The document provides a report from the Chief Justice of Tennessee on the state of the judiciary. It discusses initiatives to improve access to justice, enhance productivity and timeliness, and utilize technology. It notes the retirement and appointment of several Supreme Court justices. Budget reductions have required difficult decisions but the court system has found ways to maintain services through grants, technology, and partnerships.
This document discusses the concept of federalism in the United States. It explains that federalism provides a system where states have independence while a national authority oversees the union. Both federal and state governments act on behalf of citizens through laws and elected officials. The document outlines reasons for federalism, including practical governance issues, liberty arguments, and distributing authority. It also discusses the distribution of powers between federal and state governments as laid out in the Constitution.
Texas has one of the largest judicial systems in the country with over 3,000 judges handling state and sometimes federal law. The state's judges interpret and apply provisions of the Texas Constitution, statutory laws, and agency regulations. Texas' complex court structure ranges from local municipal and justice of the peace courts to county and statewide appellate courts. Judges at each level have distinct roles and jurisdictions in interpreting and applying civil and criminal law.
The document discusses four proposed amendments to the Tennessee state constitution that will be voted on in November 2014. It provides background information and arguments for and against each amendment. Amendment 1 concerns abortion rights and would eliminate privacy rights related to abortion decisions. Amendment 2 deals with judicial selection and confirmation. Amendment 3 would prohibit an income tax. Amendment 4 would allow certain veterans organizations to hold annual fundraising lotteries like other non-profit groups. The Coalition for Organizational Protection of People and Equal Rights opposes all four amendments.
This document provides an overview of the governorship in Texas. It discusses the election process and qualifications to become governor. It outlines the governor's compensation, staff, security, and succession plan. The document also describes the impeachment process and notable past governors of Texas like Sam Houston, James Hogg, "Pa" Ferguson, and Dan Moody.
This document defines key terms related to Texas government, including constitution, government, checks and balances, democracy, federalism, separation of powers, bill of rights, and amendment. It provides definitions for each term in both English and Spanish. The terms outline fundamental laws and principles of government, how power is distributed and limited among branches of government, and how citizen rights are protected.
The document discusses the legislative framework of the Texas government. It explains that Texas has a bicameral legislature like 48 other states, with a 31-member Senate and 150-member House of Representatives. Representatives serve 2-year terms and senators serve 4-year terms. The legislature holds regular sessions every odd-numbered year for up to 140 days, and special sessions can be called by the governor for up to 30 days to consider specific matters. Legislative districts are redrawn after each census to equalize populations, though this process can be politically contentious. The document provides details on qualifications, elections, and roles of Texas legislators.
This document defines key terms and describes the structure of government in Texas and the United States. It explains that Texas has three levels of government: local, state, and national. The local level includes counties, municipalities, and special districts. The state level has executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The national/federal government also has three branches and is outlined in the U.S. Constitution. Famous Texans who have held national offices are also listed.
The document summarizes the three branches of the United States government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is Congress, which originates bills and gets them approved by both houses and the President to become laws. The executive branch is led by the President, who enforces laws and also has veto power. The judicial branch is the Supreme Court, which is responsible for interpreting laws and can overrule lower court decisions.
This document discusses the concept of federalism in the United States. It explains that federalism provides a system where states have independence while a national authority oversees the union. Both federal and state governments act on behalf of citizens through laws and elected officials. The document outlines reasons for federalism, including practical governance issues, liberty arguments, and distributing authority. It also discusses the distribution of powers between federal and state governments as laid out in the Constitution.
Texas has one of the largest judicial systems in the country with over 3,000 judges handling state and sometimes federal law. The state's judges interpret and apply provisions of the Texas Constitution, statutory laws, and agency regulations. Texas' complex court structure ranges from local municipal and justice of the peace courts to county and statewide appellate courts. Judges at each level have distinct roles and jurisdictions in interpreting and applying civil and criminal law.
The document discusses four proposed amendments to the Tennessee state constitution that will be voted on in November 2014. It provides background information and arguments for and against each amendment. Amendment 1 concerns abortion rights and would eliminate privacy rights related to abortion decisions. Amendment 2 deals with judicial selection and confirmation. Amendment 3 would prohibit an income tax. Amendment 4 would allow certain veterans organizations to hold annual fundraising lotteries like other non-profit groups. The Coalition for Organizational Protection of People and Equal Rights opposes all four amendments.
This document provides an overview of the governorship in Texas. It discusses the election process and qualifications to become governor. It outlines the governor's compensation, staff, security, and succession plan. The document also describes the impeachment process and notable past governors of Texas like Sam Houston, James Hogg, "Pa" Ferguson, and Dan Moody.
This document defines key terms related to Texas government, including constitution, government, checks and balances, democracy, federalism, separation of powers, bill of rights, and amendment. It provides definitions for each term in both English and Spanish. The terms outline fundamental laws and principles of government, how power is distributed and limited among branches of government, and how citizen rights are protected.
The document discusses the legislative framework of the Texas government. It explains that Texas has a bicameral legislature like 48 other states, with a 31-member Senate and 150-member House of Representatives. Representatives serve 2-year terms and senators serve 4-year terms. The legislature holds regular sessions every odd-numbered year for up to 140 days, and special sessions can be called by the governor for up to 30 days to consider specific matters. Legislative districts are redrawn after each census to equalize populations, though this process can be politically contentious. The document provides details on qualifications, elections, and roles of Texas legislators.
This document defines key terms and describes the structure of government in Texas and the United States. It explains that Texas has three levels of government: local, state, and national. The local level includes counties, municipalities, and special districts. The state level has executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The national/federal government also has three branches and is outlined in the U.S. Constitution. Famous Texans who have held national offices are also listed.
The document summarizes the three branches of the United States government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is Congress, which originates bills and gets them approved by both houses and the President to become laws. The executive branch is led by the President, who enforces laws and also has veto power. The judicial branch is the Supreme Court, which is responsible for interpreting laws and can overrule lower court decisions.
