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In your own opinion, why do you think many public health professionals regard John Snow as the father of epidemiology? Provide three reasons to support your position In your own opinion, why do you think many public health professionals regard John Snow as the father of epidemiology? Provide three reasons to support your position Solution In my opinion, many public health professionals regard John Snow as the father of epidemiology because of the following three reasons: · The epidemics were rampant on the planet since generations together. While certain inventions indeed helped in curbing with few of these, John Snow rather brought this concern more into the lime-light not just by alarming the Public about the epidemics but also clarifying the misconception that not all diseases could form the roots into the ‘Miasma Theory’ or even by the physical touch. As a matter of fact, he exposed the faulty notions of this theory by informing that Cholera was a water-borne disease and not air-borne. Now since he broke the traditional conceptions of the people who believed the causes of epidemics to be ‘Bad air’ or ‘Miasma’, he was rather the first physician who introduced the World to ‘Modern Epidemiology’ by debunking the old theories. However, although John’s contribution to the investigation and findings of the massive outbreak of cholera near London in 1854 A.D was significant, it took time for the Public to believe in his theory until in the year 1885, when finally the evidence of cholera’s bacteria proved to the world that this was a water-borne disease. But it was only unfortunate for John Snow for not being alive to witness the same. · Further, before the formal discovery of the cholera bacteria responsible for the disease, in the year 1849, John Snow also published his paper to defy the common notions of the people about the reasons of this epidemic, in the paper titled, \"On the Mode of Communication of Cholera\". This also goes to show to the world as to how much sure was John Snow about his primary discovery that he actually converted his claims into a formalized research paper. However, this paper did not even get a proper grip in the medical field back then. · On Sep 6, 1853 when there was another outbreak of Cholera, John Snow persistently collected the evidences of the sources of the contaminated water, in spite of his previous contributions not receiving enough acceptance in the society and concluded that the Broad Street Pump water was responsible for being the carrier of this disease. Today, this Broad Street Pump also holds an important landmark in the medical history. This strong determination to prove the world that Cholera as an epidemic is a water-borne disease and despite of strong resistance from the Public, constantly striving to work in the arena, itself showed the public health professionals, why John Snow be indeed regarded as the father of epidemiology. His comparisons of hypothesis in a systematic way and the manner in w.
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Identify the main issues in the definition.
Discuss the uses of Epidemiology.
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Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
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Explain why multiple processes cannot share data easily?
Solution
threads share C.P.U. and just one thread active (running) at a time.
threads among a processes, threads among a processes execute consecutive.
thread will produce youngsters.
if one thread is blocked, another thread will run
hreads don\'t seem to be freelance of 1 another.
all threads will access each address within the task .
thread square measure style to help one alternative. Note that processes would possibly or may
not assist each other as a result of processes could originate from completely different users
A method with multiple threads build a good server for instance printer server.
Because threads will share common information, they are doing not have to be compelled to use
interprocess communication.
Because of the terribly nature, threads will cash in of multiprocessors.
They solely want a stack and storage for registers thus, threads square measure low-cost to form.
Threads use little resources of associate degree software system during which they\'re operating.
That is, threads don\'t want new address house, international information, program code or
software system resources.
Context change square measure quick once operating with threads. the rationale is that we tend
to solely ought to save and/or restore computer, SP and registers
User-level threads doesn\'t need modification to operative systems.
Simple Representation:
every thread is depicted just by a computer, registers, stack and atiny low management block, all
hold on within the user method address house.
Simple Management:
This merely implies that making a thread, change between threads and synchronization between
threads will all be shunned intervention of the kernel.
Fast and Efficient: Thread change isn\'t way more overpriced than a procedure decision.
There is a scarcity of coordination between threads and software system kernel. Therefore,
method as whole gets just one occasion slice irrespect of whether or not method has one thread
or a thousand threads among. it\'s up to every thread to relinquish management to alternative
threads.
User-level threads needs non-blocking systems decision i.e., a multithreaded kernel. Otherwise,
entire method can blocked within the kernel, albeit there square measure runable threads left
within the processes. for instance, if one thread causes a page fault, the method blocks..
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executive summary for law enforcement using drones
Solution
Use of drones makes the job of law enforcement easier as it enables access to real time
surveillance. Drones helps the police force conduct aeriel surveilance and the video can be
viewed real time or at a later point in time. This is a very useful tool during the investigative
process. Drones can be equipped with thermal cameras so as to keep an eye on anti-social
elements.
