The research analyzes the influence of the average temperature on the performance of specific photovoltaic solar modules under the environmental conditions of the city of Portoviejo, province of Manabí, Ecuador. The research is carried out using the qualitative methodology. Its main objective is to determine the influence of temperature on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules under the region's environmental conditions. Two electrical diagrams with different configurations were designed, which were analyzed and simulated using the MATLAB Simulink software. The results obtained show the direct relationship between the electrical parameters of voltage, current intensity, and power with the temperature value on the surface of the modules. It is concluded that the modules generate a higher value of voltage, electric current intensity, and electric power at a lower temperature, regardless of the level of solar irradiation they receive.
Renewable microgrid operational results and economic evaluation using RETScre...IJECEIAES
This article describes the performance results of the first renewable microgrid of Chocó, Colombia, monitored over two years (2016-2017) adding an economic approach. A virtual platform is used to analyze, in real time, the microgrid power production, while a meteorological station measures the solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. The results indicated that the generation of AC PV energy was 21,817 kWh/year on 2016 and 23,301 kWh/year on 2017. The photovoltaic system’s average efficiency was 10.3 % on 2016 and 11.09 % on 2017. An economical analysis of the renewable microgrid is also presented using RETScreenTM software. The results show a net present value of $237,028 USD for an evaluation period of 25 years with annual energy savings of $4,622 USD. A calculation on greenhouse gas emissions show that 22.9 tCO2 per year are avoided when using the solar energy tech.
Fractal representation of the power demand based on topological properties of...IJECEIAES
In a power system, the load demand considers two components such as the real power (P) because of resistive elements, and the reactive power (Q) because inductive or capacitive elements. This paper presents a graphical representation of the electric power demand based on the topological properties of the Julia Sets, with the purpose of observing the different graphic patterns and relationship with the hourly load consumptions. An algorithm that iterates complex numbers related to power is used to represent each fractal diagram of the load demand. The results show some representative patterns related to each value of the power consumption and similar behaviour in the fractal diagrams, which allows to understand consumption behaviours from the different hours of the day. This study allows to make a relation among the different consumptions of the day to create relationships that lead to the prediction of different behaviour patterns of the curves.
Data quality processing for photovoltaic system measurementsIJECEIAES
The operation and maintenance activities in photovoltaic systems use meteo- rological and electrical measurements that must be reliable to check system performance. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards have established general criteria to filter erroneous information; however, there is no standardized process for the evaluation of measurements. In the present work we developed 3 procedures to detect and correct measurements of a pho- tovoltaic system based on the single diode model. The performance evaluation of each criterion was tested with 6 groups of experimental measurements from a 3 kWp installation. Based on the error of the 3 procedures performed, the most unfavorable case has been prioritized. Then, the reduction of errors between the estimated and measured value has been achieved, reducing the number of measurements to be corrected. For the clear sky categories, the coefficient of determination is 0.9975 and 0.9961 for the high irradiance profile. Although an increase of 2.5% for coefficient of determination has been achieved, the overcast sky categories should be analyzed in more detail. Finally, the different causes of measurement error should be analyzed, associated with calibration errors and sensor quality.
Development of a photovoltaic characteristics generator based on mathematical...IJECEIAES
A good study of photovoltaic system requests to have very precise current-voltage characteristic curves of photovoltaic modules for different technologies. The photovoltaic emulator provides an efficient solution to maintain the same current-voltage output of photovoltaic module. It includes three parts: the PV model, the control strategy, and the power converter. This paper provides three classes of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays and presents the synthesis results of the current-voltage characteristic performances obtained by the modeling approaches. The models of the first class are based on electrical circuit model, those of the second class are based on multiple straight lines model, and for the third class, it is based on the look up table. The mathematical model is built using MATLAB/ Simulink, and an experimental bench was carried out to acquire an up-to-date and representative experimental database of four PV panels. This database is used for the validation of these models for the different PV panel technologies under Moroccan meteorological conditions. Following this comparative study, we came to a high agreement between the experimental and simulated current-voltage characteristics for the emulator under study.