The document summarizes the three branches of the US criminal justice system: policing, courts, and corrections. [1] Policing enforces laws and keeps communities safe, while courts hear criminal cases and determine outcomes according to laws and the Constitution. [2] Corrections detains offenders convicted of crimes. [3] Together these three branches uphold both federal and state laws as outlined in the Constitution, with states primarily responsible for creating and enforcing most criminal laws.
This document summarizes key aspects of local governments in Texas. It discusses how local governments are limited by the state's antiquated constitution, which was designed for a rural environment. It also describes the different types of municipalities in Texas, including general-law cities and home-rule cities, and the various forms of municipal government like strong mayor-council, weak mayor-council, and council-manager. The document concludes by covering municipal politics, services, and revenue sources like taxes, fees, and bonds.
The Supreme Court struck down three provisions of Arizona's immigration law, S.B. 1070, ruling they were preempted by federal law. The provisions made it a state crime to fail to register immigration status or lack documents, work without authorization, and arrest without a warrant on probable cause of deportability. The Court left intact a provision allowing immigration status checks during lawful stops. The majority found federal immigration law to be comprehensive, preempting significant state regulation, while dissenting justices argued states have sovereignty to enforce federal law when the federal government does not.
The document discusses the Judicial Branch and the court system in Canada. It explains that the Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and its decisions are binding on all lower courts. The Supreme Court is composed of 9 judges including the Chief Justice. It also discusses the rule of law and how it guarantees fundamental justice and applies equally to everyone. The sources of Canadian law are outlined as the civil code system, common law, and statute law. Public law and civil law are also summarized.
The document discusses several key aspects of the Australian legal system. It begins by examining definitions of law and jurisprudence, and whether law is subjective. It then outlines some purposes of having laws and a legal system, including achieving order and resolving disputes. The document discusses concepts of justice, natural justice, and the rule of law. It also examines sources of law like legislation, case law, and treaties. Finally, it provides overviews of international law, how treaties are established, and how to read legislation and case law.
The document discusses the three branches of the US government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It provides details on the basic responsibilities and leaders associated with each branch. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. It then provides a quiz for the user to test their knowledge of the US government system.
Parliament makes laws through passing legislation. There are three levels that can make laws: federal, state, and local. The Constitution sets out what powers each level of government has. It establishes exclusive, concurrent, and residual powers. Exclusive powers can only be exercised by the federal government, like defense. Concurrent powers can be exercised by both levels, like taxation, though federal law takes precedence. Residual powers are exercised by states alone, like education.
The six basic principles of government are:
1. Popular sovereignty - power comes from the people, who establish government and give it consent to govern.
2. Voting and participation - the people exercise power through democracy by voting and running for elected office.
3. Limited government - the government has only the authority granted by the people and is subject to the constitution.
4. Separation of powers - government power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
5. Checks and balances - each branch has authority over the others to prevent tyranny by one branch.
6. Federalism - power is shared between central and local governments to ensure effectiveness while protecting states and citizens.
This document provides resources for teaching students about the three branches of government using technology. It includes links to blogs, podcasts, videos, games and interactive sites that explain the functions and interactions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The goal is to enhance understanding through visuals and interactivity to make the complex US government structure more accessible to elementary-aged students.
The document discusses rules and regulations in the United States at both the federal and local levels. It notes that the federal rules and regulations are codified in the Federal Register, while states delegate lawmaking powers to local entities like counties and cities. Finally, it lists the individual legal systems for each US state.
The US legal system is derived from English common law, which emphasized precedent and predictability. When framing new laws, the Founding Fathers expanded on English common law while also emphasizing individual rights and establishing a national government with state control over local matters. As a result, the US legal system is complex, with laws coming from various sources like the Constitution, statutes, common law, treaties, and administrative agencies that work together and integrate with each other. The Constitution establishes three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - that provide checks and balances to each other to protect fundamental individual rights.
Underlying Principles of the ConstitutionStephen Veliz
The document outlines 5 fundamental principles of the US Constitution: popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. It defines popular sovereignty as government by the consent of the governed, rule of law as the principle that no one is above the law, separation of powers as dividing government among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and federalism as sharing power between federal and state governments.
The document discusses the key sources of constitutional law in Malaysia, which are:
1) The Federal Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.
2) State Constitutions, which regulate the government of each individual state.
3) Legislation enacted by Parliament at the federal level and State Legislative Assemblies.
4) Subsidiary legislation made under powers delegated by Acts of Parliament or State Assemblies.
5) Judicial precedent established through court decisions and the doctrine of stare decisis.
6) Customs and conventions that supplement the written constitution through established practices.
The document provides an overview of the US Constitution, including that it is the fundamental law of the land, sets out the principles of US government, and consists of 7 articles and 27 amendments. It divides power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and establishes a system of checks and balances between them. The Constitution can be amended through proposals by Congress or conventions ratified by state legislatures or conventions. It has been changed in other ways through laws, judicial interpretations, political party practices, and customs.
The document discusses the key sources of Australian contemporary law. It outlines that Australia's legal system is based on the Australian Constitution, which sets out the division of powers between the Commonwealth and state parliaments. Legislation is made through the parliamentary process at both the federal and state levels. The Constitution also ensures separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and independent judiciary. The High Court of Australia plays an important role in interpreting the Constitution and hearing appeals.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the legislative branch as established in Article 1 of the US Constitution. It describes how Congress is comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people, while Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures. Congress has broad powers to regulate commerce, coin money, declare war, and make all laws necessary to execute its duties.
The document provides an overview of the history and principles of the United States government. It discusses key documents like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. It also summarizes the principles of the Constitution, including popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. The Constitution established a democratic system of government with three branches that share and check each other's powers.
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Additionally, it addresses redistricting approaches and the demographics of state legislative membership.
