This document summarizes a student project studying the northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) population on brownfield sites in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire. The student aims to compare lapwing populations on brownfield sites classified as Open Mosaic Habitats on Previously Developed Land (OMH) to populations found on preferred habitats like wetlands and farmland. Over the breeding season, the student will count and statistically analyze lapwing numbers on brownfield sites versus ideal habitats. The results will help determine if brownfield sites provide important foraging and breeding habitat for the declining lapwing species.
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
Reproductive phenologies in a diverse temperate ant faunaMelissa Geraghty
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive phenology (timing of reproduction) of ants in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study addressed three questions: 1) Are the reproductive flights of closely related ant species more staggered in time compared to distantly related species? 2) Are the flights of individual ant species synchronous or asynchronous? 3) Does reproductive timing vary with elevation or between years? The study found that closely related species tended to have similar flight times, flights were generally synchronous within species, and flight phenology varied with elevation but not greatly between years. It provides background on ant reproduction and mating systems and describes the methods used to analyze flight data collected from Malaise traps over multiple years.
This study investigated how vegetation characteristics influence grassland bird biodiversity in restored prairies in Southwest Michigan. Bird and vegetation surveys found significant differences between restored prairies and other grasslands in regards to obligate grassland birds. Obligate grassland birds preferred grasslands with greater litter depth, taller vegetation, higher vertical density, and a higher percentage of cool-season plants than what was found in restored prairies. Mixed-management grasslands had higher numbers of obligate grassland birds than restored prairies. The results help inform management of restored prairies to increase grassland bird biodiversity.
This study evaluated and compared the vegetative composition of four tern nesting colonies in Southern New England. Data was collected on plant species and coverage at Common Tern, Roseate Tern, and random nest and sampling sites. In total, 34 plant species were documented, with 16 being relatively common across multiple sites. The sites varied in plant species richness and prevalence of invasive species. Management of vegetation is important for maintaining suitable open nesting habitat for terns but requires a combination of removal, soil, and habitat construction methods.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
Bachelor's thesis _ Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa ...DeannaRhoades
I investigated the current and past range of the endemic Santa Cruz kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus, by surveying (via Sherman live trapping) localities with suitable habitat based on historical range records and GIS habitat mapping. Live-trapping captured no kangaroo rats at any of the sites chosen for suitability. Potential explanations and recommended conservation actions are discussed. Thesis advisor: Gage H. Dayton.
Received a $1000 grant from the Ken Norris Natural History Center to conduct research.
This document summarizes a study on snake communities within the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas. 13 snake species were found across four study sites over two years. The number of individuals of each species varied between sites and years. Vegetation structure, including grass and forb coverage, differed significantly between sites and years and influenced snake assemblages. Snakes preferred habitats with more plant cover and diversity. Management should focus on expanding and linking suitable habitat patches to support diverse snake communities.
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
Reproductive phenologies in a diverse temperate ant faunaMelissa Geraghty
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive phenology (timing of reproduction) of ants in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study addressed three questions: 1) Are the reproductive flights of closely related ant species more staggered in time compared to distantly related species? 2) Are the flights of individual ant species synchronous or asynchronous? 3) Does reproductive timing vary with elevation or between years? The study found that closely related species tended to have similar flight times, flights were generally synchronous within species, and flight phenology varied with elevation but not greatly between years. It provides background on ant reproduction and mating systems and describes the methods used to analyze flight data collected from Malaise traps over multiple years.
This study investigated how vegetation characteristics influence grassland bird biodiversity in restored prairies in Southwest Michigan. Bird and vegetation surveys found significant differences between restored prairies and other grasslands in regards to obligate grassland birds. Obligate grassland birds preferred grasslands with greater litter depth, taller vegetation, higher vertical density, and a higher percentage of cool-season plants than what was found in restored prairies. Mixed-management grasslands had higher numbers of obligate grassland birds than restored prairies. The results help inform management of restored prairies to increase grassland bird biodiversity.
This study evaluated and compared the vegetative composition of four tern nesting colonies in Southern New England. Data was collected on plant species and coverage at Common Tern, Roseate Tern, and random nest and sampling sites. In total, 34 plant species were documented, with 16 being relatively common across multiple sites. The sites varied in plant species richness and prevalence of invasive species. Management of vegetation is important for maintaining suitable open nesting habitat for terns but requires a combination of removal, soil, and habitat construction methods.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
Bachelor's thesis _ Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa ...DeannaRhoades
I investigated the current and past range of the endemic Santa Cruz kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus, by surveying (via Sherman live trapping) localities with suitable habitat based on historical range records and GIS habitat mapping. Live-trapping captured no kangaroo rats at any of the sites chosen for suitability. Potential explanations and recommended conservation actions are discussed. Thesis advisor: Gage H. Dayton.
Received a $1000 grant from the Ken Norris Natural History Center to conduct research.
This document summarizes a study on snake communities within the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas. 13 snake species were found across four study sites over two years. The number of individuals of each species varied between sites and years. Vegetation structure, including grass and forb coverage, differed significantly between sites and years and influenced snake assemblages. Snakes preferred habitats with more plant cover and diversity. Management should focus on expanding and linking suitable habitat patches to support diverse snake communities.
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
West Fork Timber Company (WFTC) is a private timber company that manages approximately 54,000 acres on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains. West Fork's goal was to develop a long-term harvest plan that would improve asset value over time, while simultaneously ensuring that habitat requirements set forth in their Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) would be realized. The primary constraint set forth in the HCP is the maintenance of a unique Dispersal Landscape Index (DLI) within a narrow (+/- 5%) range of pre-determined levels for the life of the HCP. The DLI is derived by assigning different values to areas within specific distances of existing dispersal habitat (DH) in a complex formula; the dispersal habitat (DH) values are then summed and divided by the total number of acres in the forest to arrive at a DLI value for the ownership. This paper discusses DLI calculation and the challenges involved in modeling this problem, including the types of constraints needed in the strategic model, the spatial allocation of activities associated with existing and future stands in a Model II framework, and the development of a rapid DLI calculator to facilitate the evaluation of alternatives. Overall, West Fork was able to meet objective of higher returns from the forest while simultaneously demonstrating improvement in dispersal habitat over the next four decades.