Performance of low-cost solar radiation loggerIJECEIAES
In solar power systems, irradiance value data are among the most important parameters. Such data can be used in installing photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as determining the exact location, tilt angle, and required area, for optimal power efficiency. In this study, the comprehensive simulation and implementation of a solar radiation meter with a PV cell and temperature sensor are presented. The irradiance measurement value is based on the power reading generated by the small capacity of the PV cell at a specific load converted into a digital value in the microcontroller using the implicit Newton polynomial interpolation (NPI) equation as a low-cost alternative method. The effect of temperature is included in the conversion to obtain precise measurement results. Firstly, the structure and characteristics of the PV cell are discussed. Secondly, the parameters, measuring method, and conversion of the measurement reading data using the NPI equation are presented to assess the results. Finally, the simulation of the solar radiation meter using the PSIM and implementation of the hardware are conducted to validate the concepts and compare their results. The proposed hardware has an average error of 2.72% in the implementation of the measurement test.
Theoretic and experimental performance of a grid-connected photovoltaic syste...José Andrés Alanís Navarro
La investigación se centra en el estudio y análisis de un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red (GCPVS) en condiciones climáticas cálidas/subhúmedas. Incluye el desarrollo y la validación empírica de un modelo de predicción basado en análisis de regresión lineal multivariante (MLR) y simulación por computadora. Estos resultados pueden servir como guías para aplicaciones similares, permitiendo a investigadores e ingenieros prever el rendimiento de este tipo de sistemas. Además, los datos de rendimiento recopilados ofrecen información útil para otros campus universitarios y responsables de políticas donde la construcción sostenible y la generación de energía limpia son primordiales, garantizando un grado de confiabilidad en sus instalaciones fotovoltaicas.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Renewable microgrid operational results and economic evaluation using RETScre...IJECEIAES
This article describes the performance results of the first renewable microgrid of Chocó, Colombia, monitored over two years (2016-2017) adding an economic approach. A virtual platform is used to analyze, in real time, the microgrid power production, while a meteorological station measures the solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. The results indicated that the generation of AC PV energy was 21,817 kWh/year on 2016 and 23,301 kWh/year on 2017. The photovoltaic system’s average efficiency was 10.3 % on 2016 and 11.09 % on 2017. An economical analysis of the renewable microgrid is also presented using RETScreenTM software. The results show a net present value of $237,028 USD for an evaluation period of 25 years with annual energy savings of $4,622 USD. A calculation on greenhouse gas emissions show that 22.9 tCO2 per year are avoided when using the solar energy tech.
Fractal representation of the power demand based on topological properties of...IJECEIAES
In a power system, the load demand considers two components such as the real power (P) because of resistive elements, and the reactive power (Q) because inductive or capacitive elements. This paper presents a graphical representation of the electric power demand based on the topological properties of the Julia Sets, with the purpose of observing the different graphic patterns and relationship with the hourly load consumptions. An algorithm that iterates complex numbers related to power is used to represent each fractal diagram of the load demand. The results show some representative patterns related to each value of the power consumption and similar behaviour in the fractal diagrams, which allows to understand consumption behaviours from the different hours of the day. This study allows to make a relation among the different consumptions of the day to create relationships that lead to the prediction of different behaviour patterns of the curves.
Data quality processing for photovoltaic system measurementsIJECEIAES
The operation and maintenance activities in photovoltaic systems use meteo- rological and electrical measurements that must be reliable to check system performance. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards have established general criteria to filter erroneous information; however, there is no standardized process for the evaluation of measurements. In the present work we developed 3 procedures to detect and correct measurements of a pho- tovoltaic system based on the single diode model. The performance evaluation of each criterion was tested with 6 groups of experimental measurements from a 3 kWp installation. Based on the error of the 3 procedures performed, the most unfavorable case has been prioritized. Then, the reduction of errors between the estimated and measured value has been achieved, reducing the number of measurements to be corrected. For the clear sky categories, the coefficient of determination is 0.9975 and 0.9961 for the high irradiance profile. Although an increase of 2.5% for coefficient of determination has been achieved, the overcast sky categories should be analyzed in more detail. Finally, the different causes of measurement error should be analyzed, associated with calibration errors and sensor quality.
Development of a photovoltaic characteristics generator based on mathematical...IJECEIAES
A good study of photovoltaic system requests to have very precise current-voltage characteristic curves of photovoltaic modules for different technologies. The photovoltaic emulator provides an efficient solution to maintain the same current-voltage output of photovoltaic module. It includes three parts: the PV model, the control strategy, and the power converter. This paper provides three classes of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays and presents the synthesis results of the current-voltage characteristic performances obtained by the modeling approaches. The models of the first class are based on electrical circuit model, those of the second class are based on multiple straight lines model, and for the third class, it is based on the look up table. The mathematical model is built using MATLAB/ Simulink, and an experimental bench was carried out to acquire an up-to-date and representative experimental database of four PV panels. This database is used for the validation of these models for the different PV panel technologies under Moroccan meteorological conditions. Following this comparative study, we came to a high agreement between the experimental and simulated current-voltage characteristics for the emulator under study.