Is Personal Branding Relevant for Life Sciences professionnals ?Zaki Sellam
The document discusses the importance and relevance of personal branding for people working in the life sciences industry. It notes that first impressions are mostly based on perceptions rather than work quality, and careers no longer follow traditional paths. Personal branding can help people stand out and be memorable. The key aspects of personal branding are managing one's image, integrity, strengths, and personality. The document provides tips for developing a personal brand through self-reflection, continuous learning, and implementing marketing strategies like using social networks, public speaking, and maintaining authenticity.
This document provides instructions for using a family tree builder software. It explains how to add and edit people's profiles by clicking icons to add spouses, parents, children, or siblings or to edit details. Users can change a person's gender, marital status, death status, and location. The software allows editing marriage details and dates. Other tools include magnification, screen navigation, reporting bugs, full screen preview, searching names, and deleting the entire family tree.
The document summarizes the three branches of the US criminal justice system: policing, courts, and corrections. [1] Policing enforces laws and keeps communities safe, while courts hear criminal cases and determine outcomes according to laws and the Constitution. [2] Corrections detains offenders convicted of crimes. [3] Together these three branches uphold both federal and state laws as outlined in the Constitution, with states primarily responsible for creating and enforcing most criminal laws.
This document summarizes key aspects of local governments in Texas. It discusses how local governments are limited by the state's antiquated constitution, which was designed for a rural environment. It also describes the different types of municipalities in Texas, including general-law cities and home-rule cities, and the various forms of municipal government like strong mayor-council, weak mayor-council, and council-manager. The document concludes by covering municipal politics, services, and revenue sources like taxes, fees, and bonds.
The Supreme Court struck down three provisions of Arizona's immigration law, S.B. 1070, ruling they were preempted by federal law. The provisions made it a state crime to fail to register immigration status or lack documents, work without authorization, and arrest without a warrant on probable cause of deportability. The Court left intact a provision allowing immigration status checks during lawful stops. The majority found federal immigration law to be comprehensive, preempting significant state regulation, while dissenting justices argued states have sovereignty to enforce federal law when the federal government does not.
The document discusses the Judicial Branch and the court system in Canada. It explains that the Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and its decisions are binding on all lower courts. The Supreme Court is composed of 9 judges including the Chief Justice. It also discusses the rule of law and how it guarantees fundamental justice and applies equally to everyone. The sources of Canadian law are outlined as the civil code system, common law, and statute law. Public law and civil law are also summarized.
The document discusses several key aspects of the Australian legal system. It begins by examining definitions of law and jurisprudence, and whether law is subjective. It then outlines some purposes of having laws and a legal system, including achieving order and resolving disputes. The document discusses concepts of justice, natural justice, and the rule of law. It also examines sources of law like legislation, case law, and treaties. Finally, it provides overviews of international law, how treaties are established, and how to read legislation and case law.
The document discusses the three branches of the US government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It provides details on the basic responsibilities and leaders associated with each branch. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. It then provides a quiz for the user to test their knowledge of the US government system.
Parliament makes laws through passing legislation. There are three levels that can make laws: federal, state, and local. The Constitution sets out what powers each level of government has. It establishes exclusive, concurrent, and residual powers. Exclusive powers can only be exercised by the federal government, like defense. Concurrent powers can be exercised by both levels, like taxation, though federal law takes precedence. Residual powers are exercised by states alone, like education.
The six basic principles of government are:
1. Popular sovereignty - power comes from the people, who establish government and give it consent to govern.
2. Voting and participation - the people exercise power through democracy by voting and running for elected office.
3. Limited government - the government has only the authority granted by the people and is subject to the constitution.
4. Separation of powers - government power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
5. Checks and balances - each branch has authority over the others to prevent tyranny by one branch.
6. Federalism - power is shared between central and local governments to ensure effectiveness while protecting states and citizens.
This document provides resources for teaching students about the three branches of government using technology. It includes links to blogs, podcasts, videos, games and interactive sites that explain the functions and interactions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The goal is to enhance understanding through visuals and interactivity to make the complex US government structure more accessible to elementary-aged students.
The document discusses rules and regulations in the United States at both the federal and local levels. It notes that the federal rules and regulations are codified in the Federal Register, while states delegate lawmaking powers to local entities like counties and cities. Finally, it lists the individual legal systems for each US state.
The US legal system is derived from English common law, which emphasized precedent and predictability. When framing new laws, the Founding Fathers expanded on English common law while also emphasizing individual rights and establishing a national government with state control over local matters. As a result, the US legal system is complex, with laws coming from various sources like the Constitution, statutes, common law, treaties, and administrative agencies that work together and integrate with each other. The Constitution establishes three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - that provide checks and balances to each other to protect fundamental individual rights.
Underlying Principles of the ConstitutionStephen Veliz
The document outlines 5 fundamental principles of the US Constitution: popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. It defines popular sovereignty as government by the consent of the governed, rule of law as the principle that no one is above the law, separation of powers as dividing government among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and federalism as sharing power between federal and state governments.
The document discusses the key sources of constitutional law in Malaysia, which are:
1) The Federal Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.
2) State Constitutions, which regulate the government of each individual state.
3) Legislation enacted by Parliament at the federal level and State Legislative Assemblies.
4) Subsidiary legislation made under powers delegated by Acts of Parliament or State Assemblies.
5) Judicial precedent established through court decisions and the doctrine of stare decisis.
6) Customs and conventions that supplement the written constitution through established practices.
The document provides an overview of the US Constitution, including that it is the fundamental law of the land, sets out the principles of US government, and consists of 7 articles and 27 amendments. It divides power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and establishes a system of checks and balances between them. The Constitution can be amended through proposals by Congress or conventions ratified by state legislatures or conventions. It has been changed in other ways through laws, judicial interpretations, political party practices, and customs.
The document discusses the key sources of Australian contemporary law. It outlines that Australia's legal system is based on the Australian Constitution, which sets out the division of powers between the Commonwealth and state parliaments. Legislation is made through the parliamentary process at both the federal and state levels. The Constitution also ensures separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and independent judiciary. The High Court of Australia plays an important role in interpreting the Constitution and hearing appeals.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the legislative branch as established in Article 1 of the US Constitution. It describes how Congress is comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people, while Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures. Congress has broad powers to regulate commerce, coin money, declare war, and make all laws necessary to execute its duties.
