This document discusses information systems and their components. It defines key terms like data, information, and systems. It explains how data is collected and manipulated to generate useful information. It also describes the main components of information systems like hardware, software, networks, and data management. Different types of information systems that support business operations and management are discussed. The document also covers some ethical and societal issues related to information technology.

1. INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING CONSORTIUM

2. 2
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Why Do People Need Information?
• Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment
• Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS
Data vs. Information
• Data
• A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture
• Represents something in the real world
• The raw materials in the production of information
• Information
• Data that have meaning within a context
• Data in relationships
• Data after manipulation

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS
Data Manipulation
• Example: customer survey
• Reading through data collected from a customer survey
with questions in various categories would be time-
consuming and not very helpful.
• When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful
information.

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DATA, INFORMATION,
AND SYSTEMS
Generating Information
• Computer-based ISs take data as raw material, process it, and
produce information as output.
Figure 1.1 Input-process-output

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DATA, INFORMATION,
AND SYSTEMS
Information in Context

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS
What Is a System?
• System: A set of components that work together to achieve a
common goal
• Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more
than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal
• Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with
other systems
• Open system: System that interfaces with other systems

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DATA, INFORMATION,AND SYSTEMS
Figure 1.3 Several subsystems make up this corporate accounting
system.

9.  Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 Telecommunications and Computer
Networks
 Data Resource Management

10. Operational Support Systems
•Transaction Processing System
•Process Control System
Management Support Systems
•Management Information System (MIS)
•Decision Support System (DSS)
•Executive Support System (ESS)

11.  The tangible elements of a computer system
 The components that store and process data,
perform calculations
 Input devices like the keyboard and mouse allow
users to enter data and commands.
 Storage and processing components consist of the
hard drive and other storage components like flash
drives.

12.  Desktop (Personal) Computers
 Server
 Mainframes
 Supercomputers
 Notebook Computers
 Handheld Devices

13. Programs, routines, and computer
languages that control a computer
Operating System
• Windows Operating System
• Mac Operating System
Application Software
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Quicken

14.  THE INTERNET
 Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 Wireless Local Networks
 Intranets
 Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

15. E-Crime
Computer Viruses
• Worms
• Trojan Horses
• Spyware

16.  Natural Disasters
 Power Failures
 Equipment Malfunctions
 Software Glitches
 Human Error
 Terrorist Attacks
 The most basic precaution – Backup.
90% of firms that
sustained a loss of critical
data went out of business
within two years.

17. The Distributed Workforce
• Employees who work in virtual offices
Application Service Providers
• A firm that provides computers and
application support
On Demand, Cloud, and Grid
Computing
• Renting software time

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DATA, INFORMATION,AND SYSTEMS
Information and Managers
• Systems thinking
• Creates a framework for problem solving and decision
making.
• Keeps managers focused on overall goals and operations
of business.

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DATA, INFORMATION,AND SYSTEMS

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS
The Benefits of Human-Computer Synergy
• Synergy
• When combined resources produce output that exceeds
the sum of the outputs of the same resources employed
separately
• Allows human thought to be translated into efficient
processing of large amounts of data

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS

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DATA, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS
The Four Stages of Data Processing
• Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.
• Data processing: Data is manipulated into information using
mathematical, statistical, and other tools.
• Output: Information is displayed or presented.
• Storage: Data and information are maintained for later use.

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WHY STUDY IS?
Information Systems Careers
• Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource planning (ERP),
database administrator, telecommunications specialist, consulting, etc.
Knowledge Workers
• Managers and non-managers
• Employers seek computer-literate professionals who know how to use
information technology.
Computer Literacy Replacing Traditional Literacy
• Key to full participation in western society

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ETHICALAND SOCIETAL ISSUES
THE NOT-SO-BRIGHT SIDE
Consumer Privacy
• Organizations collect (and sometimes sell) huge
amounts of data on individuals.
Employee Privacy
• IT supports remote monitoring of employees, violating
privacy and creating stress.

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ETHICALAND SOCIETAL ISSUES
THE NOT-SO-BRIGHT SIDE
Freedom of Speech
• IT increases opportunities for pornography, hate speech, intellectual
property crime, an d other intrusions; prevention may abridge free
speech.
IT Professionalism
• No mandatory or enforced code of ethics for IT professionals--unlike
other professions.
Social Inequality
• Less than 20% of the world’s population have ever used a PC; less than
3% have Internet access.