ABSTRACT: Infrastructure provision in Nigeria began as far back as 1917 when colonial government promulgated the township ordinance in an attempt to solve environmental and public health related issues among other things.One of the most persistent and challenging problems still facing developing nations’ cities and urban centers is inadequacy of urban infrastructure and subsequent deterioration.The implications of these inadequacy and deterioration of services, result to worsening of urban environmental and individual health conditions. This paper review infrastructure challenges, environmental and health implication of abattoir operation in a developing countryby identifying operational requirements of a standard abattoirs and operational process, abattoir wastes generation, disposal techniques, and characteristics of the abattoir wastes and their environmental impacts, prevalence of diseases amongpatient, and correlation coefficients of infections and prevalence of tuberculosis in human and bovine. The findings revealed that, abattoir operation and management have direct and indirect impacts on the environment and public health of residents within abattoir vicinities. These are pollution (noise, air(offensive odour) and water. it is recommended that waste generated should be disposed by rendering techniques as one of the best options. Adequate facilities for hygienic operation should be provided.Public health personals should certify day-to-day operational processes and public should be enlightenedon the negative impact of the operational process.
Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Bioremediation of Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Soil by MicroorganismIJEAB
India is agricultural based country where 70% of the population survives on it. In order to increase the production of field various pesticides are used. Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate pesticide which is widely used as insecticide for crop protection. But due to its persistent nature into the environment, it is leading to various hazards including neurotoxic effects, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Bioremediation is a technology to eliminate chlorpyrifos efficiently from the environment. In bioremediation of chlorpyrifos the potential degradative microorganisms possess opd (organophosphate degrading) gene which hydrolyses the chlorpyrifos and utilizes it as a sole carbon source.Thus the present review discusses about how through bioremediation the pesticide chlorpyrifos can be degraded using potential soil microorganisms.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Earthworms Vermicompost - A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner; Gardening Guidebook for Australia www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Griffith University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Bioremediation of Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Soil by MicroorganismIJEAB
India is agricultural based country where 70% of the population survives on it. In order to increase the production of field various pesticides are used. Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate pesticide which is widely used as insecticide for crop protection. But due to its persistent nature into the environment, it is leading to various hazards including neurotoxic effects, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Bioremediation is a technology to eliminate chlorpyrifos efficiently from the environment. In bioremediation of chlorpyrifos the potential degradative microorganisms possess opd (organophosphate degrading) gene which hydrolyses the chlorpyrifos and utilizes it as a sole carbon source.Thus the present review discusses about how through bioremediation the pesticide chlorpyrifos can be degraded using potential soil microorganisms.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Earthworms Vermicompost - A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner; Gardening Guidebook for Australia www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Griffith University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
World Scientists'Warning to Humanity on the Health of Planet Earth- 16,000 sc...Energy for One World
Letter released on 13th November 2017.
Re-iterating the earlier views, and on the continued aggrevation of the outlook and situation.
We need to act now.
The Ecological Protection Marxism Idealogy and Its Implications for the New R...theijes
Since the 1980s of the 19th century, in "Dialectics of Nature” works, Friedrich Engels wrote: "we should not be too proud of our successes against the natural world. Because every time we achieve a success, the natural world will revenge us". So far Friedrich Engels’s warning have still had practical value for the protection of rural environment in Vietnam
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
World Scientists'Warning to Humanity on the Health of Planet Earth- 16,000 sc...Energy for One World
Letter released on 13th November 2017.
Re-iterating the earlier views, and on the continued aggrevation of the outlook and situation.
We need to act now.
The Ecological Protection Marxism Idealogy and Its Implications for the New R...theijes
Since the 1980s of the 19th century, in "Dialectics of Nature” works, Friedrich Engels wrote: "we should not be too proud of our successes against the natural world. Because every time we achieve a success, the natural world will revenge us". So far Friedrich Engels’s warning have still had practical value for the protection of rural environment in Vietnam
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Lec 8.pptx National Parks of Pakistan, Laws in a National Park,MUHAMMADZUBAIR422986
developments for the protection of biological diversity
The role of economics
a decade for biodiversity
action needed this decade
strategic goals
the convention on biological diversity
strategic plan for biodiversity
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact with the multiple hazards associated with waste in order to promote health.
Some of the hazards include physical, microbiological, biological and chemical.