The document provides an overview of the history and principles of the United States government. It discusses key documents like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. It also summarizes the principles of the Constitution, including popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. The Constitution established a democratic system of government with three branches that share and check each other's powers.
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Additionally, it addresses redistricting approaches and the demographics of state legislative membership.
Is Personal Branding Relevant for Life Sciences professionnals ?Zaki Sellam
The document discusses the importance and relevance of personal branding for people working in the life sciences industry. It notes that first impressions are mostly based on perceptions rather than work quality, and careers no longer follow traditional paths. Personal branding can help people stand out and be memorable. The key aspects of personal branding are managing one's image, integrity, strengths, and personality. The document provides tips for developing a personal brand through self-reflection, continuous learning, and implementing marketing strategies like using social networks, public speaking, and maintaining authenticity.
This document provides instructions for using a family tree builder software. It explains how to add and edit people's profiles by clicking icons to add spouses, parents, children, or siblings or to edit details. Users can change a person's gender, marital status, death status, and location. The software allows editing marriage details and dates. Other tools include magnification, screen navigation, reporting bugs, full screen preview, searching names, and deleting the entire family tree.
Overview of a 3-month project in which members of the senior class at a liberal arts college were each provided the opportunity to receive 3 personalized job leads.
La investigación de la operación Gürtel, una trama de corrupción vinculada al PP, ha costado el puesto a varios cargos políticos del partido. La cronología detalla las imputaciones, detenciones y dimisiones de cargos del PP a nivel nacional y autonómico en Comunidad de Madrid y Comunidad Valenciana entre 2009 y 2008, así como las decisiones de los tribunales de asumir partes de la investigación. Se considera al empresario Francisco Correa como líder de la trama y se le acusa junto a otros de del
Un funcionario en funciones llamado mariano rajoy beyJaume Satorra
Este documento describe la conmemoración del político español Manuel Azaña en Montauban, Francia, donde murió en el exilio. Resalta el trabajo de los exiliados españoles y franceses para preservar la memoria de Azaña y la Segunda República, en contraste con la falta de reconocimiento en España. También critica que el partido más votado en España sea el Partido Popular, heredero de los que derrocaron a la República, y sugiere que si la gente conociera más a figuras como Azaña no apoyar
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El artículo critica al Ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas que muestra el aumento de la pobreza y desigualdad en España. Montoro acusa el informe de ser propio de una economía comunista y llama "provocadores bolcheviques" a Cáritas. El artículo argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan sistemáticamente la retórica anticomunista para desacreditar cualquier crítica y defienden el capitalismo por sobre los derechos humanos
Ap government the_federal_court_system_reviewjtoma84
The document summarizes key characteristics of the US federal court system. It describes the system as adversarial, with plaintiffs bringing charges against defendants before impartial judges. It also notes the system is passive, as judges can only rule on actual cases rather than hypothetical ones. The document outlines the complex dual court structure with both federal and state courts. It provides details on jurisdiction, the three tiers of courts including district, appeals, and Supreme Court, and judicial review established by Marbury v Madison.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the federal court system in the United States. It describes the federal court system as adversarial, with plaintiffs bringing charges against defendants before impartial judges. It also notes the system is passive, as judges can only rule on actual cases rather than hypothetical ones. The document outlines the multi-tiered structure of federal courts established by the Constitution and Judiciary Act of 1789, including district courts, courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court as the final arbiter on constitutional matters.
The document summarizes the court system and judiciary of Trinidad and Tobago. It describes that the court system follows the UK model, with the Privy Council at the top, followed by the Supreme Court of Judicature (including the Court of Appeal and High Court), and Magistrate's Courts. It also outlines the mission and vision of the judiciary, and describes the roles and jurisdictions of the different courts, including the Family Court.
The document discusses the role and powers of the federal courts, particularly the Supreme Court, in American government. It notes that the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, allowing it to act as a lawmaking body by interpreting statutes and the Constitution. It also discusses how Supreme Court decisions are influenced by the philosophies of its members and cases that come before it. Additionally, it provides an overview of the judicial process, jurisdiction of federal courts, appointment of justices, and limitations on the courts' powers.
This document provides an overview of the Australian legal system for a Year 10 Commerce class. It discusses several key points:
1. It explains the need for laws in society to provide protection, freedom, and to resolve disputes. The main roles of laws are to protect citizens, allow certain freedoms, and settle disagreements.
2. It outlines the structure of the Australian legal system, including the institutions of parliaments, courts, and prisons. It also discusses the professionals involved like judges, lawyers, and police officers.
3. It examines different types of laws including public law, private law, and family law. It also explores how laws are made through statutes and common law, and how they can
Family courts objectives and functioningBimal Antony
Family Courts were established in India through the Family Courts Act of 1984 to promote conciliation and secure speedy settlement of disputes related to marriage and family affairs. The objectives are to give priority to mutual agreement between parties over adjudication and resolve disputes amicably. Family Courts have jurisdiction over matters related to marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody and property disputes. They emphasize settlement through mediation and conciliation first before judicial proceedings. If conciliation fails, the matter proceeds to trial.
This document discusses India's legal system and issues with access to justice in India. It provides background on the history and structure of India's legal system, from local Lok Adalats up to the Supreme Court. It then summarizes the major issues facing the system, including a massive backlog of over 30 million pending cases. It notes that clearing all pending cases could take over 300 years based on current capacity. The document examines reasons for delays like understaffing of judges. Overall it outlines serious problems with efficiency and timeliness of the justice system in India.
The document discusses New Jersey's upcoming criminal justice reform that will take effect on January 1, 2017. It overviews the key aspects of the reform, including replacing monetary bail with a risk-assessment system, establishing speedy trial deadlines, and allowing pre-trial detention of high-risk defendants. It discusses the Judiciary's implementation efforts, including training staff and judges, hiring new employees, integrating computer systems, and revising court rules and policies. Implementation pilots are underway in some vicinages with planning continuing for statewide rollout.
