Revision of the IR for Yr 9

1. INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

2. The Industrial Revolution was the transition from
creating goods by hand to using machines.
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Technology:
The Industrial Revolution first took off as a result of two
developments in technology. The first was the invention of a
number of new machines designed to process raw cotton into
cloth. The second development was the invention of steam engines
capable of powering these cotton-processing machines.
Agricultural revolution:
New methods of farming were gaining popularity, improving the quantity
and quality of food and the output of fibres such as wool for clothing.
Changes in land ownership meant that common land that had been
shared by villagers was enclosed by wealthy landowners, creating larger
farms on which the new farming methods could be applied.

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Access to raw materials:
Steam engine operation depended heavily on good-quality coal to provide strong
reliable heat. Britain had large deposits of coal, most of which were readily
accessible, so mining developed alongside the growth in factory production.
Wealthy middle class:
In medieval Europe and Britain, the vast majority of the population
consisted of lower-class peasants who worked the land owned by the
upper-class aristocracy. As Britain grew to become a major trading
nation, many members of the middle class became very wealthy and used
their savings to invest in business ventures. It was this investment that
funded the growth of factories during the Industrial Revolution.

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Transport:
The transportation of raw materials to factories and of finished products to
customers, both local and overseas, was relatively simple. River transport
was very efficient, and canals could be built to connect many of these rivers.
The development of steam as a means of locomotion eventually transformed
transport networks across Britain and later the world.
Expanding Empire:
Since the great age of exploration in the sixteenth century,
European ships and merchants had sailed to all parts of the world
and had discovered a wide variety of new products that could be
imported into Europe. The British were quick to realise the
possibilities of importing raw materials from their colonies and
transforming them into finished products to sell to the increasing
population.

6. From around 1750 – 1850
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7. Open Field System;
The traditional open-field village was based on subsistence farming, producing only enough
food for its inhabitants, who were peasants or tenants of the landowner. It usually involved
the rotation of different activities across three large fields. One field would carry a crop of
wheat or rye, and one a crop of barley, while one would be allowed to lie fallow. Each year
the crops would be rotated, so each field would lie fallow for one year in every three.
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Enclosed System:
Enclosure involved the consolidation of open fields into single farms, owned by one farmer and
separated from neighbouring farms by hedges or low stone walls. The four-crop rotation
system divided the farms into four fields, with wheat in the first, turnips in the second, barley
in the third and clover in the fourth. Each year the crops would be rotated by one field, this
rotation continued over a four-year cycle. The four-crop rotation helped replace nutrients in
the soil, and therefore helped produce better crops the following year. The plants could also be
used to feed the livestock which meant they no longer had to be slaughtered.

8.  Many 18th-century towns were grimy,
overcrowded and generally insanitary places.
London in particular suffered badly from dirt
and pollution, so much so that candles were
sometimes required at midday in busy shops
owing to the smoggy conditions outside.
 Scores of street sellers ‘cried’ merchandise from
place to place, advertising the wealth of goods
and services on offer. Milkmaids, orange sellers,
fishwives and piemen, for example, all walked
the streets offering their various wares for sale,
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9. Factories and mines were dangerous and
unhealthy. There was poor light, ventilation
and many machines were not fenced and
therefore dangerous.
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10. Hurriers:
 carry baskets or tow trucks of coal to the surface. Girls as young as
six or seven. They had a belt or chain around their waste that could
damage pelvic bones and many of their children would die during
childbirth later on because of this
Trappers:
 Open and close the ventilation doors in underground tunnels could
sit in the dark for up to 14 hours a day
Piercers:
 Lean over spinning machine and repair broke threads – while the
machine was running. They could walk up to 30kms a day
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11. Flying Shuttle:
 John Kay’s flying shuttle made weaving more efficient, and it
could then take the output of up to a dozen spinners to supply
the necessary yarn for one weaver.
Spinning Jenny:
 The development of the spinning jenny in the 1760s responded
to this need. Early models could spin eight spindles of yarn
simultaneously, and later models were able to hold more than
100 spindles at one time.
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12. Created progress where previously there hadn’t been
any – increased life expectance, safer jobs, earning
power was increased, improvements in industries
such as agriculture, textile etc., raised the standard
of living, greater access to food and prices were
better.
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