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Problema 1: Dibujar una superficie reglada de tres directrices, siendo la velocidad de avance en la directriz central constante.
Problema 2: Dibujar un hiperboloide elíptico.
Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (other ill-treatment) have long been prevalent in all situations where authorities deprive individuals of their liberty in China. The Chinese government itself has acknowledged the extent of the problem and has increased attempts to address it. Over the past five years, the government has introduced a number of measures to curb the use of torture in the criminal justice system, including regulations, law amendments, judicial opinions and procedural rules, which it claims have been successful in curbing torture. This report examines what real impact these efforts have had in stopping the use of torture so far, in particular the use of torture and other ill-treatment to extract forced “confessions”.
Problema 1: Dibujar una superficie reglada de tres directrices, siendo la velocidad de avance en la directriz central constante.
Problema 2: Dibujar un hiperboloide elíptico.
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The current Republic government in Lebanon shows lack of any hope for the country to up rise as a liberal democracy because of conflicts with neighboring Syria spilling into Lebanon’s government and the current fragile political institutions.
Summary:
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Overall, with a weak and unstable government and security, Lebanons control of the Syria conflict does not show efficient democracy.
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Questions for Twitter Article
The attached article appeared in a recent edition of the New York Times.
Please answer the following questions:
1. What is this company Twitter? Trace its’ history from inception up to its initial public offering in November 2013.
2. Indicate how the company is organized, its officers and its revenue sources.
3. Which companies compete with Twitter? How does it compare in size to them?
4. What issues is Twitter facing regarding future growth, privacy and competition?
5. What has been its stock high and low range and what is it currently trading at?
6. Do you use Twitter? If so, for what purposes?
You may use any outside sources to bring depth to your answer as long as you reference your sources.
NOTES
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This Class: The nature, explanations and consequences of the various ways in which societies determine who has the power to make collective decisions
This requires a method…
· Political science
· Shared standards and tools from hard sciences
1) Empirical, not normative (the way things should be)
· Definitions – describing the world as we see it
· Empirical statements help us..
· Describe phenomena accurately
· Explain and generalize
2) Clearly defined concepts
· Ideas we use to think about the processes we study
· Good conceptrs are:
· Clear, consistent and useful for measuring in the real world
· Example: “Democr ...
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Thesis and Summary Statement LebanonThesis The curre.docxssusera34210
Thesis and Summary Statement: Lebanon
Thesis:
The current Republic government in Lebanon shows lack of any hope for the country to up rise as a liberal democracy because of conflicts with neighboring Syria spilling into Lebanon’s government and the current fragile political institutions.
Summary:
With a horrible war going on in Syria, refugees have made their way into Lebanon. Lebanon has gotten caught in the crossfire of their conflicts. Lebanon is warned that they are rapidly being drawn in to the Syrian civil war. Leaders give no encouragement to citizens, they warn that the worst is yet to come. The problem has been made worse by Hezbollah’s military intervention in Syria, where the party’s fighters are battling alongside President Bashar Assad’s army to defeat rebel groups seeking to overthrow the regime. Because of this spillover, Lebanon has witnessed a serious escalation of sectarian and political tensions and a deterioration of the security situation. The country is looking at economic detieration because of lack of efficient security. The resignation of Prime Minister Najib Mikati’s Cabinet has thrown the political institution into a cabinet deadlock. Also, fear of terrorism has already taken place, being that there has been car bombings and a suicide attack against the Lebanese army. With that there has been a rise of Al-Qaeda-affiliated “takfiri” factions.
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Questions for Twitter Article
The attached article appeared in a recent edition of the New York Times.
Please answer the following questions:
1. What is this company Twitter? Trace its’ history from inception up to its initial public offering in November 2013.
2. Indicate how the company is organized, its officers and its revenue sources.
3. Which companies compete with Twitter? How does it compare in size to them?
4. What issues is Twitter facing regarding future growth, privacy and competition?
5. What has been its stock high and low range and what is it currently trading at?
6. Do you use Twitter? If so, for what purposes?
You may use any outside sources to bring depth to your answer as long as you reference your sources.
NOTES
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· Political science
· Shared standards and tools from hard sciences
1) Empirical, not normative (the way things should be)
· Definitions – describing the world as we see it
· Empirical statements help us..
· Describe phenomena accurately
· Explain and generalize
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· Ideas we use to think about the processes we study
· Good conceptrs are:
· Clear, consistent and useful for measuring in the real world
· Example: “Democr ...
Legalismo autocrático en Venezuela (Javier Corrales)Ysrrael Camero
Del último número de Journal of Democracy, dedicado al resurgimiento autoritario. Artículo de Javier Corrales dedicado al caso venezolano. Corrales escribió, junto a Michael Penfold "Un dragón en el trópico", definiendo a Venezuela como un autoritarismo competitivo. Años después publicó un artículo donde señalaba que, luego de 2010, el régimen venezolano estaba tornándose cada día más autoritario y menos competitivo.