This document provides an overview of judicial reforms in India from pre-British times to the present. It discusses the historical development of the Indian judicial system, the current structure, and various reforms that have been implemented since independence in 1947. Some key reforms discussed include establishing the National Legal Services Authority in 1987 to provide free legal aid, promoting Lok Adalats to settle disputes, establishing specialized tribunals, and efforts to reduce pendency through alternative dispute resolution methods and computerization. However, challenges remain such as high judge vacancies, low population to judge ratios, and a large backlog of over 30 million pending cases. Further holistic reforms are needed to modernize the system and ensure timely, affordable justice for all citizens.
The document discusses the problems facing the Indian judiciary, including a huge backlog of over 3 crore pending cases, outdated laws and procedures, and a lack of adequate judicial infrastructure and resources. It analyzes several specific causes of delay in justice, such as the large number of pending trials, outdated judicial procedures, insufficient courts and infrastructure, frequent transfers of judicial officers during trials, the investigation agency also acting as the crime prevention agency, and inadequate government funding of the judiciary. It proposes solutions like amending laws and procedures, increasing the number of courts and judges, assigning each case to the same judge, establishing separate investigation agencies, and increasing the government budget for the judiciary. Overall, the document argues that if the government
El documento es una carta del Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya a la vicepresidenta del Gobierno de España expresando su malestar por las declaraciones del general de brigada Pedro Garrido, jefe de la Guardia Civil en Cataluña, en las que puso en duda la actuación de los Mossos d'Esquadra. El Govern exige el cese inmediato de Garrido y acciones del Gobierno español ante la ofensa causada, ya que sus palabras socavan la relación de colaboración entre ambos cuerpos y no corresponde a un mando policial hacer declar
informe de la Federació internacional pels drets humans denuncia ‘serioses ir...Jaume Satorra
La Federació Internacional de Drets Humans (FIDH) i la Xarxa Euromediterrània de Drets Humans (EuroMed Rights) han publicat des de París i Brussel·les el seu informe sobre el judici contra el procés Tribunal Suprem espanyol
El Ministerio de Defensa adjudica un contrato de 9.5 millones de euros a la compañía MBDA España SLU para realizar un estudio de viabilidad y reducción de riesgos en el sistema de misiles Sea Ceptor en futuras fragatas, así como para proporcionar un paquete tecnológico de misiles modulares anti-aéreos. El documento también compromete el gasto de la adjudicación y establece el proceso de recurso contra la resolución.
El documento es el manifiesto del general Primo de Rivera anunciando el golpe de Estado en España en 1923. En su manifiesto, Primo de Rivera critica la inestabilidad política, la corrupción y la inmoralidad del sistema político anterior. Anuncia la formación de un directorio militar provisional para mantener el orden público y encontrar hombres honorables para formar un nuevo gobierno con el apoyo del ejército. Promete poner fin a la inseguridad y restaurar la moralidad y la disciplina en España.
En los últimos 32 años (1985-2017), 95,750 hectáreas han sido deforestadas por la minería aurífera en el sureste del Amazonia peruana — un área más grande que la cuidad de Lima. La mayoría de esta deforestación (el 67.5% o 64,586 ha) ocurrió en los últimos 8 años (2009-2017), un área equivalente a 90,456 campos de fútbol. La minería de tecnología artesanal es responsable del 63% de la deforestación, mientras que la minería de maquinaria pesada es respons
Carolina c.punset diputada en el parlamento europeoJaume Satorra
La diputada anuncia que dejará el partido Ciudadanos debido a que ha abandonado sus valores iniciales de defender a la ciudadanía y ha adoptado posiciones más bien de derechas. Señala varios giros ideológicos del partido como apoyar el impuesto al sol contrario a su promesa o no apoyar el cierre de la central nuclear de Cofrentes. También critica su postura sobre la prostitución, los vientres de alquiler y Cataluña. Finalmente, decide dejar el partido al ver que se ha convertido en un
La sentencia desestima el recurso de la empresa municipal de vivienda contra la liquidación del impuesto sobre actos jurídicos documentados por una escritura de préstamo hipotecario. En cuanto a la exención pretendida para viviendas de protección oficial, la sentencia señala que no procede para viviendas con más de 90 metros cuadrados. Respecto al sujeto pasivo, la sentencia confirma que es el prestatario y no el acreedor hipotecario, siguiendo la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo.
Este documento propone un acuerdo presupuestario para 2019 con el objetivo de revertir los recortes de los últimos años y fortalecer el estado de bienestar en España. Plantea medidas en 14 áreas clave como pensiones, sanidad, educación, empleo, ciencia e innovación, entre otras. El objetivo general es mejorar los servicios públicos, proteger a los grupos vulnerables y promover la igualdad, tras años de políticas de austeridad que aumentaron la desigualdad y la pobreza.
El documento describe el Programa Antártico Argentino y su Plan Anual Antártico 2017-2018. El Plan incluye proyectos científicos, actividades de gestión ambiental, apoyo logístico y servicios que la Argentina llevará a cabo en la Antártida entre noviembre de 2017 y octubre de 2018. El objetivo principal es fortalecer los derechos argentinos de soberanía en la región a través de la investigación científica y el cumplimiento del Tratado Antártico.
Ministerio de educacion cultura y deporteJaume Satorra
Una orden interna del departamento de Méndez de Vigo corrobora que se ignoró la reducción horaria de Religión aprobada en el 65% de los colegios de Andalucía. “ El Ministerio asignó más horas de las que aquí se consideraron necesarias. Desconozco por qué sigue haciéndolo”, dice la consejera Sonia Gaya.