This document summarizes an ecological study of the dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) in Utah. The study analyzed 10 sites to determine if abundance of the mouse correlated with soil parameters, vegetation cover, shrub density, or diversity of local rodent communities. The results showed that no single factor controlled mouse populations, but several recurring abiotic and biotic factors together influenced species richness and diversity, which in turn impacted mouse abundance at each site. Prior research also found that mouse populations require higher rodent species richness, as well as habitat conditions promoting new plant growth over decadent vegetation.
The document summarizes a study that used a climate model to predict how climate change may impact the spatial distribution of freshwater snails that transmit parasites in Zimbabwe. The study found:
1) Snail habitat suitability in Zimbabwe varies currently, with some high suitability areas and low suitability areas.
2) Future climate change may cause a reduced spatial distribution of suitable habitat for most snail species by 2100, but the habitat of one snail species may increase by 2055 before declining.
3) Temperature appears to be a main driver of suitable snail habitat and climate change is expected to impact the transmission of parasites that rely on these snail species.
The study examined the home range of the bark scorpion Centruroides vittatus in Laredo, Texas using mark-recapture methods from 2009-2010. A total of 31 scorpions were collected and marked. The minimum convex polygon and local convex hull methods were used to estimate home range sizes. Males were found to have significantly larger home ranges and travel greater distances than females. Recapture rates were around 50% overall. The study provided a basis for further examining factors that influence scorpion home range sizes and patterns of microhabitat use.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
This document summarizes a study examining factors that influenced changes in wild turkey populations in California from 1972 to 2013. The study used breeding bird survey data, land cover data, and data on turkey translocations and hunting to build statistical models analyzing the effects of various predictors on population change. The models found that hunting increased as populations increased, indicating hunting was not limiting populations. Land cover effects varied by scale, with urban land cover positively correlated with population change at smaller distances. Forest, grassland and agriculture were negatively correlated at an intermediate distance. Overall, wild turkey populations in California increased 10% annually during the study period. The results suggest increasing urban land cover, which provides more food, has helped wild turkey populations grow.
The document summarizes a study examining the vegetation that has established over four years on a fauna overpass in Brisbane, Australia. Researchers surveyed plant species present on the overpass and compared it to adjacent forest vegetation. They found 45 plant species on the overpass, with over half planted but many self-sown from local topsoil. Survival of planted species was high at 95%. Vegetation similarity to forest was moderate for groundcover but high for tree species. The developing vegetation structure is providing habitat for birds and other wildlife using the overpass to cross the road.
Bachelor's thesis poster (Deanna K. Rhoades)DeannaRhoades
Bachelor's thesis, Undergraduate Symposium poster: "Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa Cruz
kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus"
This document summarizes hydrologic patterns and wading bird nesting in South Florida for water year 2011. Key points include:
- Rainfall was significantly below average for the year, especially in Water Conservation Area 3, leading to low water levels.
- Despite lower than average rainfall, water levels in some areas like Everglades National Park were above historic averages due to lag effects and peat desiccation resistance.
- Water levels in Water Conservation Area 1 followed a smooth recession rate favorable for foraging, but the dry season began earlier than 2009 resulting in average nesting numbers.
The study investigated the relative abundance of long-tailed weasels at two reservoirs in southern Alberta - Pine Coulee Reservoir and Twin Valley Reservoir. Long-tailed weasels were captured at Pine Coulee Reservoir each year of the study, with capture rates ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 individuals per 100 trap nights. No long-tailed weasels were captured at Twin Valley Reservoir despite similar trapping efforts. Small mammals, particularly deer mice, were commonly captured at both sites but few shrews or voles were observed. The results suggest long-tailed weasels are present at Pine Coulee Reservoir but their relative abundance is lower or they are absent from Twin Valley Reservoir.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Hoa Nguyen-Phuc - PhD Defense - 2015-08-03 Final VersionHoa Nguyen-Phuc
This document outlines a PhD research proposal on the spatial genetic characterization of neutral and adaptive variation in Red Junglefowl in South Central Vietnam. The study will investigate the spatial processes influencing neutral and adaptive genetic variation and its interaction with the environment. It will examine the major processes influencing broad and fine-scale neutral variation, whether landscape features impact fine-scale genetic variation, and if adaptive genes show more diversity than neutral genes in wild Red Junglefowl versus domestic chickens. The research will involve collecting samples from 7 field sites, analyzing genetic data using various statistical methods, and using Bayesian clustering to estimate distinct populations.
This study compared the breeding success of laughing doves between wild and captive populations in two sites in Zimbabwe. There were no significant differences found between wild and captive populations in pre-incubation factors like breeding attempts and clutch size. However, post-incubation success like fledging rates were significantly lower in captive populations due to higher nest predation levels in captivity. Nest predation was the main factor limiting breeding success in captive populations. Management practices may have also contributed to differences seen between the two captive populations studied.
van Liere et al 2009 Feeding preferences greylag geeseDiederik van Liere
This document summarizes a study that examined the feeding preferences of greylag geese and the effect of activated charcoal on deterring geese. The study tested preferences between white clover, clover-grass mixtures, fertilized grass, and unfertilized grass. It also tested whether spraying activated charcoal on vegetation would deter geese from feeding. The study found that geese showed the strongest preference for white clover and no deterrence from activated charcoal. However, fertilized grass was preferred over unfertilized grass. Preferences remained consistent over three experimental periods. Thus, providing alternative foraging areas with white clover away from agricultural fields may help prevent damage from grazing geese.