The most common hazards that pose health problems originate from human and animal faeces, solid waste, domestic wastewater, and industrial and agricultural waste.
To prevent the health threat posed by these wastes, engineering solutions such as sewerage and wastewater treatment and simple technologies like latrines, septic tanks or even hand washing with soap rank high.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0. The findings revealed that nature of generating wastewater from hygiene and sanitation procedure among inmates using restroom and flushing toilet at the rate of about 41-50 litres of water per inmate per day causes significant flooding, as well as generate chemical compounds which catalyses air and soil pollution. Inappropriate discharge of wastewater result to of outbreak of diseases in the custodial environment resulting in high rate of cholera, typhoid, malaria and dysentery. These health challenges constitute serious socio’- economic burden for the management of the custodian centres. The study also shows significant effects of effluent pollution in the area of study at a level of 0.05% significance. Thus, recommendations were made to proffer solution to the menace of effluent discharge on pollution crises around the environment correctional centres.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
2. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 61 | Page
Abattoir operations produce a characteristic highly organic waste with relatively high levels of
suspended solid, liquid and fat. The solid waste includes condemned meat, undigested ingest, bones, horns, hairs
and aborted fetuses. The liquid waste is usually composed of dissolved solids, blood, gut content, urine and
water (Akinro et al, 2009). Animal food is always microbiologically contaminated by organisms living in it
naturally or entering it from surroundings such as those resulting from processing operations (Lewicki 1993).
Meat quality control therefore is a system that regulates the measure of extrinsic materials such as chemical
residues, toxins, pathogenic micro-organisms and putrified tissues which could be present in meat and are
deleterious to human health (Olusaga et al, 2000). In the production of animals for food, more attention should
be focused on the interaction between the production processes and environmental conditions this is to avoid
contaminations by bacteria and the associated health risk. Abattoir waste has been known to pollute, land, air as
well as sources of waters around it.And water borne diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, and diarrhea have
been found associated with it (Bello et al, 2009). It on this note, this paper review the health and environmental
impact of abattoir operation in a developing country.
Operations And Requirements Of A Standard Abattoir
The location of abattoir shall be suitable i.e. distant from residential area that will not cause danger,
annoyance and damage to the persons and one’s property. The location of abattoir shall not be in an area risk of
flooding, land collapse, causing construction damages. There shall be enough spaces for lairage, road, parking,
office, waste water treatment, and other necessary areas. The road in abattoir area shall be maintained in good
working condition and free from dust. Entrance and exit for live animals and carcass shall be separated. Water
drainage system shall be in place. The location of the abattoir shall have convenient transportation and adequate
public utility. The abattoir shall have fences to protect entrance of person and animals, such as dogs and cats.
The abattoir shall not be located in the risk area which can be contaminated with hazardous substances from
agriculture and manufacturing industry. (TAS, 2004)
For food safety reasons, the layout of an abattoir must provide for the prevention of cross
contamination and adequate separation of incompatible activities. The construction of the building and the
equipment used in abattoirs must prevent proper slaughter and processing, allow for ease of cleaning and
sanitation and be properly maintained (Ontario, 1995). Every approved abattoir shall be supplied with electricity
at a tension sufficient to provide adequate lighting, heating and cold storage. The dressing area and bleeding
area of every approved abattoir shall be provided with a sink and soap or detergent for the washing of hands
together with a hose connection for the supply of a high pressure water jet of at least 2 atmospheres for washing
carcasses. Every approved abattoir shall be supplied with water in sufficient quantity to comply with regulations
made under this Act, and in any event shall be piped at a pressure of not less than 2 atmospheres. All water
supplied to the abattoir shall meet the standard of portability required for human consumption in urban areas
(Abattoir Act, 1988)
The layout of every approved abattoir shall be such that hanging rail transport for carcasses in the
suspended position is provided in such length and arrangement that the total number of animals to be
slaughtered in one day can be dressed in one continuous operation without touching or contaminating each
other. All equipment used in an approved abattoir shall be of non- degenerating metal or plastic and shall
include - easily washable metal or plastic wheeled containers for the removal of stomachs and intestines of
slaughtered animals; hooks, trays and tables to permit the inspection of offal and heads; and equipment for
holding, cutting, scrapping, hoisting of carcasses or their parts (Abattoir Act, 1988)
Meat shall be inspected by a meat inspector or veterinary officer at the abattoir at the time of slaughter
for the purpose of ascertaining whether it is fit for human consumption. The whole carcass together with all the
offal, head, feet and hide shall be presented for inspection and be identified with the animal previously notified
as intended for slaughter in accordance with section 24. In the event of any abnormal cutting or removal of parts
before inspection The whole carcass may be seized and destroyed by the meat inspector after written notice to
the owner or his agent in charge of the abattoir of his intention to do so, stating his reasons (Abattoir Act, 1988)
3. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 62 | Page
A Typical Abattoir Operational Process In Developing Country
Plate 6: Bauchi Abattoir Showing Blood Waste
Quantity of abattoir waste generation.