Performance of low-cost solar radiation loggerIJECEIAES
In solar power systems, irradiance value data are among the most important parameters. Such data can be used in installing photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as determining the exact location, tilt angle, and required area, for optimal power efficiency. In this study, the comprehensive simulation and implementation of a solar radiation meter with a PV cell and temperature sensor are presented. The irradiance measurement value is based on the power reading generated by the small capacity of the PV cell at a specific load converted into a digital value in the microcontroller using the implicit Newton polynomial interpolation (NPI) equation as a low-cost alternative method. The effect of temperature is included in the conversion to obtain precise measurement results. Firstly, the structure and characteristics of the PV cell are discussed. Secondly, the parameters, measuring method, and conversion of the measurement reading data using the NPI equation are presented to assess the results. Finally, the simulation of the solar radiation meter using the PSIM and implementation of the hardware are conducted to validate the concepts and compare their results. The proposed hardware has an average error of 2.72% in the implementation of the measurement test.
Theoretic and experimental performance of a grid-connected photovoltaic syste...José Andrés Alanís Navarro
La investigación se centra en el estudio y análisis de un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red (GCPVS) en condiciones climáticas cálidas/subhúmedas. Incluye el desarrollo y la validación empírica de un modelo de predicción basado en análisis de regresión lineal multivariante (MLR) y simulación por computadora. Estos resultados pueden servir como guías para aplicaciones similares, permitiendo a investigadores e ingenieros prever el rendimiento de este tipo de sistemas. Además, los datos de rendimiento recopilados ofrecen información útil para otros campus universitarios y responsables de políticas donde la construcción sostenible y la generación de energía limpia son primordiales, garantizando un grado de confiabilidad en sus instalaciones fotovoltaicas.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Investigate the maximum power point of photovoltaic system at different envi...IJECEIAES
The main objective of this work is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters. The simulation model consists of three subsystems: photovoltaic cells, DC/DC converter and MPPT controller based logic fuzzy control. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The obtained results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.
Performance analysis of grid-tied photovoltaic system under varying weather c...IJECEIAES
Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
Stochastic control for optimal power flow in islanded microgridIJECEIAES
The problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in an islanded mircrogrid (MG) for hybrid power system is described. Clearly, it deals with a formulation of an analytical control model for OPF. The MG consists of wind turbine generator, photovoltaic generator, and diesel engine generator (DEG), and is in stochastic environment such as load change, wind power fluctuation, and sun irradiation power disturbance. In fact, the DEG fails and is repaired at random times so that the MG can significantly influence the power flow, and the power flow control faces the main difficulty that how to maintain the balance of power flow? The solution is that a DEG needs to be scheduled. The objective of the control problem is to find the DEG output power by minimizing the total cost of energy. Adopting the Rishel’s famework and using the Bellman principle, the optimality conditions obtained satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are included to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of the proposed model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Even though PV systems have been promoted as a green form of electrification, such systems are still contributing to environmental impacts after considering life-cycle impact during material extraction, manufacturing processes of its components, installation, operation, and maintenance. This paper presents a life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia using monocrystalline silicon PV module. LCA had been carried out by using OpenLCA 1.8 software, Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and impact assessment method of IMPACT2002+ and CED. The influence of varying system capacity from 3 to 12 kWp, system lifetime of 21, 25 and 30 years, and solar irradiation of 1560.8, 1651.8, & 1935.5 kWh/m2/yr, were investigated. The results revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions rate, cumulative energy demand, and energy payback time of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia ranged from 37.97 to 67.26 g CO2-eq/kWh, 4387.10 to 4699.99 MJ/m2, and 6.37 to 7.90 years, respectively. This study also evaluated indicators of energy return on investment. The overall finding implies that the installation of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia offers significant potential for GHG emissions reduction in the country.
Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV ...ijtsrd
Many factors affect the performance of a PV module. In this experiment, we will use the factorial experimental design method to investigate these factors. Several factors are studied in this experiment such as phase change martial type, PCM thickness, fin length thickness, fin count and the wind speed. A factorial design is often used by scientists wishing to understand the effect of two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable so applying factorial design in PV parameters will give us the most significant parameter on the temperature of the cells. The statistical results showed that the most significant factors affected on the temperature of the cells are PCM thickness and wind speed. Malik Al-Abed Allah | Mahdy Migdady "Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV Cells" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33065.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33065/using-design-of-experiments-approach-to-analysis-factors-effecting-on-the-pv-cells/malik-alabed-allah
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a fully automated machine learning based forecasting system, called Photovoltaic Power Forecasting (PVPF) tool, that applies optimised neural networks algorithms to real-time weather data to provide 24 hours ahead forecasts for the power production of solar photovoltaic systems installed within the same region. This system imports the real-time temperature and global solar irradiance records from the ASU weather station and associates these records with the available solar PV production measurements to provide the proper inputs for the pre-trained machine learning system along with the records’ time with respect to the current year. The machine learning system was pre-trained and optimised based on the Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm, as described in our previous research, and used to predict the solar power PV production for the next 24 hours using weather data of the last five consecutive days. Hourly predictions are provided as a power/time curve and published in real-time at the website of the renewable energy center (REC) of Applied Science Private University (ASU). It is believed that the forecasts provided by the PVPF tool can be helpful for energy management and control systems and will be used widely for the future research activities at REC.
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Investigate the maximum power point of photovoltaic system at different envi...IJECEIAES
The main objective of this work is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters. The simulation model consists of three subsystems: photovoltaic cells, DC/DC converter and MPPT controller based logic fuzzy control. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The obtained results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.
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Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
Stochastic control for optimal power flow in islanded microgridIJECEIAES
The problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in an islanded mircrogrid (MG) for hybrid power system is described. Clearly, it deals with a formulation of an analytical control model for OPF. The MG consists of wind turbine generator, photovoltaic generator, and diesel engine generator (DEG), and is in stochastic environment such as load change, wind power fluctuation, and sun irradiation power disturbance. In fact, the DEG fails and is repaired at random times so that the MG can significantly influence the power flow, and the power flow control faces the main difficulty that how to maintain the balance of power flow? The solution is that a DEG needs to be scheduled. The objective of the control problem is to find the DEG output power by minimizing the total cost of energy. Adopting the Rishel’s famework and using the Bellman principle, the optimality conditions obtained satisfy the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are included to illustrate the importance and effectiveness of the proposed model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Even though PV systems have been promoted as a green form of electrification, such systems are still contributing to environmental impacts after considering life-cycle impact during material extraction, manufacturing processes of its components, installation, operation, and maintenance. This paper presents a life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia using monocrystalline silicon PV module. LCA had been carried out by using OpenLCA 1.8 software, Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and impact assessment method of IMPACT2002+ and CED. The influence of varying system capacity from 3 to 12 kWp, system lifetime of 21, 25 and 30 years, and solar irradiation of 1560.8, 1651.8, & 1935.5 kWh/m2/yr, were investigated. The results revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions rate, cumulative energy demand, and energy payback time of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia ranged from 37.97 to 67.26 g CO2-eq/kWh, 4387.10 to 4699.99 MJ/m2, and 6.37 to 7.90 years, respectively. This study also evaluated indicators of energy return on investment. The overall finding implies that the installation of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia offers significant potential for GHG emissions reduction in the country.
Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV ...ijtsrd
Many factors affect the performance of a PV module. In this experiment, we will use the factorial experimental design method to investigate these factors. Several factors are studied in this experiment such as phase change martial type, PCM thickness, fin length thickness, fin count and the wind speed. A factorial design is often used by scientists wishing to understand the effect of two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable so applying factorial design in PV parameters will give us the most significant parameter on the temperature of the cells. The statistical results showed that the most significant factors affected on the temperature of the cells are PCM thickness and wind speed. Malik Al-Abed Allah | Mahdy Migdady "Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV Cells" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33065.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33065/using-design-of-experiments-approach-to-analysis-factors-effecting-on-the-pv-cells/malik-alabed-allah
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a fully automated machine learning based forecasting system, called Photovoltaic Power Forecasting (PVPF) tool, that applies optimised neural networks algorithms to real-time weather data to provide 24 hours ahead forecasts for the power production of solar photovoltaic systems installed within the same region. This system imports the real-time temperature and global solar irradiance records from the ASU weather station and associates these records with the available solar PV production measurements to provide the proper inputs for the pre-trained machine learning system along with the records’ time with respect to the current year. The machine learning system was pre-trained and optimised based on the Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm, as described in our previous research, and used to predict the solar power PV production for the next 24 hours using weather data of the last five consecutive days. Hourly predictions are provided as a power/time curve and published in real-time at the website of the renewable energy center (REC) of Applied Science Private University (ASU). It is believed that the forecasts provided by the PVPF tool can be helpful for energy management and control systems and will be used widely for the future research activities at REC.