This document summarizes the results of Minnesota's 2015 carnivore scent station survey. A total of 268 survey routes were completed, with 2,449 scent stations examined. The top 3 species detected statewide based on route visitation rates were red fox (31%), coyote (30%), and raccoon (30%). Confidence interval analysis found no significant changes in indices from last year, though some approached significance. Regionally, indices for most species remained near long-term averages, though red fox remained below and coyote and raccoon remained above average in farmland zones. Bobcat and wolf indices remained above average in forest zones.
From 1980 to 1984, 54,000 hunting days were spent harvesting 758 moose across 5 experimental blocks ranging from 539-1,257 square kilometers in central Quebec. Hunting pressure varied between blocks from 0.7 to 6 hunting days per square kilometer, while hunting effort ranged from 21 to 115 hunting days per moose captured. The relationship between the finite rate of increase of moose populations, as measured by aerial surveys before and after the study, and hunting pressure showed that populations started to decline when pressure exceeded 2.8 days per square kilometer but increased at 21% without hunting. Manipulating hunting pressure across 6 blocks and monitoring moose numbers over 4 years aimed to evaluate the optimal hunting pressure and harvest for moose populations below carrying
The Whittier College ENVS 396 class sampled arthropods in Zuma Canyon using pitfall traps placed in restored, native, and invaded sites. The invaded site had the greatest number and species richness of arthropods, while the native site had the highest diversity. Restored and native sites did not significantly differ in species richness as hypothesized. However, species richness was highest in the invaded site rather than the native site as predicted.
1. Pacific lampreys are an ancient species that play an important cultural role for Native American tribes but their early life history is not well understood, inhibiting restoration efforts.
2. Feeding trials were conducted using tanks and troughs with different food substrates to determine larval lamprey feeding preferences.
3. Results showed larval lamprey had little preference between substrates but slightly favored detritus, implying it is a favorable food source. Understanding larval feeding habits provides information needed for lamprey conservation.
This document describes a project to eradicate the invasive plant Phragmites australis in Piermont Marsh, New York using photo-deprivation methods. Researchers established plots covered with black plastic geotextile to smother the P. australis stands. Monitoring of plant succession in uncovered areas of the plots aims to promote the growth of native marsh plants. The size of the treated plots and buffer zones will gradually expand over multiple growing seasons to restore the marsh ecosystem and limit further P. australis spread.
Imbuia has been providing remodels, additions, new construction, and project management to residential, commercial, and hospitality clients in Los Angeles and the surrounding areas since 1997.
Warren Bregman studied architecture in South Africa before immigrating to the US in 1993. Since 1997, his California-licensed general contracting company Imbuia Construction has worked with architects and designers to oversee, implement, and build residential and commercial projects ranging from ground-up homes and remodels to restaurants and office spaces. Located in Sherman Oaks, CA, Imbuia Construction provides services including general contracting, construction management, project management, design services, and design-build.
West Fork Timber Company (WFTC) is a private timber company that manages approximately 54,000 acres on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains. West Fork's goal was to develop a long-term harvest plan that would improve asset value over time, while simultaneously ensuring that habitat requirements set forth in their Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) would be realized. The primary constraint set forth in the HCP is the maintenance of a unique Dispersal Landscape Index (DLI) within a narrow (+/- 5%) range of pre-determined levels for the life of the HCP. The DLI is derived by assigning different values to areas within specific distances of existing dispersal habitat (DH) in a complex formula; the dispersal habitat (DH) values are then summed and divided by the total number of acres in the forest to arrive at a DLI value for the ownership. This paper discusses DLI calculation and the challenges involved in modeling this problem, including the types of constraints needed in the strategic model, the spatial allocation of activities associated with existing and future stands in a Model II framework, and the development of a rapid DLI calculator to facilitate the evaluation of alternatives. Overall, West Fork was able to meet objective of higher returns from the forest while simultaneously demonstrating improvement in dispersal habitat over the next four decades.
This document summarizes an ecological study of the dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) in Utah. The study analyzed 10 sites to determine if abundance of the mouse correlated with soil parameters, vegetation cover, shrub density, or diversity of local rodent communities. The results showed that no single factor controlled mouse populations, but several recurring abiotic and biotic factors together influenced species richness and diversity, which in turn impacted mouse abundance at each site. Prior research also found that mouse populations require higher rodent species richness, as well as habitat conditions promoting new plant growth over decadent vegetation.
The document summarizes a study that used a climate model to predict how climate change may impact the spatial distribution of freshwater snails that transmit parasites in Zimbabwe. The study found:
1) Snail habitat suitability in Zimbabwe varies currently, with some high suitability areas and low suitability areas.
2) Future climate change may cause a reduced spatial distribution of suitable habitat for most snail species by 2100, but the habitat of one snail species may increase by 2055 before declining.
3) Temperature appears to be a main driver of suitable snail habitat and climate change is expected to impact the transmission of parasites that rely on these snail species.
The study examined the home range of the bark scorpion Centruroides vittatus in Laredo, Texas using mark-recapture methods from 2009-2010. A total of 31 scorpions were collected and marked. The minimum convex polygon and local convex hull methods were used to estimate home range sizes. Males were found to have significantly larger home ranges and travel greater distances than females. Recapture rates were around 50% overall. The study provided a basis for further examining factors that influence scorpion home range sizes and patterns of microhabitat use.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
This document summarizes a study examining factors that influenced changes in wild turkey populations in California from 1972 to 2013. The study used breeding bird survey data, land cover data, and data on turkey translocations and hunting to build statistical models analyzing the effects of various predictors on population change. The models found that hunting increased as populations increased, indicating hunting was not limiting populations. Land cover effects varied by scale, with urban land cover positively correlated with population change at smaller distances. Forest, grassland and agriculture were negatively correlated at an intermediate distance. Overall, wild turkey populations in California increased 10% annually during the study period. The results suggest increasing urban land cover, which provides more food, has helped wild turkey populations grow.