However, law enforcement agencies will have to make sure that use of drones do not violate the
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Discuss how your life and experience with social media/web 2.0 compares with it?
Solution
Social media has impacted everyone’s life in the era of digitization. Be an organization or be an
individual; the social media has left its significance on every affected element.
The social media mediums are diverse and they serve a variety of purposes. The organizations
reported that the mediums lucrative for following reasons:
Moreover, the information gathered through various sources social media, secondary research,
qualitative & quantitative information, business publications help companies to make appropriate
strategic decisions.
However, there are pros and cons of the same. On the individual front, below are the pros and
cons of the social media
On the organizational front:
Below companies are emphasizing on social media use and secondary research to expand their
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create a narrative budget blueprint for a local unit of government. Put yourself in the shoes of an
administrator in a newly formed municipality that has never developed a municipal budget
before. How would you complete the task? Where would you start? What process would you
follow? Who would be involved? What concerns do you have, how do you resolve them? How
do you budget for capital items and link them to the operational budget, etc.? Be as detailed as
possible to display a comprehensive understanding of the course material.
Solution
Municipal Budget :
A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision. It is an urban area usally a city or
town .
Generally Municipalities create Budget on Annual basis. Budget consists of anticipation of
Expected Revenue and Estimated Expenditure.
Generally we start from
a) Revenue :
i) Revenue may be Grants received from Central Government for specific purpouse or general
purpouse.
ii) any local taxes collected from individuals etc will become revenue .
b) Expenditure :
As it is newly formed local unit it can take the basis of any muncipality which is already existing
so that it can cover all administrative expenses like electricity, water, Telephone charges etc.
Sometimes expenditure may be Planned or Unplanned . Therefore amount should be kept aside
as Contingency for UNplanned portion.
Proper authorisation should be there for each and every expenditure.
Expenditure may be for salaries, maintenance of road ways, public parks ,libraries or to provide
Safety services for public, funds for Schools etc
While preparing Budget there might be conflict of ideas.It can be overcomed by meeting the
concerned head of the department.
For Capital budgets Proper Approval, Sanction details Should be verified.
Every member in the unit should be aware of Guidelines respective to there Department.
Through which errors can be avoided.As requisition and payment process done from the unit ,
there should be proper segregation between CApital and revenue expenditure.This can be done if
there are seprate Rules and guidelines for capital and revenue expenditure.
So, in Budget major Focus will be on Revenue and Expenditure..
define three types of kernal-mode to user mode transfersSolution.pdf
define three types of kernal-mode to user mode transfers
Solution
1.Multitasking ; In order to excute multiple jobs , process switching is needed some times.In
order to load programmes CPU moves from kernal mode to user mode
2.Interrupt handling ; Modern architectures are interrupt driven.When an interrupt occurs, the
hardware automatically switches a part of the context (kernal-mode to user mode or usermode to
kernal-mode)
3.User and kernel mode switching ; A transfer between user mode and kernel mode is required in
an OS, then user and kernal mode switching takes place ..
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History of epidemiology
This document provides a history of epidemiology, covering its origins and key figures. It traces epidemiology back to ancient Greece and discusses its modern definition as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Some important developments include John Graunt establishing demographic analysis in the 1600s, James Lind identifying citrus as preventing scurvy in 1747, Edward Jenner developing vaccination against smallpox in 1796, Ignaz Semmelweis reducing childbed fever mortality via handwashing in 1847, and John Snow linking cholera to contaminated water in 1854. These pioneers helped establish epidemiology's objectives of identifying disease causes and evaluating preventive measures.
Epidemiology cholera, ebola, hiv aids
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. This document discusses epidemiology and provides details on cholera, including its history and causes. It describes how John Snow used epidemiology to discover that cholera is spread through contaminated water by tracing a cholera outbreak in London back to a contaminated water pump. It also discusses the "miasma theory" of disease transmission via air that was previously widely accepted, as well as the scientists who first discovered the cholera bacteria and advocated for improved sanitation to prevent disease.
History of Public Health
Discusses the timeline of public health milestones, including a preliminary discussion on Community Medicine and Community Development
Physicians that changed our world
The document summarizes the contributions of several physicians who helped advance medicine and public health:
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 which was pivotal in eradicating the disease.