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Informal Institutions in Hybrid Regimes: the Case of Ukraine
1. Informal Institutions in Hybrid
Regimes: the Case of Ukraine
Yuriy Matsiyevsky
Fulbright – Kennan Scholar,
March 8, 2012
2. Goals and objectives
• First, to explain the impact of informal institutions
(clientelism and informal deals) on the actors’
behaviour and, second, to account on how
informal institutions interact with formal, and what
keeps the informal institutions intact.
• Objectives:
• to reconstruct the cleintelistic networks under
Kuchma, Yushechenko and Yanukovych and
explain how the state was captured through the
clientelistic networks, why Ukraine has fallen into
an institutional trap, and to measure the stability of
Ukraine’s regime in comparative context.
3. Theoretical foundation
• Literature on hybrid regimes and
clientelism;
• Gerd Mayer’s structural approach to
informal institutions (as based on
‘operational code of political culture’)
• D.North, J. Wallis, B.Weingast’s approach
to limited vs open access orders
4. Methodology and Basic Concept
• Rational choice institutionalism (RCI)
• System network Analysis (SNA)
• Deductive approach – theoretical assumption
precedes empirical test
• Concepts: Hybrid regime (HR) –(competitive
elections with pervasive clientelism)
• Captured state (business have decisive
influence on policy)
• Institutional Trap (ineffective equilibrium that
nobody wants to change )
5. Major thesis
• Ukraine is a basic limited access order
• The state capture began in the second half of
the 90-ies.
• Partial reform brings rents to elites and that is
why they have never been finished
• State capture through clientelism and
informal deals (playing not by the rules, as
was expected, but with the rules) have led to
the institutional trap.
• Ukraine’s regime has remained hybrid
through the entire period of independence
6. Assumptions
• State capture have been initiated from ‘above’
by building clientelistic networks
• clientelism appeared to be more viable than
formal procedures
• Clientelism and informal deals have determined
the path of the regime transformation - the
strategies of elites from cartel pacts at the
beginning of Ukraine’s independence to playing
not by rules, as was expected, but with rules.
• Regime is inherently unstable, but is able to
reproduce itself through the changes within the
dominant coalition
7. Measuring state capture
• Ukraine has the third highest index of state capture (SC)
for 2000, while having the highest index of SC through
parliamentary legislation as well as the highest index of
firms’ influence on the state among 21 transition
countries.
• 6 indices: the sale of Parliamentary votes on laws to
private interests; the sale of Presidential decrees to
private interests; Central Bank mishandling of funds; the
sale of court decision in commercial cases; criminal
cases; illicit contributions paid by private interests to
political parties and election campaigns.
• Indirect indices: corruption perception index (152 out of
183), economic freedom (163 out of 179) paying taxes
index (181 out of 183) all as of 2011-2012
• Since than the share of shadow economy has grown to
50+%,
8. Aspects of state capture
• While in Russia it happened through the
executive, in Ukraine it was through the
Parliament.
• Has taken place between 1998 and 2002
Parliamentary election.
• Decrease of communist’s (from 121 seats
in 1998 to 65 in 2002)and increase of
oligarch’s representations in VR (For
United Ukraine block-175 seats in 2002)
• It is said that in the 6th and 7th Parliament
(2006 and 2007 elections) there are more
than 300 millionaires.
9. Model of Institutional Trap
High uncertainty
Blocked the
Weak institutions Informal Devolution of Institutional
possibility to “play
deals constitutionalism trap
by the rules”
Shifting balance of
resources
10. The traits of the informal pacts
• While good pacts are based upon mutual acceptance of
competition among elites, bad pacts are designed to
avoid elite competition.
• While good pacts provide institutional guarantees for
participants that are enforced by formal institutions, bad
pacts are based upon informal institutional arrangements
or uncertain procedures
• While "good pacts" are public contracts, "bad pacts", even
if they become public, contain significant components of
an informal nature, which rarely become known to the
public. Therefore, these covenants I call informal pacts.
• Finally, while "good pacts" promote the democratic
political culture of elites that can be considered
an added social value, "bad pacts" are reached
exclusively for the survival of political players and bear no
benefit to society.
11. Informal deals under Yushchenko
• Dec.8, 2004 – Political agreement to change
the Constitution, but violating the procedure.
Resulted in unclear division of power, political rivalry
and split within the “Orange team”
• Sep. 22, 2005 – Memorandum of
Understanding.