The document summarizes a study examining the vegetation that has established over four years on a fauna overpass in Brisbane, Australia. Researchers surveyed plant species present on the overpass and compared it to adjacent forest vegetation. They found 45 plant species on the overpass, with over half planted but many self-sown from local topsoil. Survival of planted species was high at 95%. Vegetation similarity to forest was moderate for groundcover but high for tree species. The developing vegetation structure is providing habitat for birds and other wildlife using the overpass to cross the road.
Bachelor's thesis poster (Deanna K. Rhoades)DeannaRhoades
Bachelor's thesis, Undergraduate Symposium poster: "Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa Cruz
kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus"
This document summarizes hydrologic patterns and wading bird nesting in South Florida for water year 2011. Key points include:
- Rainfall was significantly below average for the year, especially in Water Conservation Area 3, leading to low water levels.
- Despite lower than average rainfall, water levels in some areas like Everglades National Park were above historic averages due to lag effects and peat desiccation resistance.
- Water levels in Water Conservation Area 1 followed a smooth recession rate favorable for foraging, but the dry season began earlier than 2009 resulting in average nesting numbers.
The study investigated the relative abundance of long-tailed weasels at two reservoirs in southern Alberta - Pine Coulee Reservoir and Twin Valley Reservoir. Long-tailed weasels were captured at Pine Coulee Reservoir each year of the study, with capture rates ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 individuals per 100 trap nights. No long-tailed weasels were captured at Twin Valley Reservoir despite similar trapping efforts. Small mammals, particularly deer mice, were commonly captured at both sites but few shrews or voles were observed. The results suggest long-tailed weasels are present at Pine Coulee Reservoir but their relative abundance is lower or they are absent from Twin Valley Reservoir.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Hoa Nguyen-Phuc - PhD Defense - 2015-08-03 Final VersionHoa Nguyen-Phuc
This document outlines a PhD research proposal on the spatial genetic characterization of neutral and adaptive variation in Red Junglefowl in South Central Vietnam. The study will investigate the spatial processes influencing neutral and adaptive genetic variation and its interaction with the environment. It will examine the major processes influencing broad and fine-scale neutral variation, whether landscape features impact fine-scale genetic variation, and if adaptive genes show more diversity than neutral genes in wild Red Junglefowl versus domestic chickens. The research will involve collecting samples from 7 field sites, analyzing genetic data using various statistical methods, and using Bayesian clustering to estimate distinct populations.
This study compared the breeding success of laughing doves between wild and captive populations in two sites in Zimbabwe. There were no significant differences found between wild and captive populations in pre-incubation factors like breeding attempts and clutch size. However, post-incubation success like fledging rates were significantly lower in captive populations due to higher nest predation levels in captivity. Nest predation was the main factor limiting breeding success in captive populations. Management practices may have also contributed to differences seen between the two captive populations studied.
van Liere et al 2009 Feeding preferences greylag geeseDiederik van Liere
This document summarizes a study that examined the feeding preferences of greylag geese and the effect of activated charcoal on deterring geese. The study tested preferences between white clover, clover-grass mixtures, fertilized grass, and unfertilized grass. It also tested whether spraying activated charcoal on vegetation would deter geese from feeding. The study found that geese showed the strongest preference for white clover and no deterrence from activated charcoal. However, fertilized grass was preferred over unfertilized grass. Preferences remained consistent over three experimental periods. Thus, providing alternative foraging areas with white clover away from agricultural fields may help prevent damage from grazing geese.
This document summarizes the results of Minnesota's 2015 carnivore scent station survey. A total of 268 survey routes were completed, with 2,449 scent stations examined. The top 3 species detected statewide based on route visitation rates were red fox (31%), coyote (30%), and raccoon (30%). Confidence interval analysis found no significant changes in indices from last year, though some approached significance. Regionally, indices for most species remained near long-term averages, though red fox remained below and coyote and raccoon remained above average in farmland zones. Bobcat and wolf indices remained above average in forest zones.
From 1980 to 1984, 54,000 hunting days were spent harvesting 758 moose across 5 experimental blocks ranging from 539-1,257 square kilometers in central Quebec. Hunting pressure varied between blocks from 0.7 to 6 hunting days per square kilometer, while hunting effort ranged from 21 to 115 hunting days per moose captured. The relationship between the finite rate of increase of moose populations, as measured by aerial surveys before and after the study, and hunting pressure showed that populations started to decline when pressure exceeded 2.8 days per square kilometer but increased at 21% without hunting. Manipulating hunting pressure across 6 blocks and monitoring moose numbers over 4 years aimed to evaluate the optimal hunting pressure and harvest for moose populations below carrying
The Whittier College ENVS 396 class sampled arthropods in Zuma Canyon using pitfall traps placed in restored, native, and invaded sites. The invaded site had the greatest number and species richness of arthropods, while the native site had the highest diversity. Restored and native sites did not significantly differ in species richness as hypothesized. However, species richness was highest in the invaded site rather than the native site as predicted.
1. Pacific lampreys are an ancient species that play an important cultural role for Native American tribes but their early life history is not well understood, inhibiting restoration efforts.
2. Feeding trials were conducted using tanks and troughs with different food substrates to determine larval lamprey feeding preferences.
3. Results showed larval lamprey had little preference between substrates but slightly favored detritus, implying it is a favorable food source. Understanding larval feeding habits provides information needed for lamprey conservation.
This document describes a project to eradicate the invasive plant Phragmites australis in Piermont Marsh, New York using photo-deprivation methods. Researchers established plots covered with black plastic geotextile to smother the P. australis stands. Monitoring of plant succession in uncovered areas of the plots aims to promote the growth of native marsh plants. The size of the treated plots and buffer zones will gradually expand over multiple growing seasons to restore the marsh ecosystem and limit further P. australis spread.