- Ignaz Semmelweis discovered in 1847 that handwashing reduced maternal mortality from puerperal fever in hospitals.
- John Snow conclusively linked a cholera outbreak in 1854 to a contaminated water pump, helping establish germ theory and epidemiology.
- Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, reducing surgical infections through carbolic acid and dressings.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing mould in his lab, though it
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributions
Hippocrates was the first to examine relationships between disease and environmental factors, rejecting supernatural causes. James Lind conducted experiments on scurvy prevention that established clinical research standards. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine through observation of immunity from cowpox. Ignaz Semmelweis pioneered hand washing to prevent spread of infections from cadavers to mothers. John Snow carefully mapped cholera cases in London and used statistics to show its water source, establishing epidemiology.
Informative Essay On Polio
1) Henrietta Lacks is a woman whose cancer cells were used to create the first immortal human cell line.
2) George Gey, a researcher at Johns Hopkins, took cells from Henrietta Lacks' tumor and found they could be grown indefinitely in a lab. He named the cell line "HeLa" after her initials.
3) HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned and have been widely used in medical research, including the development of the polio vaccine.
Jonas salk - sreekkutty sb
Jonas Salk discovered and developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine. He conducted research while attending medical school that formed the basis for his later work on the polio vaccine. Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine using weakened live viruses that could be administered orally. His vaccine was found to be more effective than the earlier Salk vaccine at preventing the initial intestinal infection of polio and further transmission of the virus. Rudolf Virchow made seminal contributions including establishing the cell theory and cellular pathology. He discovered that diseased cells arise from already diseased cells and focused on clinical observation and pathological anatomy.
History of Small Pox
Variola virus, otherwise known as smallpox, is believed to have first emerged in Africa around 10,000 BC and subsequently spread to other parts of the world. It was a serious infectious disease that impacted populations for centuries prior to its eradication. Key events in combating smallpox included variolation experiments in the 1700s, Edward Jenner's pioneering smallpox vaccination using cowpox in 1796, and the World Health Organization's global Smallpox Eradication Programme of the 1960s and 1970s that ultimately succeeded in eliminating the virus by 1980.
Bio 151 reading assignment 1
The document discusses the myth of the lone medical breakthrough and the collaborative nature of scientific advances. It uses the example of Edward Jenner and the development of the smallpox vaccine. While Jenner made important contributions, the eradication of smallpox resulted from centuries of work by many individuals across continents. Techniques for inoculation against smallpox existed for generations before Jenner, including in China, India, Africa, and Turkey. Jenner built on this past work as well as contributions from researchers like Benjamin Jesty, who vaccinated his children with cowpox prior to Jenner. Overall, the document argues that major medical advances are rarely the work of a single individual and instead come from incremental contributions over long
Unethical human experimentation in the United States - Wiki
Unethical human experimentation in the United States included deliberately infecting people with diseases, exposing people to biological and chemical weapons, performing surgical experiments without anesthesia, and injecting people with toxic substances. Many of these experiments were performed on children, prisoners, or the mentally ill without their consent. The experiments were often funded by the U.S. government and military and kept secret for many years, leading to public outcry and congressional investigations when revealed.
Section 1 Definition of Epidemiology httpswww.cdc.govophs.docx
Section 1: Definition of Epidemiology
https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html
Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
In fact, epidemiology is often described as the basic science of public health, and for good reason. First, epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. Second, epidemiology is a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such scientific fields as biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain health-related behaviors, states, and events. However, epidemiology is not just a research activity but an integral component of public health, providing the foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on this science and causal reasoning.(2)
A. Distribution
Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population:
a. Frequency refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. The resulting rate allows epidemiologists to compare disease occurrence across different populations.
b. Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person. Time patterns may be annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence. Place patterns include geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools. Personal characteristics include demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as well as behaviors and environmental exposures.
Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of descriptive epidemiology, discussed in more detail later in this lesson.
B. Determinants
Determinant: any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
Epidemiology is also used to search for determinants, which are the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Epidemiologists assume that illness does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of risk factors or determinants exists in an individual. To search for these determinants, epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology or epidemiologic studies to provide the “Why” and “How” of such events. They assess whether groups with different rates of disease differ in their demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, or other so-called potential risk factors. Ideally, the findings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective publ.