Various studies have shown that the characteristics of abattoir waste and effluent vary from day to day
depending on the numbers and type of stocks being processed (Keely and Quin 1979, Litchfield 1980, Tove
1985, Adeyemo et al, 2007). Sridhar (1998) reports that a cow brought for slaughtering produces 328kg of waste
in the form of dung, bones, blood, horn, and hoof. Robert (2005) submitted that on average 45% of each live
beef animal, 53% of each sheep, 34% of each pig consists of non-meat substances.
Table 1: Quantity of waste generated in some selected countries
Country No. of animals Weight in Kg
U.S.A 9 billion 2952billion
Canada 650 million 213200million
European Union 300 million 98400million
Nigeria 100 million 32800million
Rwanda 108, 056 35,442368
Source: Afler Sidhar (1998)
4. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 63 | Page
Table 2: Quantity of waste generation in some selected abattoirs in Nigeria.
Town No. of Cattle Weight in Kg
Gombe 50 16,400
Bauchi 25 8,200
Lagos 1000 328,000
Ogbomoso 15 4920
Jos 45 14706
Source: AflerSidhar (1998)
.
Waste Disposal Technique
Abattoir wastes are mainly two types’ solid waste which include condemned meat, undigested
indigesta, bones, hairs, horns and aborted foetuses and abattoir liquid waste which include dissolve solids,
blood, gut content, urine and water. (Akinro et al, 2009). Abattoir, liquid waste because of its peculiar nature
should be disposed of using technical methods, Such as nitrification.However in most developing countries
which include Nigeria. Adeyemo (2007) observed that the method of disposal is dumping. Dumping refer to
disposal by leaving waste in fields, on unused acreage or in waterways discharge directly on land or into
channels, ponds and streams around the abattoirs.
Okinro et al (2009) reported that Animals Slaughtered in Ararami Abattoir alone accounts for about
6.5% of the total animals in Akure the Capital of Ondo State. The waste from the slaughter and dressing grounds
in the abattoir are washed into open drainages untreated. At Zoo town Port-Harcourt slaughter house waste are
channeled directly into a portion of one of the tributaries of the River Niger in Nigeria (Odeyemi 1991). In
Bodija abattoir Ibadan Adeyemi et al (2011) reported that waste from slaughtering and dressing grounds in
Bodija abattoir are washed into drainages untreated and dumped. In Oko-Oba abattoir Agege Lagos waste from
the 1000 cattle slaughtered daily are washed into the Lagoon and open drainages (Medwell Journals 2011).
In Inkil abattoir the main abattoir in Bauchi town the writer observed that waste from the abattoir
operation is dumped on open space and the liquid channeled into open drainages A B.B.C report monitored in
Gombe on 10th
October, 2011 stated that waste from Bacharawa abattoir in Ungogo Local Government in Kano
was channeled into open drainage and adjacent pond. In Tamale Ghana et al (2011) reported that waste from
tamale abattoir was channeled into streams. In Kumasi abattoir for instance the solid waste from the abattoir is
dumped into the Subin River about a kilometer upstream. (Weabong 2011). In Blantyre Abattoir Malawi the
waste from the abattoir is discharged into the Mchesa Stream (Kosamu et al 2011). In Kigali abattoir Ruwanda
waste from the Kigali abattoir is discharged into the Mpazi River (Muhirwaet al, 2007).
5. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 64 | Page
Environmental And Health Implication Of The Wastes
Essential Elements And Their Environmental Impacts
The elements of Nitrogen and phosphorous are essential nutrients for life. Nitrogen can exist in the
environment in several forms, whereas phosphorous is usually present as phosphates (Johns et al 2010)
Table 3: Common forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in the Environment.