Imbuia has been providing remodels, additions, new construction, and project management to residential, commercial, and hospitality clients in Los Angeles and the surrounding areas since 1997.
Warren Bregman studied architecture in South Africa before immigrating to the US in 1993. Since 1997, his California-licensed general contracting company Imbuia Construction has worked with architects and designers to oversee, implement, and build residential and commercial projects ranging from ground-up homes and remodels to restaurants and office spaces. Located in Sherman Oaks, CA, Imbuia Construction provides services including general contracting, construction management, project management, design services, and design-build.
This document outlines the steps for dentists to incorporate their practice as a limited company. It discusses 1) evaluating the feasibility of incorporation and whether it is right based on current performance, 2) important tax planning considerations when transferring an existing practice to a limited company, 3) the process of formally forming a company, 4) maintaining compliance as a company including annual reporting requirements, and 5) opportunities for tax efficient profit extraction.
The foundation of recommendations of FMC on amalgamation is without any basis...bharatsolanki123
FTIL has provided a loan of Rs. 15 crore to help NSEL recover dues from defaulters. NSEL has 57 employees including 18 senior managers working to recover amounts owed. NSEL has recovered Rs. 362 crore so far and distributed some funds to trading clients, but more recovery is ongoing through legal actions and asset attachment pursued with various authorities. The recovery process is making progress but is not yet complete.
South Florida hotel layoffs at highest rate since 2009 Miami HeraldBonni Smith
Hotel layoffs in South Florida are at the highest rate since 2009, with many hotels laying off workers to cut costs. While tourism numbers are up, increased expenses from rising minimum wages and health care costs have hurt hotel profits. Some experts warn that continued layoffs could slow the region's economic recovery if they reduce consumer spending in the tourism industry. Others note that tourism employment is still growing overall.
Eumind - 3 gereations, Healthylife Analysis of the dataRinabiswas007
The document compares interviews conducted with grandparents, parents, and teenagers about healthy eating habits and exercise. Some key findings:
- Grandparents reported the healthiest diets during their teenage years, as unhealthy food options were limited. Parents ate more balanced diets than grandparents.
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Independent Project
1. 1
In association with
FdSc Countryside Management
Independent Project
Module: Independent Project
Module Code: 93580
Student Number: 20120735
Level 5
Tutor: Chris Scott
26th July 2016
2. 2
Abstract
The northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus is a protected species due to a decline in
population largely caused by the loss and fragmentation of its habitat due to
agricultural practises. By monitoring and statistical analysis this project aims to
suggest brownfield sites are an important habitat for V. vanellus to occupy for
foraging and breeding. Birds during the breeding season will be counted on
brownfield sites and compared to the populations found on ideal habitat, such as
wetland and farmland. The results showed that although V. vanellus are using
brownfield sites to breed and forage, they are not as numerous as those nesting in
ideal habitats. Brownfield sites are though, still an important area for breeding birds,
but not without their problems, it was observed that predation through mammal and
birds, nest disturbance from the humans and a lack of foraging opportunities mean
that there is a marked difference, brownfield sites can however benefit from
conservation efforts by land owners which may help in protecting this species.
3. 3
Contents Page no.
1.0 Introduction 5
2.0 Literature review 7
3.0 Aims and Hypothesis 9
4.0 Methodology 9
4.1 Subjects 9
4.1.1 Northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus 9
4.1.2 OMH 10
4.3 Procedure 11
4.4 Statistics 11
4.5 Sites 12
4.5.1 OMH 12
4.5.2 Ideal Habitats 13
5.0 Results 14
6.0 Discussion 16
7.0 Conclusion 19
8.0 References 20
List of Figures
Figure 1. V. vanellus sightings by month 14
Figure 2. Average sightings per visit 15
Figure 3. Birds per hectare 15
Figure 4. Average population per site 16
Figure 5. Signs of egg predation on Conesby Quarry. 17
4. 4
List of Appendices
Appendix 1. Raw results and data required for t-test. 24
Appendix 2. Conesby Quarry aerial OMH survey boundary 25
Appendix 3. Moat Road aerial OMH survey boundary 26
Appendix 4. Glebe Pit aerial OMH survey boundary 27
Appendix 5. Magicmap habitat layers 28
Appendix 6. Bagmoor Farm aerial survey boundary 29
Appendix 7. Alkborough Flats aerial survey boundary 30
Appendix 8. All five survey sites 31
5. 5
1.0 Introduction
Within Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, there are numerous areas of land either
currently owned or disused by the local steelworks. Some are earmarked for
development whilst others have laid dormant for decades. These sites take on an
appearance of a waste ground, commonly known as brownfield. If these sites
exceed an area larger than 0.25ha they are classified, by the Joint Nature
Conservation Committee (JNCC) as Open Mosaic Habitats on Previously Developed
Land (OMH) (UK BAP, 2010). OMH are often overlooked and can harbour an
abundance of different species of flora and fauna (UK BAP, 2010), they are also
home to species which have a threatened population (UK BAP, 2010), one such
species being the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus (Kamp et al, 2014). The
population of V. vanellus across Britain and Europe has declined causing the bird to
be included into the IUCN red list (JNCC, 2010), mainly due to loss and
fragmentation of their habitat (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994). V. vanellus
have suffered many problems caused by humans over time, from egg collecting in
the 19th century to intensive farming and agricultural practices such as the use of
pesticides and rapid crop rotations (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994). An ideal
habitat would have been large areas of wetland and grassland (Shrubb, 2007 and
Tucker et al 1994), but due, largely to farming and grazing, these areas are now
seldom found, agriculture now accounts for almost 75% of land use in the UK (Khan
and Powell, 2012). V. vanellus has had to adapt and is now classified as a farmland
bird, as the crops sown mimic the swards of grass required for nesting, also grazing
pastures offer the type of sward height preferred by V. vanellus (Tucker et al, 1994).