Post Polio Research Paper
The document provides information about polio (poliomyelitis). It states that polio is spread through contact with an infected person or through contaminated water or food. The virus enters through the mouth and spreads to the bloodstream and central nervous system, where it can destroy motor neurons causing paralysis, especially in the legs and arms. Clinical symptoms range from none to mild cold-like symptoms. While there is no cure for polio, vaccination has helped reduce cases significantly worldwide.
History of Pharmacology (Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine)
The Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine document discusses developments in medicine between the 14th-17th centuries. Key developments included increased anatomical knowledge through dissection [1], ineffective treatment of diseases like plague and syphilis with magic and desperate attempts [2], and use of herbal remedies and substances like quinine, laudanum, tobacco, and mercury [3]. It also discusses establishment of hospitals for the wealthy and improved surgery survival [3]. Prominent figures from this period discussed include Paracelsus who diagnosed based on nature and used herbal remedies including mercury for syphilis [4], Humphry Davy who discovered chlorine and explored electricity's medical implications [5], William Morton who pioneered surgical
Similar to In your own opinion, why do you think many public health professio.pdf (17)
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change [U...
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change [U...
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change
Review the work of John Snow regarding the cholera epidemic in Soho.docx
Review the work of John Snow regarding the cholera epidemic in Soho.docx
Unethical human experimentation in the United States - Wiki
Unethical human experimentation in the United States - Wiki
Section 1 Definition of Epidemiology httpswww.cdc.govophs.docx
Section 1 Definition of Epidemiology httpswww.cdc.govophs.docx
History of Pharmacology (Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine)
History of Pharmacology (Renaissance to Early Modern Medicine)
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Explain why multiple processes cannot share data easilySolution.pdf
Explain why multiple processes cannot share data easily?
Solution
threads share C.P.U. and just one thread active (running) at a time.
threads among a processes, threads among a processes execute consecutive.
thread will produce youngsters.
if one thread is blocked, another thread will run
hreads don\'t seem to be freelance of 1 another.
all threads will access each address within the task .
thread square measure style to help one alternative. Note that processes would possibly or may
not assist each other as a result of processes could originate from completely different users
A method with multiple threads build a good server for instance printer server.
Because threads will share common information, they are doing not have to be compelled to use
interprocess communication.
Because of the terribly nature, threads will cash in of multiprocessors.
They solely want a stack and storage for registers thus, threads square measure low-cost to form.
Threads use little resources of associate degree software system during which they\'re operating.
That is, threads don\'t want new address house, international information, program code or
software system resources.
Context change square measure quick once operating with threads. the rationale is that we tend
to solely ought to save and/or restore computer, SP and registers
User-level threads doesn\'t need modification to operative systems.
Simple Representation:
every thread is depicted just by a computer, registers, stack and atiny low management block, all
hold on within the user method address house.
Simple Management:
This merely implies that making a thread, change between threads and synchronization between
threads will all be shunned intervention of the kernel.
Fast and Efficient: Thread change isn\'t way more overpriced than a procedure decision.
There is a scarcity of coordination between threads and software system kernel. Therefore,
method as whole gets just one occasion slice irrespect of whether or not method has one thread
or a thousand threads among. it\'s up to every thread to relinquish management to alternative
threads.
User-level threads needs non-blocking systems decision i.e., a multithreaded kernel. Otherwise,
entire method can blocked within the kernel, albeit there square measure runable threads left
within the processes. for instance, if one thread causes a page fault, the method blocks..
executive summary for law enforcement using dronesSolutionUse .pdf
executive summary for law enforcement using drones
Solution
Use of drones makes the job of law enforcement easier as it enables access to real time
surveillance. Drones helps the police force conduct aeriel surveilance and the video can be
viewed real time or at a later point in time. This is a very useful tool during the investigative
process. Drones can be equipped with thermal cameras so as to keep an eye on anti-social
elements.
However, law enforcement agencies will have to make sure that use of drones do not violate the
privacy of citizens..
Discuss how your life and experience with social mediaweb 2.0 compa.pdf
Discuss how your life and experience with social media/web 2.0 compares with it?
Solution
Social media has impacted everyone’s life in the era of digitization. Be an organization or be an
individual; the social media has left its significance on every affected element.