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Similar to Influence of ambient temperature in the city of Portoviejo, Ecuador on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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Influence of ambient temperature in the city of Portoviejo, Ecuador on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023, pp. 46~54
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp46-54 46
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Influence of ambient temperature in the city of Portoviejo,
Ecuador on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules
Genial Belvinel Epeni-Tombo1
, María Rodríguez Gámez1
, Guillermo A. Loor Castillo1
,
Antonio Vázquez Pérez1
, José Ricardo Nuñez Alvarez2
1
Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
2
Department of Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Barranquilla, Colombia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jan 29, 2022
Revised Jul 19, 2022
Accepted Aug 5, 2022
The research analyzes the influence of the average temperature on the
performance of specific photovoltaic solar modules under the environmental
conditions of the city of Portoviejo, province of Manabí, Ecuador. The
research is carried out using the qualitative methodology. Its main objective
is to determine the influence of temperature on the energy performance of
photovoltaic modules under the region's environmental conditions. Two
electrical diagrams with different configurations were designed, which were
analyzed and simulated using the MATLAB Simulink software. The results
obtained show the direct relationship between the electrical parameters of
voltage, current intensity, and power with the temperature value on the
surface of the modules. It is concluded that the modules generate a higher
value of voltage, electric current intensity, and electric power at a lower
temperature, regardless of the level of solar irradiation they receive.
Keywords:
Electric power
Electrical parameters
Energy losses
Energy performance
Photovoltaic system
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
José Ricardo Nuñez Alvarez
Department of Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la Costa
Calle 58 No 55-66. Código Postal: 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
Email: jnunez22@cuc.edu.co
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric power is one of the necessary factors for the development of today's society. Having
quality, economical, and ecological electrical energy is a current challenge for many countries since it can
solve some of humanity's problems and the environment [1]. The expansion of renewable energy sources is a
step forward in the sustainable use of available natural resources in different countries [2], [3].
Internationally, several programs have been established as tools to encourage countries to use the potential of
renewable natural resources to diversify their energy matrix. We can highlight the World Atlas of Renewable
Energies of the International Energy Agency [4] and the initiative of renewable energy resources of the
assistance program for energy management [5].
The progress of science and technology is a necessary factor in the choice of technologies, not only
because they modify the efficiency of new energy systems but also because they allow the exploitation of
previously unavailable resources [6]. For example, the installation costs of solar photovoltaic systems (SSFs)
for electrical power production approach the level of the costs of other power generation systems that feed
into the grids, producing what is known as grid parity [7]. In Colombia, they have investigated schemes with
self-generation of electricity from solar sources in territories with moderate electricity costs and high solar
radiation, thus achieving reasonable energy prices [8]–[10].
In study [11], a comparative analysis between the topologies of power filters to achieve the stability
of the electrical system and its respective quality of energy in generation networks with renewable energy
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47
sources is presented. Chen et al. [12] propose a coordination control strategy of superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES), an active superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL), and distributed generation
units through wireless network communications to improve the stability of a microgrid under fault
conditions. In Ecuador, some research has been carried out to integrate distributed generation systems using
renewable energy sources (RES) in the national electricity system. In study [13], the competitiveness of
integrating small-scale power versus voltage (PV) in Quito, Ecuador, is evaluated. These PVs will be used
for the self-consumption of residential and commercial users affiliated with the “Quito Electric Company,”
which is the entity that manages the energy requirements in the city. Saltos-Ridriguez et al. [14] propose a
methodological framework for optimal distributed generation planning to improve resilience in power
distribution systems against volcanic eruptions by focusing on the occurrence of lahar.