The government now recognises that farming is required to be sympathetic to
species which rely on this habitat for roosting, breeding and foraging sites. Land
owners are now encouraged to harvest outside the bird breeding season, leave
fields fallow and sow beneficial crops such as wild bird mixes, they are rewarded
with government sponsored stewardships and wildlife benefits (Natural England,
2015). Other beneficial practises include the re-wetting of previously drained flood
plains, such as the Alkbourough Flats project, which provide the habitat required to
help encourage wading birds (Environment Agency, 2009).
This study has come to light through year round observations of V. vanellus
occupying Scunthorpe’s OMH sites, it will compare populations V. vanellus found on
6. 6
OMH to that found on preferred habitat of wetland and farmland. An original project
proposal included monitoring fledging success on OMH, but this would have been
unachievable to an unlicensed surveyor due to the possibility of creating disturbance
to the protected species, they will now be measured on populations from an
acceptable distance.
7. 7
2.0 Literature review
It is difficult to discover papers on this exact study in the UK but there has been a
recent study in Germany, Kamp et al (2014) also points out that there is very little
data or papers produced on such a subject, he monitored V. vanellus nest
productivity and populations on brownfield sites and concluded that although
populations are not comparable, they are significant enough to include in
conservation work. Kamp et al (2014) recommends that neglected land may prove
useful to include as marginal areas outside of conservation sites, but as Kamp et al
(2014) points out, much more information and data is required to back up these
claims, sadly this paper is not entirely accessible due to availability and translation
issues. Regardless of the lack of papers on this project, V. vanellus are a well-
studied species and there are papers which can aid to this particular project. The
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) (1994) published an in-depth paper
regarding V. vanellus ecology and conservation concerns and is brought together by
many independent researchers. The paper is very detailed and it covers many
aspects of the bird’s life. A large emphasis is made on the impact of farming on the
red-listed V. vanellus and the findings have contributed to the introduction of farming
stewardships which reward farmers and land owners to act sympathetically towards
V. vanellus needs. To the papers credit, many of the ideas put forward twenty years
ago are now commonly practiced by land owners and farmers (Natural England,
2015), however the paper largely overlooks the importance of brownfield or OMH
sites. In the large dossier there is only a brief mention of what the JNCC describe as
“rough pasture”, a disused airfield in Wiltshire held a large V. vanellus population in
which factors such as clutch size, fledging success and birds per hectare were
monitored. Further along in the paper the said factors are displayed in a table
alongside V. vanellus data collected from their usual habitats of grassland, pasture
and farmland. In comparison the disused airfield fairs very well, indeed better when
it came to hatching success rates, a result of 77.9% overshadowed grassland,
pasture, meadow, rough grazing, farmland, arable and tillage habitats. The disused
airfield also had comparable mean clutch size, fledging success and nest
productivity, all positive outcomes, but at the time there was a lack of further studies
until the JNCC placed more emphasis around OMH in 2008. Baines (1994) carried
out a study similar to this subject regarding the breeding success and distribution of
8. 8
V. vanellus on marginal farmland, he compared areas of improved and unimproved
grassland and pastures and measured for difference in clutch sizes, invertebrate
availability and predation. Although the outcome is not significant for this study, it
helped to decide which statistical test to use and the main threats faced by V.
vanellus away from a direct farmland habitat. Milsom (1994) produced a study
beneficial to this regarding V. vanellus habitat selection during the non-breeding
season, he principally studied the birds on Lasham airfield in Hampshire as the flock
were causing dangers to aircraft. What he discovered was how adaptable the birds
are regarding habitat selection, within the period of study he watched the feeding
flock seasonally move from the freshly mown aerodrome to non-arable habitat during
the summer for refuge and for moulting, arable land during autumn and grassland in
the winter. He concluded that outside the breeding season a variety of habitats are
important to V. vanellus. Milsoms study showed the bird’s variety and adaptations
indicate why an OMH may be an important one.
Additionally, whilst studying V. vanellus chicks, Beintema and Visser (1994)
discovered that they actively exploit cow-dung pats for various larvae and dung
beetles. This has relevance to this current study as two of the OMH’s involved are
regularly fly-grazed, begging the question of whether fly-grazing is actually
beneficial.
Pearson and Stoate (1994) carried out a predation study on V. vanellus which
involved comparing nest predation, they involved the Game Conservancy Trust to
control one site and compared this to an uncontrolled site over a four year period.
The study concluded that a 61% decrease in nest predation occurred on the
controlled site, this is a positive outcome for V. vanellus but the study has little
information regarding the difference in the sites used.
The red fox Vulpes vulpes is a regular predator of V. vanellus (Shrubb, 2007),
Seymour et al (2003) considered the effects of incidental predation by V. vulpes
depending on the size of reserves on the Lower Derwent Valley. This study may be
relevant as they concluded that V. vulpes predated nests more frequently in patches
ranging from 1ha to 10ha. This factor may be influential to the sites chosen,
especially Glebe Pit.
9. 9
In light of the predation risks, a study carried out in Sweden by Isaksson, Wallander
and Larsson (2006) considered the use of nest exclosures. They chose V. vanellus
and redshank Tringa totanus as their subjects. Thirty-seven exclosures were placed
on V. vanellus nests and all were accepted and occupied. The exclosures had a
positive impact on V. vanellus, the protected nests had a significantly higher rate of
hatching success and daily survival rates of chicks compared to that of unprotected
nests, additionally no adult V. vanellus were predated on. This paper suggests that
V. vanellus could be more successful with the introduction of nest exclosures on
OMH sites.
3.0 Aims and Hypothesis
By comparing populations of V. vanellus on OMH sites to that of their ideal habitat, it
is anticipated that more can be learnt about breeding habitat requirements of this
red-listed species.