The social media mediums are diverse and they serve a variety of purposes. The organizations
reported that the mediums lucrative for following reasons:
Moreover, the information gathered through various sources social media, secondary research,
qualitative & quantitative information, business publications help companies to make appropriate
strategic decisions.
However, there are pros and cons of the same. On the individual front, below are the pros and
cons of the social media
On the organizational front:
Below companies are emphasizing on social media use and secondary research to expand their
business..
create a narrative budget blueprint for a local unit of government. .pdf
create a narrative budget blueprint for a local unit of government. Put yourself in the shoes of an
administrator in a newly formed municipality that has never developed a municipal budget
before. How would you complete the task? Where would you start? What process would you
follow? Who would be involved? What concerns do you have, how do you resolve them? How
do you budget for capital items and link them to the operational budget, etc.? Be as detailed as
possible to display a comprehensive understanding of the course material.
Solution
Municipal Budget :
A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision. It is an urban area usally a city or
town .
Generally Municipalities create Budget on Annual basis. Budget consists of anticipation of
Expected Revenue and Estimated Expenditure.
Generally we start from
a) Revenue :
i) Revenue may be Grants received from Central Government for specific purpouse or general
purpouse.
ii) any local taxes collected from individuals etc will become revenue .
b) Expenditure :
As it is newly formed local unit it can take the basis of any muncipality which is already existing
so that it can cover all administrative expenses like electricity, water, Telephone charges etc.
Sometimes expenditure may be Planned or Unplanned . Therefore amount should be kept aside
as Contingency for UNplanned portion.
Proper authorisation should be there for each and every expenditure.
Expenditure may be for salaries, maintenance of road ways, public parks ,libraries or to provide
Safety services for public, funds for Schools etc
While preparing Budget there might be conflict of ideas.It can be overcomed by meeting the
concerned head of the department.
For Capital budgets Proper Approval, Sanction details Should be verified.
Every member in the unit should be aware of Guidelines respective to there Department.
Through which errors can be avoided.As requisition and payment process done from the unit ,
there should be proper segregation between CApital and revenue expenditure.This can be done if
there are seprate Rules and guidelines for capital and revenue expenditure.
So, in Budget major Focus will be on Revenue and Expenditure..
define three types of kernal-mode to user mode transfersSolution.pdf
define three types of kernal-mode to user mode transfers
Solution
1.Multitasking ; In order to excute multiple jobs , process switching is needed some times.In
order to load programmes CPU moves from kernal mode to user mode
2.Interrupt handling ; Modern architectures are interrupt driven.When an interrupt occurs, the
hardware automatically switches a part of the context (kernal-mode to user mode or usermode to
kernal-mode)
3.User and kernel mode switching ; A transfer between user mode and kernel mode is required in
an OS, then user and kernal mode switching takes place ..
Arrange the steps of DNA replication in the order that they occur. D.pdf
Arrange the steps of DNA replication in the order that they occur. DNA polymerase synthesizes
DNA. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind
to each template strand. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. RNA primers are added.
RNA primers are removed.
Solution
Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind to each
template strand RNA primers added DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA RNA primers are
removed DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together.
C++You will design a program to play a simplified version of war, .pdf
The document describes a simplified dice game of war simulation to be programmed in C++. There will be two simulated players, each with their own die that can have a different number of sides as specified by the user. The user will also specify if either die is loaded, meaning it is biased to roll higher on average. The program will simulate rounds of the two players rolling their dice, compare the results, track scores, and report the overall winner. Classes like Die, LoadedDie, and Game will be defined to represent the dice and game logic.
(c) After conducting several measurements, the Beijing Municipal Env.pdf
(c) After conducting several measurements, the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring
Center issued a warning that indicated the density of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter, a measure of
air pollution) was over the safe limit.
Descriptive
Inferential
(d) International Living issued a report listing percentages of Americans retired and living in
each foreign country.
Descriptive
Inferential
Descriptive
Inferential
Solution
C) Descriptive
D) Inferential.
1. Which of the following statements would correctly print out t.pdf
The document contains 30 multiple choice questions about JavaScript concepts including:
- Printing text in a specific color using document.write()
- Creating alert dialogs with window.alert()
- Valid variable names
- If/else conditional statements
- While loops
- Array methods like length, indexing, and initialization
- String methods like split(), charAt(), and indexOf()
- Window methods for creating windows and prompting users
The questions cover a wide range of JavaScript topics from basic syntax to objects, methods, and built-in functions.