Nutrients Forms Chemical Formula
Nitrogen Ammonia NH3
Amine (organic) NH2
Nitrite NO2
Nitrate NO3
Nitrogen gas N2
Nitrous Oxide N2O3
Phosphorous Phosphate PO4
Source: (Johns et al 2010)
Many organisms are able to grow if these two nutrients are available even if soluble carbon (i.e BOD)
is not, for example photosynthetic organisms (particularly all micro-algae) can obtain carbon as carbon dioxide
from the air and can obtain energy from photosynthesis. Some micro algae can grow even if oxygen is not
abundant but phosphorous is present. Notable examples of this type of organism are the toxic blue-green algae
which can fix carbon and nitrogen from the air and energy from the sun. Consequently treatment of waste water
to reduce BOD will not prevent problems on final disposal of waste water if it contains high quantities of
nitrogen and phosphorous.
Ammonia levels in waste water may be constrained by discharged licence conditions (i.e less than
10mg/L1
). Furthermore ammonia will be converted into nitrate by bacteria process which depletes a river of
oxygen.
The presence of Nitrate (an oxide form of ammonia) in waste water leads to problems with both lands (i.e)
irrigation and disposal to water bodies. Nitrate added to land suffers three fates.
1) Uptake by plants (typically no more than 350kg/N/ha/yr
2) Conversion of nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas by soil bacteria and subsequent release to the atmosphere.
3) Leaching into ground water.
Excessive loadings of nitrate, ammonia or organic nitrogen on to land will result in more nitrate being
available than can be taken up by the plants or lost by denitrification. This will lead to nitrate contamination of
ground water, which can render it unfit from human and animal consumption. This is a form of pollution which
is extremely expensive to remediate. Nitrate in waste water discharge to rivers or lakes will lead to rapid and
excessive algal growth and subsequent eutrophication of these water systems with attendant fish kills and
unpleasant odors. Phosphorus has more insidious impact. Phosphate irrigated to land is taken up by plants to a
small degree (on average 30kg/ha/yr). However it is relatively immobile in soils which can fix 800 –
1500kg/ha/yr depending on soil type. However the discharged of phosphorus to water systems promote growth
of algae, and in the presence of low nitrogen concentrations particularly favour toxic blooms of blue-green
algae. For these reasons, nutrient limits are being placed on waste water discharges particularly into water
systems or on land. Typical limits vary considerably. They are compared with typical values found in abattoir
waste water.
Table 4: Nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in abattoir waste water and its specified limits.
Total Nitrogen concentration mg/L1 Total Phosphorous
concentration mg/L1
Abattoir waste water 100 – 250 20 – 50
Regulatory limits 2 – 5 0.5 – 2.0
Source: (Johns et al 2010)
Table 5: concentration of N and P mg/L in other nutrients
Source Nutrients
N P
Blood 24,000 1500
Urine 148 40
Waste water 100 – 400 30 – 50
Typical limits 5 or less 0.5 – 2.0
Source: (Johns et al 2010)
6. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 65 | Page
Another large source of phosphorous is the use of phosphate base detergents. Other environmental
problems include pollution of the soil with dung and the atmosphere with methane (a greenhouse gas). Manure
also produces nitrous oxide which is the most damaging of the greenhouse gases being 320 times more effective
than carbon dioxide at holding heat in the atmosphere (Barrett 2001) While slaughtering of animals results in
significant meat supplies, a good source of protein and production of products such as leather, skin and bones,
livestock waste spills can introduce enteric pathogens and excess nutrients into surface waters and can also
contaminate ground water (Meadows 1995). Improper disposal abattoir waste can also lead to environmental
pollution and other health hazard that may threaten animal and human health. (Alonge 1991).
Table 6: some human infections acquired from meat and handling of meat products.
Bacterial Viral Parasitic
Anthrax, Q-fever, Campy-lobacteriosis,
ornithosis, bululisin, staph, food
poisoning salmonellosis, brucellosis,
erysipelas, clostridiosis, streptococcosis,
tetanus, yerslniosis, listeriosis, glanders,
leptrospirosis tuberculosis
Rift valley, fever,
Newcastle disease,
vesicular stomatic,
contagious ecthya
Taeniosis Toxoplasmosis
Echinococcosis (indirect)
SarcosporidiosisTrichlorillosis
Fungal dermertophytosis.