In Ecuador, the use of RES has become widespread since issues related to the protection of the
environment, and the conservation of natural resources have begun to intervene in political strategies. In this
sense, the Ecuadorian government implemented the zero fossil fuel initiative in the Galapagos Archipelago to
promote photovoltaic projects in the Puerto Ayora and Baltra islands for the environmental preservation of
the ecological preservation archipelago [15]. This research work aims to determine the influence of
temperature on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules under the environmental conditions of the
city of Portoviejo, in the province of Manabí, Ecuador.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research is carried out using the qualitative methodology organized in three phases. In the first
phase, a literature review related to the results obtained on the influence of temperature on the performance
of photovoltaic modules was carried out. Gok et al. [16] conducted, in Canobbio, Switzerland, a study on the
effect of temperature on the performance of photovoltaic modules integrated into buildings. They installed
two crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules, one glass/back sheet and one glass/glass, with two different mounting
configurations (ventilated and insulated). The installation was monitored for more than four years,
concluding that, according to the parameters of the current-voltage (I-V) curve, the decrease in the
performance of the glass/back sheet module in isolated conditions was mainly due to loss in fill factor with
increasing resistance. However, the short-circuit current gain (Isc) was the main parameter of the higher
energy performance obtained in an isolated glass/glass module regime.
In study [17], the simulation and evaluation of the performance of the interaction between the
thermal and electrical losses in the interconnections of the modules and the influence of the tabulation on the
power and temperature of modules installed in Qatar and Germany are carried out, comparing the impact of
energy and temperature losses under different levels of irradiation and ambient temperature. Chandra et al.
[18] carry out a technical and economic evaluation to determine that temperature and natural wind cooling
significantly affect the performance of the photovoltaic module.
In the second phase of the study, different simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of
temperature on the performance of photovoltaic panels with different configurations. Several authors report
the results of simulations on photovoltaic solar panels to evaluate temperature's effect on their performance.
Maffezzoni et al. [19] state that accurate and efficient electrothermal simulations of a solar photovoltaic
system can be performed using system simulation software. These authors used a multiphysics model of a
hybrid solar panel, a solar concentrator, and a cooling interface with heat recovery capacity that allows for
predicting the temperature profile and the cells, allowing to obtain the electrical I/V characteristic of the
entire system module. In study [20], the MATLAB Simulink software is used to simulate the performance of
a hybrid water system that uses photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines and that works with the values of
the climatic parameters measured over five years. Kumar et al. [21] describe the electrical PV output
characteristics of photovoltaic systems under different shading conditions using MATLAB simulation,
concluding that the output graph of the PV system is affected by shading from clouds, nearby buildings, and
trees.
Ecuador's legal and constitutional framework in the electricity sector was analyzed in the third and
last phase. The regulations and norms established on implementing photovoltaic systems and the
environmental, economic, and social impacts. The study was carried out in the province of Manabí in
Portoviejo, the head canton of the region. In addition, two electrical diagrams with different configurations
were designed, which were analyzed and simulated using the MATLAB Simulink. Figure 1 shows the
diagram of the circuit used in the first test, which comprises a photovoltaic solar cell. The temperature and
exposure time values change in this simulation, but the irradiation values do not change.
Figure 2 shows the schematic of the circuit used in the second test. It is made up of a photovoltaic
array of 18 modules (2 branches in parallel with nine modules connected in series in each branch). This
connection diagram allows you to modify the temperature and irradiation values. It consists of different
components, including a display to view the alphanumeric values, two constants to enter the irradiation and
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temperature values, and measurement devices. In addition, it has a mathematical operator that allows
multiplication between the value of the current and the voltage to obtain the value of the electrical power.
Figure 1. A circuit diagram made up of a photovoltaic solar cell
Figure 2. A photovoltaic array of 18 modules formed the circuit diagram used in the second test
Figures 3 to 5 show the results of the simulations that allow obtaining the values related to power
losses and voltage drops that occur when the temperature value of the module increases. The temperature
values used in the simulations ranged between 18 ºC and 32 ºC, while the irradiation values used in the study
were 1,000 W/m², 3,000 W/m², and 4,845 W/m². These irradiation levels simulate three different atmospheric
situations; a value of 1,000 W/m² corresponds to a very cloudy day; there is no direct incidence of sunlight
on the modules or solar panels. The value of 3,000 W/m² corresponds to a partially cloudy day, and the value
of 4,845 W/m² simulates a day with a clear sky where there is a direct incidence of the sun's rays on the
modules. This last irradiation value corresponds to the average value in the city of Portoviejo [22].