2.How important is it to involve physicians in financial improvement.pdf
2.How important is it to involve physicians in financial improvement efforts? What is the best
strategy for physician engagement?
Solution
Physicians are the key player in healthcare system. They have expert knowledge, skills , abilities,
experience, opinions etc. to suggest for formulating the policies related to healthcare
improvements practices. They actually know what is equitable, suitable, right , fair, transparent
and realistic pricing startegies for patients care as well as their payment part in the health care
system.
To engage the physician in healthcare system, the following efforts must be developed and
implemented by the hospital management and healthcare administrators,
1) They should have to report on daily basis to some central authorities related to their day to day
contribution.
2) Their payment and compensation should be kept best among the industry so that they do not
involve themselves in private practices.
3) They should be given some startegic role to analyze the best practices prevalent in the health
care industry.
4) Some training and development activities for future doctors and staffs must be organized by
the hospital so that these physicians can contribute their learning and experience.
5) They should be asked to write some blogs on social platforms so that more people can be
attracted for health care reforms and services offered by the hospital.
6) They should be given some flexibility to choose their plan for making and earning money by
being the part of the helath care system.
7) They must be engaged for setting code of ethics for health care reforms and quality conscious
services..
Write one page essay to explain how you relate signals and systems t.pdf
Write one page essay to explain how you relate signals and systems theory with current
technology advancement.
Support your argument by providing a case study and identify signals and systems theory plays a
major role on mentioned application.
Please post the website or database you found information. Thank you!
Solution
A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and electrical engineering is
a function that \"conveys information about the behavior or attributes of some phenomenon. In
the physical world, any quantity exhibiting variation in time or variation in space (such as an
image) is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a physical system,
or convey a message between observers, among other possibilities. The IEEE Transactions on
Signal Processing states that the term \"signal\" includes audio, video, speech, image,
communication, geophysical, sonar, radar, medical and musical signals.
Typically, signals are provided by a sensor, and often the original form of a signal is converted to
another form of energy using a transducer. For example, a microphone converts an acoustic
signal to a voltage waveform, and a speaker does the reverse.
The formal study of the information content of signals is the field of information theory. The
information in a signal is usually accompanied by noise. The term noise usually means an
undesirable random disturbance, but is often extended to include unwanted signals conflicting
with the desired signal (such as crosstalk). The prevention of noise is covered in part under the
heading of signal integrity. The separation of desired signals from a background is the field of
signal recovery, one branch of which is estimation theory, a probabilistic approach to
suppressing random disturbances.
Engineering disciplines such as electrical engineering have led the way in the design, study, and
implementation of systems involving transmission, storage, and manipulation of information. In
the latter half of the 20th century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines,
specialising in the design and analysis of systems that manipulate physical signals; electronic
engineering and computer engineering as examples; while design engineering developed to deal
with functional design of man–machine interfaces.
Definitions specific to sub-fields are common. For example, in information theory, a signal is a
codified message, that is, the sequence of states in a communication channel that encodes a
message.
In the context of signal processing, arbitrary binary data streams are not considered as signals,
but only analog and digital signals that are representations of analog physical quantities.
In a communication system, a transmitter encodes a message to a signal, which is carried to a
receiver by the communications channel. For example, the words \"Mary had a little lamb\"
might be the message spoken into a telephone. The telephone transmitter converts th.
Why do IDPs & IDRs lack structure Lack a ligand or partner Denatu.pdf
Why do IDPs & IDRs lack structure? Lack a ligand or partner? Denatured during isolation?
Folding requires conditions found inside cells? Lack of folding encoded by amino acid
sequence?
Solution
IDPs (Intrinsically disordered protein) and IDRs (Intrinsically disordered regions) lack structure
due to lack of folding encoded by amino acid seuence. In general, IDPs are characterized by a
low content of bulky hydrophobic amino acids and a high proportion of polar and charged amino
acids, usually referred to as low hydrophobicity. This property leads to good interactions with
water. Furthermore, high net charges promote disorder because of electrostatic repulsion
resulting from equally charged residues. Thus disordered sequences cannot sufficiently bury a
hydrophobic core to fold into stable globular proteins. Some proteins are fully disordered while
some are partial. Partial disordered proteins have some disordered regions (IDRs). Hence, IDPs
and IDRs have no fix structure and cover a spectrum of states from fully unstructured to partially
structured and include random coils, (pre-)molten globules, and large multi-domain proteins
connected by flexible linkers..
