are few cases where love may not reflect care
between the affected parties. To show that there is love; Jenkins
uses moral teachings as a way of helping the responsible parties
avoid problems that are likely to be caused by abortions
(Jenkins 92). In comparison to Crook’s teachings about morals,
there is some similarity. For example, the two authors (Crook
and Jenkins) share an interest in ensuring that all the members
of the society act in accordance with the morals of the
community (Citation)?
Unlike Crook, Jenkins considers ethics to be human features.
This means that every human being is naturally ethical. Use of
common sense is emphasized by Jenkins as a way of illustrating
that all human beings are not supposed to be taught how to act
in an ethical manner (Jenkins 90). Crook uses biblical
teachings to intensify the notion that Christians are the only
society according to the bible. In addition, Crook argues that

the only way to differentiate Christians from the rest of the
members of the community is to see their actions (Crook 76).
Unlike Crook, Jenkins believes that all humans are created with
an inner capacity to know what is right and wrong. It is out of
this ability that Jenkins goes ahead to defend his argument that
the issue of morals and ethics applies to all human beings
equally (Jenkins 95).
practiced in the same society. Moreover, Crook suggests that
most of the ethical activities that are seen in many communities
are as a result of harmonious contributions by members of the
community. Without mentioning the challenges faced
bydifferent members in the community, the level of
participation in moral issues is highly critical(Citation for
Crook)? For example, if the community is participating entirely
on matters of ethics, then it is an adequate proof that a
substantial number of individuals in the community are morally
upright (Jenkins 89).
Despite not being Christian,the authorCrook (Is this an author
typo? – Crook is a Christian)! mirrors some of the Christian
ethics that shows how concerned he is with regard to morals. No
doubt, ethics are stronger in Christian perspectives whereas the
non Christians are seen as just ordinary persons. The ability by
Christians to identify issues that create problems in the society
and find ways of addressing them is seen by the author(Which
author)? as the single most way of limiting immoral activities.
Therefore, this is precisely the point where Crook agrees with
Christian principles (Crook 96).
Works Cited
Sage, 2006. Print.
2011. Print.

Print.
Hall, 2010. Print.
Name:
Course:
College:
Tutor:
Date:

contends that any one who commits abortion is like a person
who kills and takes away life. Crook argues that God alone is
the giver and taker of life. Therefore, any one who takes a step
and undertakes an abortion is seen to have committed murder.
Based on spiritual teachings, the author contends that there is
makes the Christians have a strong belief that life is
important(Citation)?
Concerning human freedom, Crook is believes that human
beings are influenced by both environmental and hereditary
factors. To support this kind of perception, Crook contends that
human beings are not completely free. The ultimate character of
a particular person is determined by the way he or she is
brought up and the genes that are inherited. Crook believes that
some of the behaviors portrayed by humans are dependent of the

genetic make up of that particular individual. Additionally, the
environment plays a significant role in moulding a human being
(Roberts, 67) The author goes ahead and provides several
indications to prove that both genetic and environmental factors
are highly influential when determining the overall character of
a human being. Therefore, the issue of determination according
to Crook is entirely dependent on these two factors. For
instance, some environments may offer an individual with the
opportunity to prosper whereas other environments are too harsh
and likely to ruin the overall character of an individual (Smith
68).
the bible where the author tries all possible ways to condemn
problem of becoming parents before the right time (Richard
134).
The author(Which author)? uses deontological approach to
address the issue of abortion. This strategy emphasizes rules
rather than goals. Basically, the bible has rules that Christians
should follow if at all they want to have eternal life. Similarly,
this particular rules do not provide alternatives to Christians
because but rather offer the opportunity either support them or
violate them. The author(Again, which author)? cites Ten
Commandments and illustrates how such rules should be
followed by Christians to the later. For example, there is a

commandment that says do not commit adultery. This particular
commandment can be interpreted by the Christians in different
ways. Committing adultery means that one is engaging in sinful
sexual activities. Therefore, if a Christian violates this
commandment, the consequences become disastrous (Jenkins,
380).Crook points out that God punishes death with death and
does not uplift those who violate biblical teachings(Jenkins
380– Moved above; you need a citation for Crook here, since
you just mentioned his input)!!
community adhere to as expected (Crook 120)
There are several conflicting values with regard to the author’s
(Yet again, which author)?? wish to condemn abortion.
Hierarchy of values is used by Crook so that individuals are left
to decide upon themselves after the teachings. For example,
there is a conflict of values when abortion should be done
because the life the mother is in danger. Scientist believes that
abortion is the only option remaining in situations where the
life of the mother carrying the baby is endangered by
pregnancy. Although this scenario appears to be a dilemma to
Christians, the author(-- and again, which author)???provides a
way forward to those who believe in biblical teachings that life
is important no matter what stage it is. (Citation(s) for this
paragraph)?
According to the author(-- and again, which author)???, love is
very important and reflects the extent to which care among the
members of the society operates. There are few cases where

love may not reflect care between the affected parties. To show
that there is love, the author(Once again, which author)????uses
moral teachings as a way of helping the responsible parties
avoid problems that are likely to be caused by abortions.
(Citation)? In comparison to Crook’s teachings about morals,
there is some similarity. For example, the two authors(Crook
and who else)? share an interest in ensuring that all the
members of the society act in accordance with the morals of the
community (Citation)?
Unlike Crook, the author(What author)?????? considers ethics
to be human features. This means that every human being is
naturally ethical. Use of common sense is emphasized by the
author(What author)?????? as a way of illustrating that all
human beings are not supposed to be taught how to act in an
ethical manner (Citation for this author)? On the other
hand(Counter-intuitively), Crook uses biblical teachings to
intensify the perception(notion) that Christians are the only
society according to the bible. In addition, Crook
contends(argues) that the only way to differentiate Christians
from the rest members of the community is to see their actions
(Crook 76). Unlike Crook, the author(Which author)????????
believes that all humans are created with an inner capacity to
know what is right and wrong. It is out of this ability that the
author(Again, what author)???????) goes ahead to defend his
argument the issue of morals and ethics applies to all human
beings equally (Citation for this author)?
practiced in the same society. Moreover, the author (Which
author)????????? suggests that most of the ethical activities
that are seen in many communities are as a result of harmonious
contributions by members of the community. Without

mentioning the challenges faced by different members in the
community, the extent(level) to which participation in moral
issues is highly critical. For example, if the community is
participating entirely on matters of ethics, then it is an adequate
proof that a substantial number of individuals in the community
are morally upright (Jenkins, 89).
Despite being ((not(not being) a Christian, the author (Which
author)????reflects(mirrors) some of the Christian ethics that
shows how concern he is with regard to morals. No doubt,
ethics are stronger in Christian perspectives whereas the non
Christians are seen just as ordinary persons. The ability by
Christians to identify issues that create problems in the society
and find ways of addressing them is seen by the author as the
single most way of limiting immoral activities. Therefore, this
is precisely the point where the author(Which Author)????
agrees with Christian principles (Citation for this author)?
Works Cited
Sage, 2006. Print.
2011. Print.
Print.
Hall, 2010. Print.

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