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Figure 3. The behavior of the simulations carried out corresponding to the voltage drop, losses, and
temperature difference at 1,000 W/m²
Figure 4. The behavior of the simulations carried out corresponding to the voltage drop, losses, and
temperature difference at 3,000 W/m²
Figure 5. The behavior of the simulations carried out corresponding to the voltage drop, losses, and
temperature difference at 4,845 W/m²
The behavior of the simulations shown in Figures 3 to 5 show that the temperature value at which
the photovoltaic modules are found has a considerable influence on the efficiency and performance of the
solar panel and, therefore, of the entire solar array photovoltaic. For example, suppose the temperature value
of the modules goes from 24 to 25 ºC, regardless of the level of irradiation it has. In that case, the voltage
drop is 1.1 V, and the average power loss reaches 7 W.
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the analysis carried out, the relationships between the electrical parameters of voltage, current
intensity, and power with respect to the temperature value that the photovoltaic modules had on their surface
were also considered. Figure 6 shows the characteristic curve of the relationship between current and voltage
with respect to temperature in the configuration of the photovoltaic solar array of the second test, observing
that the change in temperature affects the voltage value more than the value of the current intensity. Figure 7
shows the characteristic curve of the relationship between electrical power and voltage with respect to the
temperature level at which the surfaces of the photovoltaic modules are found, noting that when the
temperature value increases, the values decrease power and voltage values.
Figure 6. The characteristic curve of current and voltage with respect to temperature
Figure 7. The characteristic curve of electrical power and voltage with respect to temperature
Figures 8 to 10 show the reduction reached by the electrical parameters of voltage, current intensity,
and power when the temperature value on the surface of the modules increases. The curves represented in
Figure 8 show the relationship between the voltage generated in the photovoltaic array and the value of the
module temperature, showing that the modules generate more voltage, regardless of the level of solar
irradiation. For example, at a temperature of 20 ºC and using the different irradiation levels defined in the
study, voltage values exceeding 330 V are obtained. With irradiation of 1,000 W/m², a voltage level of 335 V
is obtained, and with irradiation of 4,845 W/m², the voltage level reaches 357 V. However, at a temperature
of 45 ºC, the modules generate less voltage since with irradiation of 1,000 W/m² a voltage value of 300 V is
obtained and with 4,845 W/m² the voltage level reaches 322 V.
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the value of the current generated by the solar plant and the
temperature of the modules, evidencing that at a lower temperature, the modules generate more power
regardless of the level of solar irradiation to which it is subjected. For example, at a temperature of 18 ºC and
using the different irradiation levels defined in the study, current intensity values that exceed 3.3 (A) are
obtained. With irradiation of 1,000 W/m², the current intensity value that circulates at the solar plant's output
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is 3.32 (A), while with irradiation of 4,845 W/m², the current intensity reaches 3.53 (A). On the contrary, the
solar plant delivers less electric current at a higher temperature. As the magnitude of the current intensity is
directly proportional to the electrical power, the latter has the same behavior as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 8. The behavior of voltage vs. temperature at different levels of irradiation
Figure 9. The behavior of current vs. temperature at different levels of irradiation
Figure 10. The behavior of power vs. temperature at different levels of irradiation
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3.1. Analysis of current regulations
Ecuador was one of the first countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to promote, facilitate and
promote projects involving the use of renewable sources of non-conventional energy through the
implementation of different laws and regulations with economic and fiscal incentives [23]–[28]. As of 2012,
to promote the use of other technologies with renewable energy sources such as biomass and wind power,
photovoltaic solar systems were excluded from economic and tax incentives, so currently, the projects that
are carried out using solar energy do not have such incentives [26], [27].
According to [29], Ecuador's energy matrix currently has 65% of total electricity generation using
renewable energy sources and 35% using fossil fuels. The nominal power installed in the renewable energy
plants amounts to 5,299.09 MW. Of this value, 96.22% corresponds to hydroelectric plants, an established
power amounting to 5,098.75 MW. The use of biomass is 2.73%, 144.30 MW of electrical power, and
photovoltaic plants contribute 27.63 MW, which is equivalent to 0.52%. In addition, wind energy provides a
capacity of 21.15 MW, 0.40%, while biogas represents 0.14% with 7.26 MW of installed power.