Write 2 to 3 paragraphs aboutONE DDoS attack that occurred in 2016.pdf
Write 2 to 3 paragraphs about
ONE DDoS attack that occurred in 2016.
1-What techniques were used to launch the attack?
2- Who was the victim?
3-What was the vulnerability in the victim that led to the success of this attack?
4-What are some of the remedial measures, if any, that have been taken after the attack?
Solution
DDOS:
As you may known that DDOS is distribute denial of service which is a kind of DOS .
In a DDOS attack the victims use both the targeted end system and the all the system which are
being used and controlled by the hacker in this attack.
DDOS attack in 2016:
One of the DDOS attack that took place in 2016 is the Dyn cyber attack which took place on
october 21.This involved multiple DDOS aatacks which targets the DNS(Domainn Name
System)provider Dyn.
This attacK caused many internet platforms and services unavailable to the users of Europe and
North America.
Victim of this attack:
New world Hackers and the group anonymous claimed the responsibility for the Dyn cyber
attack.
Techniques used:
Dyn DNS provider is providing the service of mapping an internet domain name to the end
users.when the Dyn provider entered into the web browser they noticed the DDOS attack which
has been accomplished through large number of DNS request.
The attack has been executed through the botnet which consist of large number of internet
connected devices and that has been infected through Mirai malware.
vulnerability:
The vulnerability in the victim is the Mirai botnet with an estimated throughput of 1.2 terabits
per second.According to experts this is the largest DDOS attack.
This attack has been coordinated through internet of things(IOT)..
Why is methyl salicylate not appreciably soluble in waterSoluti.pdf
Why is methyl salicylate not appreciably soluble in water?
Solution
Methyl salicylate is not soluble in water due to the presence of benzene ring which is
hydrophobic in nature leading to dispersion forces between the ester molecules. Secondly, the
presence of OH group gives rise to hydrogen bonding with the water molecules. This hydrogen
bonding is weak in nature since the dispersion forces between the two benzene rings are more
leading to decreased solubility of methyl salicylate in water..
Who are stakeholders Define who they are and then please share what.pdf
Who are stakeholders? Define who they are and then please share what particular interest each of
these stakeholders have in the information shared on the income statement, retained earnings
statement, balance sheet and statement of cash flows. How do we analyze if a company is
healthy or not?
Solution
Stakeholders are those persons or group of persons who have a interest in the company. The
Interest that they have may be financial or non financial, such as an employee has a financial
interest but customers have non-financial interest. Stakeholders are concerned about the working
of a company. Stakeholders are of two types
Various Types of Stakeholders are as follows:-
Different stakeholders have different interests in the company. Various Stakeholders and their
Interests are given below.
1.Customers. Customers have a stake in the goods of the company. Customers need to know that
company is making progress; it increases their confidence in using company’s products. All a
Customer need is Good a quality product with future care. A customer can understand from
Income statements of a company that whether companies do any research expenses to make their
product better for consumption.
2. Employees. Employees wants to see what company pays to them as a compensation for their
hard work. Companies Value added statements show the percentage of revenue distributed to
employees of company. Employees are also concerned about their job security. A profit making
company is suppose to give a satisfaction to employee that he has a good future in company.
3.Government. Government Collects takes which can be ascertained by reviewing Income
statement. Moreover companies help government by providing employment to millions of
people. Government has interest in knowing that companies prepare their financial statements
truthfully and frauds like Enron are not done.
4. Stock Holders. Stock Holders are basically owners of a company, They take major decisions
in working of a company. Results shown by income statements, Balance sheets and cash Flow
Statements help them take future decisions with precision.
5. Society. Society is also concerned about the working of business organizations. They have a
stake in Corporate Social Responsibility policies of a company. Whether company is taking
necessary steps to minimize pollution of water, air, or total environment as a whole. The
employment rate is another example of society’s stake in businesses.
6. Suppliers. Suppliers are Concerned about that cash position of company. The Current ratio of
Company. They supply Inventory so they need to know whether company is able to pay their
dues in time. Cash Flow statements show a supplier the position of cash of a company.
