India and Japan agreed to an annual rowing race between 8-person teams. The first year, Japan won by 1 mile. In response, India established an analyst team to review and recommend solutions. It was found that the Japanese team had 7 rowers and 1 captain, while the Indian team had 7 captains and 1 rower. India hired consultants who concluded too many captains and too few rowers was the issue. They restructured to have 4 captains, 2 managers, 1 top manager, and 1 rower. The next year, Japan won by 2 miles, so India fired the rower but paid bonuses to management for their preparation efforts. The consultants determined the strategy was sound but the tool used needed improving