This document discusses income inequality in the United States based on 2016 household income data from the U.S. Census Bureau. It shows that in 2016, the top 10% of households earned over $170,000 while the bottom 10% earned less than $14,000. The ratio of income between the 90th and 10th percentiles (P90/P10 ratio) was 12.53, indicating that the top 10% earned over 12 times as much as the bottom 10%. This ratio has been rising steadily since 1975 and peaked in 2016, showing growing income inequality over time.

1. DataPost
Income Inequality
Measuring the Gap
Date last updated: December 8, 2017
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
Education & Outreach

2. Household (HH) Income
A Snapshot of 2016
U.S. Households
Bottom 10%
$13,608
10th percentile
(P10)
10% of HHs earned this
amount or less
Median
(Middle)
$59,039
Top 10%
$170,536
90th percentile
(P90)
90% of HHs earned this
amount or less
DataPost
50th percentile
(P50)
50% of HHs earned this amount or less,
50% earned this amount or more
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3. $0K
$50K
$100K
$150K
$200K
10th (P10) 90th (P90)
This means that household income at the
90th percentile is over 12 times
household income at the 10th percentile.
In 1990, the P90/P10 ratio was 10.12.
DataPost
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, pre-tax/transfer HH income in 2016
CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars
U.S. Household Income in 2016
P10 = $13,608
P90 = $170,536
The P90/P10 Ratio
A Measure of Income Inequality
= = 12.53
P90 $170,536
P10 $13,608
One way to highlight the difference
between the high end and the low end of
the income distribution is to create a ratio
of the 90th and 10th percentiles.
www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/datapost FRBSF Education & Outreach

4. 8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
Inequality in Household Incomes
P90/P10 Ratio (1967–2016)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, pre-tax/transfer HH income
DataPost www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/datapost FRBSF Education & Outreach

5. 8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
Annotated Chart Notes
Inequality in Household Incomes
P90/P10 Ratio (1967–2016)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, pre-tax/transfer HH income
Starting in 1975 income inequality
in the U.S. started to pick up quite
substantially.
Between 1967 and 1979, the
household income distribution
was up and down, but largely flat.
12.53 in 2016
(See slide 3)
DataPost
10.12 in 1990
(See slide 3)
The trend accelerated during and
after the Great Recession.
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6. What are the Facts?
1. In 2016, what percentage of U.S. households earned $170,536 or more?
(See slides 2 or 3)
2. In 2016, what income level was at the 10th percentile?
(See slides 2 or 3)
3. What was the P90/P10 ratio in the year you were born?
(See slide 4)
4. In which year was the P90/P10 ratio the lowest? The highest?
(See slide 4)
5. What has been the trend in the P90/P10 ratio since 1975?
(See slide 4)
6. What does the P90/P10 ratio tell us about household incomes?
View in-depth talks on income inequality by visiting the FRBSF
Economics in Person video series
DataPost www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/datapost FRBSF Education & Outreach