Mas conversaciones historico politicas sobre catalunyaJaume Satorra
Este documento presenta una entrevista con Àngel Duarte Montserrat sobre el republicanismo. Duarte define el republicanismo como una cultura política y un movimiento social que ha existido en España en diferentes formas, desde uno patricio que buscaba la modernidad burguesa hasta uno plebeyo que luchaba por la emancipación de las clases populares. Actualmente, el republicanismo recupera el concepto de libertad como no dominación y defiende que sólo con autonomía económica puede haber participación política real. Para Duarte, el republicanismo que importa es
Los provocadores bolcheviques de caritasJaume Satorra
El documento critica al ministro de Hacienda español, Cristóbal Montoro, por descalificar el informe anual de Cáritas sobre pobreza en España. El informe muestra que España tiene altos niveles de desigualdad de ingresos y pobreza infantil. Montoro acusa el informe de promover ideas comunistas al sugerir que la pobreza podría reducirse con más gasto público. El documento argumenta que los gobernantes españoles usan frecuentemente la retórica anticomunista para descalificar cualquier crítica social
El documento resume el impacto de la crisis económica en el mercado laboral español, señalando que España ha experimentado el mayor aumento del desempleo entre las economías avanzadas. Esto se debe a que el modelo de crecimiento español dependía en exceso del sector de la construcción e inmobiliario, lo que ha agotado. El documento concluye que España necesita centrarse en crear empleo a través de inversiones productivas, políticas salariales efectivas y una transformación estructural para reducir el descontento social.
El documento discute cómo la desaceleración económica podría provocar una recaída del empleo y empeorar las desigualdades y el descontento social, retrasando aún más la recuperación económica. Señala que es necesario cambiar el enfoque para poner los mercados al servicio del empleo en lugar de relegar el empleo como un tema secundario, y propone reforzar el vínculo entre salarios y productividad empezando por países con superávit para estimular la demanda mundial.
Pegaso era un caballo alado blanco nacido de la sangre de Medusa decapitada por Perseo. Belerofonte logró domar a Pegaso con una brida de oro y lo usó para realizar hazañas heroicas, pero cuando quiso usarlo para llegar al Monte Olimpo, Zeus lo castigó. Más tarde, Pegaso fue convertido en una constelación por Zeus.
La Antártida es el continente más frío y ventoso de la Tierra. Hace millones de años estuvo unida a otros continentes como parte del supercontinente Gondwana, pero hace aproximadamente 60 millones de años los continentes se separaron y la Antártida llegó a su ubicación actual. El clima antártico es extremadamente frío debido a su ubicación y a que la mayor parte de la radiación solar es reflejada. Existen pocas especies nativas de plantas y animales, aunque millones de aves y mamíferos marinos visitan
Este documento discute la deuda pesquera europea y española. Señala que la autosuficiencia en el consumo de pescado de España es solo del 39%, por lo que depende de recursos pesqueros externos para el 61% restante. También analiza la sobreexplotación de los caladeros debido al crecimiento continuo de la capacidad pesquera global. Finalmente, examina casos como Senegal y el Sáhara Occidental donde la pesca europea ha tenido consecuencias socioambientales negativas y cómo la Política Pesquera Común de la
Informe especial serie glaciares y mineriaJaume Satorra
El documento resume un informe que revela que en 2008 se produjo un gran derrumbe de una escombrera en la mina Veladero de Barrick Gold en Argentina que la compañía ocultó. Un geólogo analizó imágenes satelitales que muestran el colapso de más de 50 campos de fútbol de desechos tóxicos. Esto podría haber causado una contaminación de ríos cercanos. El informe critica la ingeniería defectuosa de Barrick y pone en duda la seguridad del proyecto.
This document is a report from the European Commission on a survey about European citizens' views on biotechnology. It provides an introduction and executive summary, then analyzes levels of awareness and attitudes toward various biotechnologies like genetically modified foods, nanotechnology, animal cloning, gene transfer, regenerative medicine, and biobanks. It also examines views on who is responsible for biotechnology and how decisions should be made. The survey aimed to understand public perspectives to help inform policymaking related to biotechnology and its role in addressing challenges like health, climate change, and an aging population.
1. The State of the Tennessee Judiciary
A Report from Chief Justice Janice M. Holder
2. Introductory Message
To Members of the 106th General Assembly and my fellow Tennesseans:
In an effort to promote better communication and understanding between the legislative and
judicial branches of government, I wish to take this opportunity to report on some of the initiatives,
accomplishments, and challenges facing the judiciary.
In Tennessee, as in every state, the court system plays a vital role in governance and touches the lives
of all its citizens in many ways. Our courts resolve disputes, from the enforcement of contracts to the
punishment of those who do not follow the law. Regardless of the nature of the case or the court in
which it is heard, Tennessee courts must administer justice fairly and equally to all citizens.
State ofof the Judiciary Report
State the Judiciary Report Page 1
Page 1
3. Supreme Court Overview
From 2005 to 2008, four justices retired, and Governor Bredesen appointed four new justices to the
Court. The current members of the Tennessee Supreme Court completed their first full year of service
together in 2009.
• Justice Cornelia A. Clark was appointed in 2005 following the retirement of Justice Frank
Drowota. Justice Clark served as a circuit court judge in Williamson County for nearly ten years.
In 1999, the Supreme Court appointed her as Administrative Director of the Court. She served
in that capacity for more than six years before being appointed to the Supreme Court.
• Justice Gary R. Wade filled the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice E. Riley Anderson
in 2006. Justice Wade served for nineteen years on the Court of Criminal Appeals and was the
presiding judge of that court for the last eight years of his service.
• Justice William C. Koch, Jr. was appointed in 2007 following Justice Adolpho A. Birch’s
retirement in 2006. Justice Koch served for twenty-three years on the Court of Appeals and was
presiding judge of the Middle Division of the Court of Appeals for the three years prior to his
appointment to the Supreme Court.
• Justice Sharon G. Lee was appointed in 2008 following the retirement of Justice William A.
Barker. Prior to her appointment, Justice Lee served on the Court of Appeals for four years.