Source: Akinro et al (2009)
In a study of Akure Abattoir Akinro et al (2009) determined the physiochemical and biological
organisms’ characteristics of effluent from Arorami abattoir. He found that the mean PH in the sample water
was 7.41 while WHO standard is 6.5 – 8.5 but the total dissolve solid (TDS) was far in excess at 240mg mm/L.
Odour from the abattoir was foul (offensive) table 2 and 3.
Table 7: Physiochemical Characteristics of Abattoir Effluent.
Source: Akinro et al (2009)
The high level of total suspended solids and conductivity indicates that the samples were heavily
loaded with colloidal, organic, inorganic and suspended matters.
Table 8: Counts of Biological Organism in Samples Effluent per 100mL.
Sample Coliforms Other enteric bacteria
A 184 7.30x106
B 191 7.64x106
C 188 7.10x106
D 185 7.43x106
E 100 7.25x106
Source: Akinro et al (2009)
The result indicated that the various samples were infected with E.Coli and other enteric bacteria. It can
be deduced from table 11 that all the water samples used for the test were polluted biologically beyond
permissible limits. The presence of coliform staphylococcus aurens was confirmed in the abattoir. The presence
of this bacteria in intolerable number obviously constitute a serious public health hazards as the presence of
these microorganisms is associated with water borne diseases since the waste is discharge into the streams.
Further observation showed that the surroundings of the abattoir gave offensive odour and bread mosquitoes and
flies.
Parameter tested Mean
Temperature 27.3o
C (± 9.25o
C)
P.H 7.41 (± 0.26)
Colour Dark brown
Odour Foul
Conductivity 19.0x103
(± 8.25)
Acidity (ppm) 0.9 (± 0.13)
Alkalinity (mg/L) 0.4 (± 0.05)
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 2000 (± 2.31)
Total dissolved solid (mm/L) 240
Total suspended solid (mm/L) 480
Total solid (mm/L) 685
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (mm/L) 42
Total Hardness 172.5
Chloride (mm/L) 4.6
Calcium 83
Magnesium No
Aluminium No
Lead No
Iron 7.3
7. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 66 | Page
In Bodija Abattoir Ibadan Adeyemo (2007) found that improper disposal of waste at the abattoir was a
major source of pollution of the stream where it was discharged. He also reported soil pollution due excessive
dumping of dung. Offensive odour around the abattoir was also reported. He also reported the presence of wild
carnivores, rodents and flies that are attracted to the abattoir. Similarly cadmus et al 2008 observed the presence
of tuberculosis and other disease from the animals sceened and slaughtered of the abattoir table.
Table 9: Sex and Age range distribution of different Animals slaughtered for food
Table 10: suspected diseases and conditions observed in animals slaughtered for food during the study
In his study of abattoir activities in Ogbomosho Bello et al (2009) found that bad odour limits
residents’ outdoor activities. 94% of the residents reported of increase in flies and mosquitoes. Microbial test
carried out on sample of water at the abattoir and resident wells indicated pollution of water quality. Results
revealed the contamination of water by the waste from the abattoir with a total of sixty-six (66) organism
belonging to seven different generate of public health importance were isolated from the samples. Noise was
another problem reported by the residents. He also reported elevated systems of headache, excessive coughing,
and shortness of breath, heartburn, diagrrhea, typoid fever and general body weakness. In Inkil abattoir in
Bauchi the writer observed offensive odour as you approached the abattoir. Also no proper waste disposal
techniques are used in the abattoir. Waste is dumped on the surface and adjoins channels which attracted vectors
like ducks etc. A B.B.C report monitored in Gombe on 10th
October, 2011 residents in the neighborhood of
Bacharawa Abattoir in Ungogo L.G.A Kano city complain of pungent smell emanating from polluted drains
from the abattoir. They also reported that their water wells were polluted because when children are bathed the
hairs on the body will stand and their body prolong itching. They also complain that they hardly stay outside
their houses because of the smell.
Medical experts were reported by Adeyemi (2004) to have associated some diseases with abattoir
activities which include pneumonia, diarrhea, typhoid fever, asthma, wool sorter diseases, respiratory and chest
disease. E. Coli infection source was reported to be due to undercooked beef which has been contaminated in
abattoirs with feasces containing the bacteria (Encarta 2005).