7. Creditors. Creditors are concerned about the payment of their dues.
8. Lenders. Lenders such as Bond Holders or Preference stock holders are concerned about the
efficient of use of their money and the return on their money. No one wants to lend his money to
a c.
What was the biggest problem with the Articles of Confederation They.pdf
What was the biggest problem with the Articles of Confederation? They gave too much
authority to the executive branch The court system lacked judicial review and enforcement
abilities. (, They required unanimous ratification by the states before going into effect. They
swung too far in the direction of limited national government.
Solution
Question 1- Answer is option 4
Question 2- Answer is option 3
Question 3- Answer is option 4
Question 4- Answer is option 2
Question 5- Answer is option 3.
What is UWIN and what does it doSolutionUWin is a software .pdf
What is U/WIN and what does it do?
Solution
U/Win is a software package. It is used to run Unix applications in windows.
For eample if u have some programs which were written for the UNIX environment, you can use
U/WIN to run those programs in windows systems by making few or no changes.
U/WIN contains libraries that emulate UNIX environment by implementing the UNIX API.
Most of the Unix API is implemented by the POSIX.DLL dynamically loaded library (DLL).
Programs linked with POSIX.DLL run under the Win32 subsystem instead of the POSIX
subsystem.
so programs can freely intermix Unix and Win32 library calls..
What sort of archaeological remains have been discovered on the site.pdf
What sort of archaeological remains have been discovered on the site of the ancient city of
Pompeii?
Solution
Answer:
Pompeii located in the Campania region of Italy. It was an ancient Roman city situated near
(around 23 km southeast of) modern Naples which was destroyed (and buried under 4 to 6 meter
of volcanic ash and pumice) by the violent eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
The archaeological remains have been discovered on the site of the ancient city of Pompeii are :.
Link to assignment that I need help with is below httpweb.cse..pdf
Link to assignment that I need help with is below:
http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/cse2123/currentsem/closedlabs/ClosedLab01.html
Solution
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ClosedLab01a
{
// Method to find index of max element in list
private static int findMin(ArrayList list) {
int index = 0;
double minValue = list.get(0);
for (int i = 1; i < list.size(); i++) {
if(list.get(i) < minValue) {
minValue = list.get(i);
index = i;
}
}
return index;
}
// Method to find index of max element in list
private static int findMax(ArrayList list) {
int index = 0;
double maxValue = list.get(0);
for (int i = 1; i < list.size(); i++) {
if(list.get(i) > maxValue) {
maxValue = list.get(i);
index = i;
}
}
return index;
}
// Method to compute average of a list of values.
private static double computeAverage(ArrayList list) {
double average = 0;
for (double value: list) {
average += value;
}
average = average/list.size();
return average;
}
public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(\"Enter a filename: \");
String fname = keyboard.nextLine();
try {
Scanner infile = new Scanner(new File(fname));
ArrayList purchases = new ArrayList();
while(infile.hasNext()) {
double purch=infile.nextDouble();
purchases.add(purch);
}
infile.close();
double average = computeAverage(purchases);
System.out.println(\"The average purchase value was \" + average);
int maxIndex = findMax(purchases);
System.out.println(\"The maximum purchase value is at index (\" + maxIndex + \") and value is
\" + purchases.get(maxIndex));
int minIndex = findMin(purchases);
System.out.println(\"The minimum purchase value is at index (\" + minIndex + \") and value is
\" + purchases.get(minIndex));
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println(\"Error reading file \"+fname+\" \"+e);
}
}
}.
The Food Stamp Program is Americas first line of defense against hu.pdf
The Food Stamp Program is America\'s first line of defense against hunger for millions of
families. Over half of all participants, am children, one out of six is a low-income older adult.
The function, f(x), models the number of people, in millions, receiving food stamps x years after
1990. Use the graph of f(x) given above the answers to the following questions. How many
million people received food stamps in the year 2004? In which year(s) did 22 million people
receive food stamps?
Solution
a) 10 million
draw a vertical line at x=14 (because 2004 = 1990+14 and see where it intersects with the curve)
b)
year 1992 , 2000
draw a horizontal line at y=22 and see where it intersects with the curve
you would see, it intersects at x = 2 , 10
therefore, 1990 +2 , 1990+10
1992 , 2000.
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