In 2008, Tennessee became the seventh southern state to have a woman currently serving as chief
justice, joining Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. When
Governor Bredesen appointed Justice Lee, Tennessee became only the third state in the nation to have
a majority of women on its highest court.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 2
4. Supreme Court Initiatives
Supreme Court Initiatives
The Supreme Court has adopted a strategic plan to address the challenges currently faced by the judicial
branch. In its broadest terms, the plan challenges the Court to:
1. Create new and innovative ways to provide equal access to our court system, regardless of
income level;
2. Develop in judges the management skills to resolve disputes in a more expeditious manner; and
3. Use available technology in new and innovative ways.
The Tennessee court system has made great strides in each of these areas.
1. Access to Justice
It is a common misconception that low-income citizens are entitled to legal assistance in civil matters
as well as in criminal matters. Only Tennesseans who meet the federal poverty guidelines, however, are
eligible for free legal assistance in resolving civil matters. There are eighty-one federally funded, full-time
attorneys in Tennessee to provide civil legal services to 1,000,000 qualified low-income Tennesseans.
These attorneys can serve only one in five of the income-eligible people who request services. Thousands
more fall just outside the income guidelines and are unable to afford representation when faced with a
life-altering legal event.
The current economic climate has created a crisis in the need for civil legal services that can be
expected to increase as our indigent and working poor face legal problems caused by events such as
unemployment, predatory loans, uninsured medical bills, domestic violence, evictions, and foreclosures.
Existing services, which have been strained in past years, are unable to meet the current need. There is
much to be done if we are to address this problem.
In December 2008, the Supreme Court publicly announced the kickoff of its Access to Justice Initiative
to more than 140 attorneys, judges, educators, and other interested citizens. Our announcement was
inspired by the work of our legal services organizations and the private attorneys who have provided
thousands of hours of pro bono services in response to the growing need for civil legal services of those
less fortunate in this state. To coordinate our efforts with those of legal services organizations, law firms,
and others committed to equal access to justice in Tennessee, the Supreme Court added an access to
justice coordinator. Rebecca Rhodes is the first such coordinator in the nation working in and for the
court system.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 3
5. 1. Access to Justice (cont.)
The Supreme Court also held five public meetings across the state to emphasize the Access to Justice
Initiative. Each justice presided over one of the meetings. Nearly 150 people attended these meetings
to voice their ideas for helping meet the legal needs of low-income citizens. As a result of these
meetings, the Supreme Court created the Tennessee Access to Justice Commission and announced
the appointment of its ten commissioners in a formal ceremony on April 3, 2009. The commissioners
include attorneys, clergy, and business and community leaders from across the state.
The Supreme Court directed the Access to Justice Commission to provide formal recommendations
to the Supreme Court, and the Commission delivered its report to the Court on April 1, 2010. The
Court will consider the Commission’s recommendations and adopt a strategic plan to guide the court
system’s efforts through the coming years.
In addition to the recommendations of the Access to Justice Commission, the Supreme Court has
also amended a number of its rules to encourage private attorneys to participate in pro bono activities
offering free legal services to the public. In 2009, the Court amended Supreme Court Rule 8 and
Rule 21 to encourage attorneys to provide fifty hours of pro bono service each year. The Court also
increased the continuing legal education credit from five hours to eight hours for each hour of pro
bono work performed. Additionally, the Court permitted lawyers to provide legal representation on
a more limited basis, in effect “unbundling” legal services and making the provision of such services
more attractive to those offering their services without charge.
The General Assembly joined the Court in its Access to Justice effort by amending Tennessee Code
Annotated Titles 8, 16, and 23 to permit, for the first time, government-employed lawyers to offer
pro bono services with certain limitations. In response to that change, the Supreme Court amended
its rules to permit judicial research assistants to engage in some types of pro bono work. These
changes added significantly to the pool of attorneys whom we ask to assist us in this effort.
In the 2009 Rules package presented to the legislature, the Court also amended the Rules of Civil
Procedure to clarify that judges and parties to class actions may enter into settlement decrees directing
that unclaimed class action funds be paid to the Tennessee Voluntary Fund for Indigent Civil
Representation. Once the principal balance reaches $1 million, this fund will provide additional
financial support for legal service providers throughout the state. We thank the General Assembly for
its approval of the Rules package in 2009.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 4
6. 1. Access to Justice (cont.)
The Court was also proud to partner with the Tennessee Bar Association and other organizations in
Tennessee’s first Statewide Public Service Day. On April 4, 2009, forty-five pro bono service projects
were conducted throughout the state. In addition to assisting low-income Tennesseans with civil legal
issues, these events attracted media attention and public interest and were designed to draw attention
to the growing need for civil legal assistance in Tennessee.
In the past year, federal grant programs have enabled the court system to fund a variety of efforts
related to access to justice. For instance, the access and visitation grant allowed the Administrative
Office of the Courts (AOC) to develop initiatives that assist self-represented divorced or never-
married parents with parenting and visitation issues in child support cases.
The AOC also received one-time grant funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009 to enhance courtroom security and technology throughout the state. In addition, this grant
enabled the court system to augment its court interpreter program by offsetting the cost of training
and exams for applicants and by funding court interpreters for domestic violence and order of
protection hearings.
Grant funds were also allocated to six Victim Offender Reconciliation Program Centers in Tennessee.
These Centers provide community education, peer mediation at local schools, and conflict resolution
training for at-risk youth and adults. These programs strive to prevent at-risk individuals from
entering into the criminal justice system.
While the Supreme Court has focused on the need for access to our court system, there is much more
to be done to address the legal needs we have identified. To be successful, the court system needs the
support and participation of legislators, members of the executive branch, court clerks, government
lawyers, law schools, and other groups. We are eager to partner with the General Assembly, the
executive branch, and our fellow Tennesseans to find innovative solutions to this growing need.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 5
7. 2. Productivity and Timeliness
The Court’s second strategic priority focuses on examining the performance of the court system and
developing more productive and efficient case management methods. The Supreme Court recognizes
the importance of moving cases through the system in a timely manner while, at the same time,
ensuring that each party receives due process.