According to Maldonado and Yanez [30], Ecuador is one of the few countries globally that
recognizes nature as an entire entity, where the constitutional principle that must be developed within the
legal system is generated. That is why the Ecuadorian constitution specifies that the electrical energy
produced by photovoltaic solar systems is clean and renewable energy and contributes to mitigating
environmental damage due to the frequent use of fossil fuels [31], [32]. The environmental impact of a
photovoltaic plant is found in the extraction and transport of primary materials and the transformations and
productions that arise from the manufacture of the modules and devices that make up the photovoltaic system.
In our study area, located in Portoviejo, the environmental impact is given by the imports of the
panels, equipment, and accessories of the photovoltaic systems to be installed and the transfer to the region of
location the same [33]. The province of Manabí is located in a humid and very hot climatic zone according to
the zoning of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC) [34]. The incident solar radiation in Portoviejo
guarantees that for each kWp of power installed in the photovoltaic system, about 36 MWh of electrical
energy can be generated in the life cycle of said systems. In addition, in the city of Portoviejo, the estimated
average commercial price is 0.08 US cents, and an approximate actual cost is 0.30 US cents per kWh
generated [35].
4. CONCLUSION
As the city of Portoviejo is located in a humid and very hot climatic zone and in correspondence
with the results of the simulations carried out, it can be affirmed that the photovoltaic systems installed in the
region can be implemented with natural aeration. In addition, compliance with the established technical
standards must be guaranteed to achieve an adequate installation of the modules, equipment, devices, and
conductors that are part of the photovoltaic system to avoid overheating due to the circulation of the intensity
of the current and the changes of temperature. On the other hand, the results obtained show that the solar
radiation that affects the studied site is high, which causes the photovoltaic modules to heat up and thus
decrease their efficiency. Finally, the study shows that high-temperature values directly influence the
performance of photovoltaic modules, producing voltage drops and electrical power losses at the output of
the photovoltaic system.
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54
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Genial Belvinel Epeni-Tombo is a student of the Engineering in Electricity
career. He has participated in scientific events and open houses on the era of renewable
energy sources and their impacts. His research interests include renewable energy,
power quality, power generation, power grids, power supply quality, conversion, power
transmission reliability, and power system stability. He can be contacted by email:
epenitgenialb@gmail.com.
María Rodríguez Gámez Electrical Engineering career, Universidad Técnica de
Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador, born in Baracoa, Cuba, May 27, 1957, Professor and Senior
Researcher., Lic. Education, Specialty: Physics and Astronomy, at the Higher Pedagogical
Institute “Frank País García", Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 1981; Master’s in planning and
Territorial Development (Strategic Planning Renewable energy sources). Universidad
Internacional de Andalucía: La Rábida, Sevilla España, PhD. Strategies and territorial
planning in Renewable Energy Sources, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla España, 2011,
also PhD in Geography, Cuba. She can be contacted by email: maria.rodriguez@utm.edu.ec.
Guillermo A. Loor Castillo A career in Electrical Engineering, Universidad
Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador, was born in Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador on
February 1, 1978, Professor, and researcher of the electric engineering career, graduated from
the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador. He is currently studying for a Ph.D. at the
Technological University of Havana (CUJAE), Cuba. He is now vice-dean of the electric
engineering career of the Universidad Técnica de Manabí, dedicated to the study of intelligent
micro-networks, distributed generation, local development, the energy regulatory framework,
and sustainable energy development. MSc. Loor is a member of the college of Electrical
Engineers of the province de Manabí. He can be contacted by email:
guillermo.loor@utm.edu.ec.
Antonio Vázquez Pérez career at the Industrial Engineering Technical University
of Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador, was born in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, as a professor and
researcher on June 5, 1955. Degree in Law from the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de
Cuba, Cuba, International master’s in environmental training, from the International Institute
of Environmental Training, Valladolid, Spain, is currently finishing his doctoral studies at the
Universidad de Alicante, España in Philosophy, and letters. MSc. Vazquez is a member of the
Cuba solar organization and the Legal Group of the World Wind Energy Organization. He can
be contacted by email: antonio.vazquez@utm.edu.ec.
José Ricardo Núñez Álvarez received the B.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from
the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, in 1994 and the M.S. degree in
Automatic Engineering at the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, in 2014.
Currently, he is a full-time professor of the Electrical Engineering Career attached to the
Department of Energy at the Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Barranquilla, Colombia. His
research interests include renewable energy, power quality, power generation, power grids,
power supply quality, power conversion, power transmission reliability, power system
stability, power transmission lines, power transmission planning, power transmission
protection, load flow control, and protection of electrical systems. He can be contacted by
email: ricardo10971@gmail.com.