Hypothesis: V. vanellus populations on OMH sites are comparable to that of their
ideal habitats of wetland and farmland
Null Hypothesis: V. vanellus populations on OMH sites are not comparable to that of
their ideal habitats of farmland and wetland.
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Subjects
4.1.1 Northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus are an easily recognisable species of
wading bird, making them an ideal subject for this study. From a distance they
appear solely black and white in colouring but up close they carry a green and purple
iridescence (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994). When in flight their large, broad
rounded wings, during the breeding season behaviours such as the male’s distinct
tumbling dive and the swooping of potential predators are familiar sites across the
country. Their call, described as “peewit” is regularly used as an alternative name
for the bird by keen birdwatchers (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994).
10. 10
They belong to plover family, Charadriidae and are seen year round, commonly on
agricultural land and wetland throughout its annual cycle (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker
et al 1994). They have become an adaptable species and can be found amongst
most habitats (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994). V. vanellus are 28-31cm in
height, 230g in weight, have a wingspan of 84cm and a lifespan of 4–5 years
(Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994).
V. vanellus can be observed in large flocks during winter but when spring comes
they disperse, some to further Europe some stay on mainland UK and begin
breeding (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994). The breeding season is late
February to early July, chicks are produced during late spring, the nests are simple
scrapes on bare ground within short swards of vegetation, preferably less than 10cm
in height with few or no tussocks (Durant et al, 2008). A typical nest density usually
consist of two nests per hectare (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994).
The adults are surface-feeding, consuming a year-round source of invertebrates
from marshy short grassland, their diet includes earthworms, beetle larvae and they
have a preference for crane fly Tipulidae sp. larvae (Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al
1994). Adults are known to take their chicks long distances from the nest to forage
(Shrubb, 2007 and Tucker et al 1994).
Data from the Breeding Bird Survey and Common Bird Census trends show V.
vanellus have suffered a 51% decline over 25 years (JNCC, 2010), thus the reason
they appear on the Red Listed Species Birds of Conservation Concern and have
become a Priority Species in the UK BAP (JNCC, 2014).
4.1.2 OMH
In 2009 brownfield sites were given the status of Open Mosaic Habitats on
Previously Developed Land following a study by DEFRA into the importance such
areas (UK BAP, 2010), they are difficult to assess due to the variation of vegetation
found. To achieve its status the UK BAP (2010) state the criteria required for a site
to be a designated an OMH must:
Be at least 0.25ha in size
Have a history of disturbance and spoil
11. 11
Contain some successional vegetation
Have areas of loose, bare substrate and pools may be present
Show spatial variation of successional vegetation
OMH can be important habitats, 12-15% of nationally rare and scarce species are
recorded at brownfield sites (JNCC, 2011) and they provide important nesting
suitability for threatened species such as the little ringed plover Charadrius dubius
(JNCC, 2011). A publication by Natural England (2013) also examined the
importance of creating valuable habitat requirements on OMH. In particular they
suggested the creation of more areas of short swards of vegetation and that the
addition of pools on development land would be beneficial in aiding the breeding
facilities of V. vanellus.
4.2 Equipment
To ensure minimum disturbance, the birds were surveyed and recorded using a
scope from distance.
4.3 Procedure
An assessment made by Bolton et al (2011) concluded that estimates for breeding
pairs and chick success for V. vanellus can be considered through simple field
counts. Five sites have been monitored for thirty minutes each on the same day
once a week during February to June, coinciding with V. vanellus breeding period.
All behaviours of V. vanellus are included in the population and care is taken not to
duplicate birds, this is why the count lengths will be short. This way of monitoring
has previously been used by the BTO to monitor wading birds (including V. vanellus)
nest success in relation to predation (BTO, 2014) and the JNCC (2004) recommend
a standard Wetland Bird Survey to assess populations.
12. 12
4.4 Statistics
The data from the three OMH sites will be compared to that of the two usual habits
using t-test to determine if the two sets of data are significantly different from each
other.
4.5 Sites
The area which this particular study takes place is an important one for V. vanellus,
this is confirmed by a Shrubb and Lack (1991) study of V. vanellus abundance and
distribution. The Yorkshire and the Humber had an estimated total of 24’095 birds,
accounting for 19.5% of the country’s population at that time. The sites chosen for
comparison are three OMH sites and two ideal habitats of farmland and wetland.
The OMH sites have been chosen because they have supported V. vanellus
populations in the past, they are all sites formerly occupied by the steelworks
industry and but are now owned by North Lincolnshire Council and have been
recognised by their ecologist as potential ecologically important areas.
4.5.1 OMH sites
Glebe Pit
Size: 8ha, Grid Ref: SE 89652 12022
A former ironstone quarry, now infilled, it consists of low-lying scrub, a mix of poor
grassland, wildflower and water pools, it is bounded by industrial and suburban
buildings and dense low-lying scrub. See appendix 4 for aerial image and survey
boundary.
Moat Road
Size: 45ha, Grid Ref: SE 88057 14159
This area has been earmarked as a corridor to connect two nearby local nature
reserves Phoenix Parkway and Atkinsons Warren. This former slag dump consists
of rough grassland, three sizable ponds, many pools and is surrounded by broad-
leaved woodland and dense scrub. See appendix 3 for aerial image and survey
boundary.
13. 13
Conesby Quarry
Size: 36ha, Grid Ref: SE 89922 14407
This area is also a former ironstone quarry and has remained unmanaged since the
1960’s, there are large areas of poor grassland and scrub which descend to large
ponds at the bottom of a former pit. See appendix 2 for aerial image and survey
boundary.
All three sites are not mapped as priority habitats on the government tool MagicMap
(see appendix 5 for non-recognition of habitat) but they are noted as areas for where
V. vanellus are found as well as other BAP priority species snipe Gallinago gallinago,
grey partridge Perdix perdix and the tree sparrow Passer montanus.