With productivity and efficiency in mind, the Supreme Court has renewed its effort to decrease the
time for the resolution of disputes in our courts. The AOC partnered with Lipscomb University’s
Institute for Conflict Management to provide forty hours of mediation training for judges.
Approximately sixty Tennessee trial judges attended mediation training to learn to conduct judicial
settlement conferences for cases assigned to their colleagues on the trial bench. These judicial
settlement conferences are conducted at no cost to the parties and can lead to the settlement of the
case or to the narrowing of the issues for trial.
We were also honored that Tennessee was one of four states selected to receive a federal grant through
the Bureau of Judicial Assistance to fund an “Effective Caseflow Management” program. In April
2009, the National Judicial College faculty led more than twenty trial judges in a four-day workshop
to provide them with the tools to manage their caseloads effectively and to process those cases in a
more timely manner. More than fifty judges attended a second case management program conducted
during our fall judicial conference.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 6
8. 3. Enhancing Technology
The efficient use of technology will help the courts meet our goal of increasing equal access to justice
while also enhancing the efficiency of our court system. The deployment of the Tennessee Court
Information System software (“TNCIS”) a case management system that will be used by every
court clerks’ office in the state, represents one of our principal efforts. This court automation project
enables us to obtain more accurate case statistics and to provide a better accounting of fees and costs.
Additionally, the TNCIS software has made great strides in increasing the efficiency of local clerks’
offices by eliminating manual or antiquated systems to manage caseloads, paperwork, accounting,
reporting, and recordkeeping. This software also provides the means to report information to
other agencies such as the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Safety, and the
Department of Correction.
To date, TNCIS software has been installed in 111 locations throughout the state, including twelve
sites that previously were not computerized. The AOC technology staff has provided on-site training
and support to assist in the transition to this new system. The TNCIS project is scheduled to be
completed in November 2011, and, at its completion, the software will have been installed in 212
locations across the state.
Digital court reporting technology can further streamline court operations. Computer-based
digital court reporting systems provide clearer recordings and allow key words to be inserted into
the recordings to facilitate searches for information. In 2007, digital court reporting equipment
was installed in twenty-seven courtrooms for use in state criminal proceedings. As a result of grant
funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, an additional twenty-seven digital court
reporting systems were approved for installation in 2009 and 2010. The judges using this technology
have found it to be accurate and reliable. We anticipate that digital court reporting technology will
assist us in providing more efficient and reliable transcripts in the future.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 7
9. Supreme Court Initiatives
3. Enhancing Technology (cont.)
The AOC is also developing a new Indigent Claims Entry system that will be launched in a phased
roll-out in May 2010. Currently, attorneys who represent indigent litigants pursuant to Tennessee
Supreme Court Rule 13 must submit their fee claims on paper through the clerk’s office, requiring
processing by attorneys, judges, clerks, and AOC staff. Last year, the AOC required eight to twelve
weeks, on average, from receipt of the fee claim to payment. While the AOC has worked diligently to
reduce the turnaround time to less than four weeks, the manual process remains incredibly inefficient.
The new Indigent Claims Entry system will be available online and will significantly streamline the
processing of these claims by eliminating more than ninety percent of the 90,000 paper claims the
AOC receives each year.
Additionally, the AOC is developing a new Appellate Case Management System, which will replace
our outdated Judicial Information Tracking System (JITS) and provide better statistical information
and reports. This information will enable us to answer questions concerning the efficiency of the court
system and improve the functionality of the appellate courts.
We have also reached out to other court systems in an effort to learn how to duplicate their successes.
This past year, we were honored to host the third annual Southern Region High Court Conference in
Nashville. This Conference brought together judges and administrators from the courts of last resort
of eight states, giving us the unique opportunity to interact with our colleagues in other states and
discuss the common concerns and issues facing the judiciary. Governor Phil Bredesen and Mayor
Karl Dean were among the distinguished guests who spoke at the conference.
The AOC is also working to develop a new website for our court system, which we will introduce by
this summer. The Court recognizes the importance of an online presence that reflects favorably on the
judicial branch and provides access to needed services. The new site will offer increased functionality
while providing more information in an easy-to-navigate manner. We congratulate the General
Assembly on its award-winning website and believe our new website will be an important tool in
maintaining the public’s trust and confidence in the court system, enhancing the public’s access to our
courts, and educating Tennesseans about the judicial branch.
State of the Judiciary Report Page 8
10. Court System Budget
During the past year, the economic downturn has presented a number of challenges in Tennessee.
Although the budget of the judicial branch is less than one-half of one percent of the state budget,
to do our part to help ease the state’s budget deficit, we have had to make difficult decisions while
continuing to serve the public effectively and efficiently.
As requested, the court system has reduced its recurring budget for fiscal year 2009-10. Despite
those reductions, we have made progress in attaining our strategic priorities and have found ways
to continue or increase the level of services available to Tennessee’s citizens. We have accomplished
this by obtaining federal grants, utilizing available technology to eliminate or reduce expenditures,
developing public-private funding partnerships, and identifying expenditures that are no longer
essential.
The court system is committed to sharing the responsibility for a balanced state budget. I am proud to
say that the members of the judicial family have worked together tirelessly and effectively to maintain
the quality of service that Tennesseans have come to expect. While implementing budget reductions
has been difficult, we will overcome this challenge by continuing to develop innovative solutions that
will allow us to do more with less.
Conclusion
In this report, I have touched on only a handful of the issues facing the judicial branch, but I hope
that I have given you a glimpse into the positive work being done by our courts to advance the
administration of justice in Tennessee. Although there are many challenges facing the court system,
we remain steadfast in our commitment to ensure that our courts continue to operate in a fair,
efficient, and effective manner for all Tennesseans.
Tennessee has three separate but equal branches of government united in our responsibility as
stewards of the public trust to serve the citizens of Tennessee with honor and integrity. Like the
members of the legislative and executive branches, judges are public servants at heart. It has truly been
an honor to serve the citizens of Tennessee as a judge for nearly twenty years.
Sincerely,
Janice M. Holder, Chief Justice
State of the Judiciary Report Page 9