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*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 67 | Page
Cooper et al (1979) reported that abattoir effluent reaching streams contributed significant levels of nitrogen,
phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand and other nutrients resulting in stream pollution. George (1987)
attributed excessive nitrate problem in New Zealand ground waters to concentrated livestock and manure usage.
Sangodoyin et al (1992) also report ground water quality in the vicinity of the abattoir was adversely affected by
seepage of abattoir effluent as well as the water quality of receiving streams Carolyn et al (1985) reported that
pathogens from cattle can be transmitted to humans through water based recreation. In Tamale abattoir Ghana
Woehonget al, (2011) reported that water quality of influents and effluents as well as noise generated at the
abattoir exceed Ghana standards. Generally the influent met the recommended standard for treated water quality
except for fecal and total Coliforms counts of 36 and 84 CFU respectively instead of OCFU recommended By
EPA. The effluent was highly polluted and did not meet the set standard for effluents discharges into the
environment.
Salmonellosis
For example Wong, 2010 reported that data an epidemiological Surveillances and research of Danish
Zoonosis centre Technical University of Denmark. Show the sources of 1647 registered cases of human
Salmonellosis in Denmark for the year 2007. Fig. 7 & Fig. 8. It is also showed the trends and sources of human
Salmonellosis in Denmark, 1988 – 2007
Fig. 7
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*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 68 | Page
Figure 8 show that Denmark experienced three major waves of human Salmonellosis incidence
between 1988 and 2007 that were mainly associated with broilers, pork and eggs, respectively. Following the
introduction of a control programme in broiler production in 1988, the broiler-associated Salmonellosis
incidence (cases/100, 000) has been reduced from 30.8 in 1988 to 0.2 in 2007; following the implementation of
a control programme in pig herds in 1993, the pork-associated Salmonellosis incidence has been reduced from
22.0 in 1993 to 2.0 in 2007; and the egg-associated Salmonellosis incidence has been reduced after
implementation of a control programme in laying hen production in 1997, from 57.7 in 1997 to 3.3 in 2007.
Rift Valley Fever
(Rift Valley fever (RVF), caused by RVF virus is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is a significant
global threat to humans and livestock.) Transmission in humans is via direct contact through infected animal
products or contaminated foods or aborted foetuses and from bites of infected mosquitoes, most commonly the
Andes species (Carsoet al., 2007). Humans infected with RVF virus typically develop mild self-limited febrile
illness, but retinal degeneration, severe encephalitis, fatal hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever may also occur
(Swanepoel and Coetzer, 2004). Swai 2010 revealed that a Survey in Tanza, Tanzania m November 2004 to
determine exposure to RVF virus among the various occupational revealed that seroprevalence was 7.3, 1.5 and
9.5°/o respectively among the abattoir workers; livestock workers and other categories.
Table of the proportion of individuals in each category of variable investigated during the study
(n=199) Other studies showed the prevalence of infection in other parts of Africa. E.g 14.8% (Olaleyeet al,
1996). In Nigeria, 24.4% (Nabethet al, 2001) in Mauritania and 22.3% in Senegal (Wilson et al, 1994)
Escherichia Coli 0157:117
(Escherichia coli 01 57:H7, is one of hundreds of strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli, is an
emerging cause of food borne illness). While most strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy
humans and animals, this particular strain produces a powerful toxin that can cause severe illness. (It was first
identified as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea traced to contaminated
hamburgers. (IDPH, 2009)) Zailaniet al 2010 reported that (Cattle are a principal reservoir of enter hemorrhagic
Escherichia coil (EHEC)). Recent surveillance data by Michael et al, (2009) mentioned that prevalence rates of
E. coil 0157:H7 in cattle are much higher than was estimated several years ago. Results of a recent study of
cattle at slaughter houses in the U.S. during the summer months revealed E. coil 0157:117 in faecal samples of
28% of animals tested. E. coil 0157:117 has a bovine reservoir and can be transmitted by undercooked ground
beef and unpasteurized milk this bacterium can also be spread from person to person by focal-oral transmission,
with person-to-person transmission most commonly being seen in families, child care centres and custodial
institutions.