• Aug. 3, 2006 – Universal of National Unity
• May 7, 2007 – A deal between the Pres.,
Pr.Min., and the Speaker on pre-term elections
• Tymoshenko-Yanukovych deal on new
constitution (2008-2009)
12. Devolution of constitutionalism and its
implications
• The former discussion detailed the
devolution of constitutionalism
• Political expediency subverted procedural
requirements
• High uncertainty, caused by the disrespect
for democratic decision-making
procedures pushed all key players to resolve
conflicts by negotiating informal pacts,
which further intensified uncertainty
and complicated the choice of "playing by
the rules."
13. Institutional Trap in Ukraine’s politics
• Devolution of constitutionalism brought
Ukrainian elites to an "institutional trap" –
they realized the malignancy of informal
agreements but continued to use them in the
hope of winning over the opponents.
• Trying to beat one another in a game of
two against one prevented the elites from
initiating structural reforms in Ukraine
and removed it further from democratic
standards of policy making.
14. Sustaining the equilibrium:
Patronal networks in Ukraine
• Networks demonstrate how the state was
controlled under different presidents;
• How the regime was able to reproduce itself
even after the people in power have changed.
• The regime’s transformations went through
several stages:
• From semi-authoritarian regime under
Kuchma to ‘defective democracy’ under
Yushchenko to quasi-authoritarianism under
Yanukovych.
21. Network Centralization Index
L.Kuchma V.Yushchenko V.Yanukovyh
Government
P. Lazarenko V.Pustovoytenko V.Yanukovych Yu.Tymoshenko Yu.Tymoshenko
М.Azarov
(1996 - 1997) (1997 - 1999) (2002 - 2004) (2005) (2007-2010)
Centralization 38,28 44,97 22,38 68,31 58,83 76,47
Index
Index shows the extent to which the network could be controlled from one center. The value of the index lies
in the interval form 0 to 100. If it goes beyond the 50, it means that network is highly centralized.
22. Is the regime stable?
Will Yanukovych survive the next electoral cycle?
• According to H.Linz, stability is a sum of
legitimacy, efficacy, and effectiveness
• Measuring stability:
• Legitimacy is a public support
• Efficacy reflects the public attitudes towards the
current situation in the country
• Effectiveness reflects the attitudes towards the
policies being implemented
• Vertical threats (effective opposition capable to
mobilize public support)
• Horizontal threats (disloyal allies)
23. Measuring the regime’s stability
Indicators of stability in % for Value of RSI
February 2010 December 2011 02/2010 12/2011
Legitimacy - 59,5 35,2
Efficacy - 28,1 11,7
Effectiveness - 45,4 30,8 0,72 0,70
Vertical threats – the readiness
to participate in protests) -
26,2 52
Horizontal threats – loyalty of the 0,78 0,76
milieu - 50 %
24. Stability of hybrid regimes
Regime stability index for Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and Georgia (2000-2011)
0,81
0,8
0,79
0,78 RSI for Ukraine with
0,77 Horisontal threats
0,76
RSI for Russia with
0,75
0,74 Horisontal threats
0,73 RSI for Belarus with
0,72 Horisontal threats
0,71
0,7 RSI for Georgia with
Horisontal threats
02
03
04
05
06
08
Ju 010
00
01
.02
1
Se 011
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
De 11
окт
01
2
20
c2
2
ne
pt
26. Prospects for the future
• Between 2012 and 2015 a dominant coalition will
face a growing pressure both from within and outside
the Ukraine.
• It is then the low rates of legitimacy, effectiveness
and efficacy may be intensified by the vertical and/
or horizontal threats, what, theoretically, should lead
to power change, but not the fact that to the change
of regime
• Regime is not a people, but institutions. The change
of people does not constitute the change of regime.
27. Conclusions
• In the captured state a regime could be more or
less authoritarian. In Ukraine it remained hybrid,
though proportions between autocratic and
democratic elements have changed over time.
• Informal pacts have become an integral part of
the "operational code"of political culture of the
Ukrainian elites
• Devolution of constitutionalism brought
Ukrainian elites to "institutional trap" – they
realised malignancy of informal agreements
but continued to use them in the hope of
winning over the opponents.
• While Russia and Belarus have been caught
into authoritarian trap, Ukraine has been in
hybrid trap
Editor's Notes
Institutions are composed of formal rules, informal constrains (embodied in norms, customs, code of conducts) and their enforcement characteristics.
Out of 24 ministers 20 were Yushchenko’s nomenee, and only 3 Tymoshenko’s, and 1 of Moroz. In the second government out of 25, 14 were Yushchenko’s and 11 Tymoshenko’s.
Out of 25 ministers – 14 were Yushchenko’s and 11 Tyymoshenko’s nominee.
High correlations for Russia, moderate for Ukraine and Georgia, and weak for Belarus