4.5.2 Ideal Habitats
Bagmoor Farm
Size: 13ha, Grid Ref: SE 90382 18432
Bagmoor Farm has all the hallmarks of farmland which practices sympathetically to
farmland birds, it has Higher Level Stewardships in place and is regularly grazed by
cattle. Bagmoor also has a large disused ironstone mine which has filled with water,
the area is ideal as it provides many nesting and foraging opportunities. This site
was chosen due to the British Trust for Ornithology carrying out Wetland Bird
Surveys in the area, available data shows a consistent population of V. vanellus as
well as many other water birds. The area is private land, but access for this study
had been granted by the landowner. A Magicmap desktop study revealed that the
area is important for V. vanellus as well as other priority bird species grey partridge
Perdix perdix, redshank Tringa totanus and the tree sparrow Passer montanus. See
appendix 6 for aerial image and survey boundary.
Alkborough Flats
Size: 71ha, Grid Ref: SE 86969 22788
The flats are an expansive area near the Humber estuary covering approximately
990 acres, it consists of former farmland which recently had its flood defences
14. 14
breached to benefit wildlife in a project run by Natural England and the Environment
Agency, it is now identified as a coastal and floodplain grazing marsh. Monitoring
the entire site would be too time consuming, so a chosen area of 71ha grazed by
hebridean sheep adjacent to the River Trent will be monitored, the site is easily
accessible. Many of the now flooded areas provide nesting and foraging habitats
such as reed beds, intertidal, grassland and lagoons, all important habitats for
wading birds. The site is noted by Magicmap as being an important place for V.
vanellus, snipe Gallinago gallinago, curlew Numenius arquata, turtle dove
Streptopelia turtur, yellow wagtail Motacilla flava and tree sparrow Passer montanus.
V. vanellus are noted by Catley (2016) as being a constant presence on the flats and
can be seen in their thousands at times on the site. See appendix 7 for aerial image
and survey boundary.
See appendix 8 for the location of all five sites on one map.
5.0 Results
t-test = -3.711200079190046 (see appendix 1. for raw data)
In this case the T value is less, meaning the pairs are significantly different resulting
in the null hypothesis: the populations on the OMH sites are not comparable to that
of wetland and farmland.
Figure 1. V. vanellus sightings by month
16. 16
Figure 4. Average population per site
6.0 Discussion
Glebe Pit has in previous years had sizeable populations, but the presence of one
single bird was disappointing. Still, it was possible to grasp what threats V. vanellus
faces in a suburban OMH, red fox Vulpes vulpes, stoat Mustela erminea, domestic
cat Felis catus, magpie Pica pica and carrion crow Corvus corone were observed
frequently and all pose predation risks to V. vanellus, their eggs and their fledged
chicks. The surrounding buildings and established scrub ensures the prey have the
cover and perches they require causing them to be a constant problem. The site is
fenced but not inaccessible so human disturbance is also a problem through dog
walking. The lone male could be seen almost constantly swooping at threats which
came close to its nest. There was also an absence of foraging opportunities due to a
lack of pools which are usually present. The site would benefit from scrub clearance
until it is ready for development and although it is a contentious subject, fly-grazing
may benefit this site, other nearby development areas are fly-grazed and show a
healthier bird population. The two other OMH sites fared better, possibly due to size
and lack of buildings, it also mirrors he results of Seymour et al (2003) suggesting
that nest predation is greater on sites less than 10ha in size. There were ample
foraging opportunities and very little predator activity was observed on these OMH
17. 17
sites, but whilst surveying the Conesby Quarry site it was obvious that predation is
also a problem, as on two occasions damaged and discarded V. vanellus eggs were
discovered (see figure 5). V. vanellus may benefit from an exclosure trial on
Conesby Quarry as is it experiences very little human disturbance. Other beneficial
management practises on all the OMH sites could include excavating more shallow
scrapes to aid foraging, invertebrate surveys to determine prey availability and
warning signs to inform the public about nesting birds and keeping their dogs on a
lead. There is also the option of controlling predators but this raises ethical
questions and would require more research.
Figure 5. Signs of egg predation on Conesby Quarry.
There is an argument that the Glebe Pit site should not be included but it is an OMH
and it reflects the fluctuations that can happen from site to site.
This particular study suffers a distinct lack of papers and research so it is difficult to
compare results and year on year bird populations fluctuate. This project may
require more than one seasons surveying, a similar study along the same subject
may acquire better results over a longer time span and across more seasons and
there are many more areas in this locality which would add to the current collected
data, this would help to understand how OMH plays a part in V. vanellus lifecycle.
Additionally OMH may not harbour comparable populations but it could help play a
part in helping to widen the gene pool of red-listed species.
18. 18
There is a lot of focus surrounding sympathetic farming and re-wetting areas but
there is not enough protection for OMH, whilst monitoring the sites many threatened
or scarce species were observed and it is a habitat which may provide a corridor to
the more ideal habitats. Higher Level Stewardships could maybe offer grants for
other practises such as trialling the use of exclosures.
19. 19
7.0 Conclusion
Although the result differs largely in favour of wetland and farmland habitats, all three
OMH sites do display a regular presence of V. vanellus. OMH appears to have
become a part of their ecology and these sites are proving that they are not just
important to the species. Although these sites have their flaws they can be managed
by landowners, through simple techniques to improve the quality of habitat required
by V. vanellus. OMH sites may not be the preferred habitats, but all three of the
OMH sites in this study may benefit from the practises such as managing sward
height, scrub clearance and pool creation. Additionally predation can have a less
detrimental effect through trialling exclosures or ethical control.
Word Count: 3584
20. 20
8.0 References
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28. 28
Appendix 5. The Magicmap habitat layer displaying the three OMH sites which contain no recorded priority habitats
Moat Road
ConesbyQuarry
Glebe Pit