Transmission
Transmission is by the faecal-oral route. (Humans can be infected by direct contact with animal or
human carriers; transmission by fomites, including water and food, is also common. Birds are potential vectors.
Human outbreaks are often associated with eating improperly cooked or prepared animal products, particularly
ground beef but also un-pasteurized milk). (Occupationally acquired E. coil O157:H7 infection is a risk for
farmers, abattoir workers and laboratory staff. There have been reports of laboratory staff becoming infected
with E. coil 0157:H7 while working with the organisms. (Anon, 2001)) (Escherichia coli 0157:117 infections
occur worldwide (Rice et al, 2003). There are estimated 73,000 annual cases of infection in USA (DBMD).
Incidence Rate for Escherichia coil 0157:H7): approx I in 3,726 or 0.03% or 73,000 people in USA.
Extrapolation of Incidence Rate for Escherichia coli 0 157:117 to Countries and Regions: The following table
attempts to extrapolate the above incidence rate for Escherichia coil 0157:117 to the populations of various
countries and regions. These incidence extrapolations for Escherichia coli 01 57:H7 are only estimates and may
have very limited relevance to the actual incidence of E. coil 01 57:H7 in any region: (Statistics, 2007). Based
10. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 69 | Page
on US, UK, Canadian or Australian prevalence. The calculation is automated and does not take into account any
genetic, cultural, environmental, social, racial or other differences across the various countries and regions
Brucellosis/ Undulant Fever.
(Available evidence from sub-Saharan Africa Supports the hypothesis that transmitted to humans is
primarily from livestock reserviours of brucellosis. The risk to human is a functioning of risk in livestock and
the human effective contract rate (Baba et al, 2001). Contacts are both direct, often through contamination with
infected animals, particularly when they are aborting and indirect mainly through the consumption of un-
pasteurized milk a common practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond consumers and farmers Abattoir, animal
health and other workers are at high risk of occupational exposure. For example 517 of occupational infections
of Abattoir workers in South Africa, veterinaries and farm workers in Ethiopia ((Mauff, 1980; Seboxa, 1982))
Mutanda, 1998) reported 13.3% disease in Kampala was due to brucellosis). (Brucellosis is an infection in
animals and man caused by any member of the gerrudBrucella. In man it is known as undulant fever). It is a
disease of the reticuloenthelial system (spleen and lymph mode etc) which may localize in the reproductive
system. (From the human health point of view, the disease is important because the causative organism can
cause undulant fever in man. Infection occurs often by the drinking of infected milk. However, most cases in
humans are occupational and occur in cattle farmers, laboratory workers, veterinarians and butchers). Henry,
(1988) reported that in 1931, two cases of undulant fever, diagnosed clinically were reported by the Nigeria
Medical Association Authorities.
Brucellosis in humans is a multisystamic, acute to chronic, disease characterized by fever headache,
joint pains, muscular skeletal pains, sweating, malaise and body wasting. Because of these rather nonspecific
signs, this has caused tremendous problems with the chemical diagnoses of brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa
where it is constantly Mis-diagnosed as Malaria which is very prevalent (Maidawaet al, 2000). Other diseases
from which it is difficult to distinguish chemically are typhoid, rheumatic fever and other conditions causing
pyrexia, frequently diagnosed as pyrexia of unknown origin (PUD) (Baba et al; 2001)
Tuberculosis
In a study carried by Abdullahi, (2007) he showed the prevalence of Tuberculosis in human in the three
Tuberculosis Hospitals in Bauchi, Maiduguri and Yola between 2001 and 2005 presented in the prevalence of
Bovine of tuberculosis in the study abattoirs Tables 29 and the results of correlation coefficient of infection and
prevalence of tuberculosis in Human and Bovine present table 31 and Risk factors Table 32
In the three hospitals combined a total of 18,963 patients were examined within the study period
consisting of 10,841, 2,926 and 5196 patients from BauchiBayara TB Hospital, Maiduguri Chest Hospital and
Yola Federal Medical Centre respectively of these number, 322 patients were diagnosed positive for
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*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 70 | Page
tuberculosis in Bauchi, 258 in Maiduguri and 205 in Yola, with a prevalence of 2.9%, 8.8% and 3.9%
respectively. Fig. 9, Table 29
Prevalence Of Bovine Tuberculosis
The Prevalence of Bovine (Cattle) Tuberculosis in the three abattoirs in Bauchi, Maiduguri and Yola
from 2001-2005 is presented in Table 30 over the period of study in the three abattoir combined, a total of 198,
942 cattle were slaughtered and examined for tuberculosis lesion in various organs. Of the number of cattle
examined 2755 were infected with tuberculosis Maiduguri abattoir has the highest number of cattle infected
with 1,110 cattle, followed by Yola with 830 and Bauchi abattoir with 815 tuberculosis infected cattle. The
prevalence rates of 1.5%, 1.3% and 1.4% of bovine tuberculosis were encountered in Bauchi Maiduguri and
Yola respectively.
Prevalence of bovine(cattle) tuberculosis in the study of abattoirs betweem 2001 and 2005.
Correlation of infection and Prevalence of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis Both infection and
prevalence of human tuberculosis were highly correlated with infection and prevalence of tuberculosis in human
at P<0.01 level of significance. Similarly, prevalence of human tuberculosis and prevalence of bovine
tuberculosis were correlated with their respective infection rates at P<0.01 level of significance Table 30.
Associated Risk Factors And Tuberculosis Among The Cattle Headers.
The associated risk factors of tuberculosis among the representative cattle headers whose either milk
sample and or sputum specimen were collected from their household is presented in Table 31. The result apart
from other things revealed that 281 (93.7%) of the respondents keep cattle in their households Risk factors
associated with tuberculosis in human in adamawa, borno and bauchi state.
Risk factors states
Adamawa (n=100) Borno(N=100) Bauchi(N=100) Total
(n=300%)
12. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 71 | Page
Correlation coefficient of infection and prevalence of tuberculosis in human bovine.
(Association between reported risk factors and the presence if at least one positive sputum from the
headsmen in the cattle heads visited an all the three locations combined is presented in table 14 p 88. Among the
households that keep cattle, eight mycobacterium isolate were detected in the sputum of headsmen) Relationship
between Human and Bovine Tuberculosis (Abdullahi (2007). Found out that infection and prevalence of
tuberculosis in human are strongly correlated to the infection and prevalence of tuberculosis in bovine and vice
versa. It could be suggested that the proportion of Tuberculosis in human and bovine can be directly or
indirectly related.) (For instance Colleens et al, (1995) have reported that mycobacterium tuberculosis produces
pulmonary tuberculosis in human, domestic and wild animals). In another study), (Garbaet al. 2004 reported that
89, 20.5% of 39 mycobacteria isolated from human patients were M. boris.)
II. Conclusion
This review has revealed that abattoir activities and management have direct and indirect effects on
environment and health of people especially residents within abattoir vicinity. It indicated that there are negative
impacts of abattoir activities on air, land and water quality for residents within abattoir vicinity as well as
adjacent areas and downstream environments. The health quality of residents living in abattoir vicinity was
observed to have reduced due to effects of pollutants from abattoir activities. Reduced outdoor recreation,
contamination of water bodies and environment, increased prevalence of diseases have necessitated the
intervention of authorities to control and improve abattoir activities more so, that the review has shown limited
or improper disposal of abattoir waste. In order to protect the health of Nigerians and our environment, we need
13. Infrastructure Challenges: The Review of Environmental and Health Implication ….
*Corresponding Author: Manoel Jeronimo Moreira Cruz 72 | Page
a regulated animal’s waste disposal system which is sensible, superior to the dumping regime and properly
enforced.
Recommendation
Our abattoirs lack waste disposal facilities.
Abattoir waste should be properly disposed of Because of the peculiar nature of abattoir waste special
treatment techniques should be adopted such.
Source reduction by ensuring efficient blood recovery.
Change from phosphate base detergents. Nitrification etc.
Butchers should be well trained in handling meat and importance of sanitation.
Adequate facilities such as water electrical for cold rooms and covered vehicles are provided for operations.
Veterinary inspectors should be properly trained so as to ensure strict inspection of animal before and after
slaughtering.
Legislative measures are also necessary.
Laws and Guidelines should be enforced on zoning land use and waste regulation to control the location
and management of abattoirs.
Licensing of abattoirs and certification of all operators as well as training should be made. Public awareness
and enlightenment on possible impacts of pollution from abattoir waste should be embarked upon by
relevant agencies.
There should be full coordination and cooperation between medical and veterinary services
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