In Figure 4B-1- as is common in winter- a very strong contrast in air.docx
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In Figure 4B-1, as is common in winter, a very strong contrast in air masses existed from Canada to Florida, an exceedingly cold Arctic air mass plunged southward. Temperatures in the upper Midwest were well below zero, yet ahead of the fronts, along the Gulf of Mexico, temperatures were well into the 60 s and 70s. Isotherms were close together along the front from the Rocky Mountains to the Southern Plains. 1. Compare the number of isotherms across Kansas to Texas in Figure 4B-1. There is roughly a F contrast. a. 10 b. 30 c. 60 d. 80 There are multiple high pressure centers in Figure 4B-1 which means there are multiple cold air mass regions: in the High Plains, along the East Coast, and eastern Canada. Of those, the high in the Northern High Plains is the coldest. 2. In Figure 4B-1, the leading edge of the Arctic air mass was across northern Texas and the Panhandle. From roughly Tulsa, OK southwest to Dallas/Ft. Worth and Midland, TX, a(n) front curved southwestward, with bitterly cold air to the north of the front and milder, warmer air to the south and west. The greatest thermal contrast was from Midland, TX to Wichita, KS. a. warm b. stationary c. cold d. occluded 3. From west Texas northwest up into Denver, CO, the front was a(n) front. a. cold b. stationary c. warm d. occluded e. none of the above 4. Examine the temperature and wind direction in El Paso and Midland, TX. The direction of winds at these locations brought air flow perpendicular to the 7 0 F isotherm, which would be an example of advection in West Texas. a. warm air b. cold air c. neutral 5. Winds at Wichita, KS and Oklahoma City, OK were from the north at about 15 kts. Wichita, specifically, was located right ahead (south) of the F isotherm lines. a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 6. The wind flow at Wichita oriented almost directly across the isotherms, from temperature. Stations north of the front, including Kansas City, MO and Des Moines, IA, displayed this same pattern of temperatures and air flow. a. colder to warmer b. warmer to colder c. similar d. none of the above 7. From this wind flow, you can conclude that air advection occurred. This flow dominated the Central Plains from Iowa southward. a. cold b. warm 8. Compare the Wichita advection pattern to that of Midland and El Paso. The wind flow and air mass advection on opposing sides of fronts and low pressure centers display air flow advection patterns, which is consistent with the circulation expected around a low pressure center. a. similar b. opposing .
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15- From the wind flow described in -#14- you can conclude that air ad.docx
15. From the wind flow described in \#14, you can conclude that air advection was occurring. This flow was maintained ahead of the front across the Gulf States. a. cold b. warm Stations further south of the front, including the mid-Atlantic, displayed this similar pattern of temperatures and air flow. It is worth noting, however, that the thermal gradient in the midAtlantic was not nearly as sharp as across Georgia and Florida. 16. Compare advection patterns in the Northern Plains-Great Lakes to that of the extreme Northeast. You can conclude that the wind flow and air mass advection on opposing sides of fronts and low-pressure centers display air flow advection patterns, which is consistent with the circulation expected around a low-pressure center. A similar pattern exists when comparing South Carolina to Florida. a. opposing b. similar Figures 1 and 2 show that both types of air advection patterns are often found somewhere on weather maps, regardless of the time of year. The magnitude of advection, however, can be dramatically different depending on the season. In the late winter, the cold temperatures and the closely spaced isotherms reflect strong air advection patterns. In general, 1) stronger winds, 2) more perpendicular flow across isotherms, and 3) closer spacing of isotherms indicate greater thermal advection. As further evidence of robust thermal advection in the more recent case (Figure 2), examine the present weather symbols in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Converging winds help to lift air parcels upward, producing precipitation. As seen here, different types of precipitation were observed due to the contrast in temperatures at such a low latitude. 17. In Figure 2, the strong converging wind flow (winds blowing toward one another) strengthen the temperature gradient and aid in enhancing uplift (enhancing the low-pressure nodes) along the front. By contrast, what would hinder strong air advection patterns? a. Weaker winds b. More oblique (less direct) flow across isotherms c. Widely spaced isotherms d. All of the above As a rule of thumb, wind flow patterns around highs and lows, with associated systems, generally show cold air advection to the east of highs and behind cold fronts (in the Northern Hemisphere). Warm air advection typically occurs ahead of cold fronts, behind warm fronts, and west of highs. Figure 3. NWS U.S. alerts page for 1752 Z 2 FEB 2023. Map boundaries delineated by country, state, county lines, and marine zones. [NWS] 18. Which weather alert was valid the afternoon of 2 February 2023 and was predominantly along the cold side of the front stretching from Quebec to Nebraska? a. Wind Chill Advisory b. High Surf Advisory c. Flood Watch d. Dense Fog Advisory
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DID YOU KNOWAccording to the American Wind Energy Association,.docx
| DID YOU KNOW
According to the American Wind Energy Association, by the end of 2009 U. S. wind energy capacity totaled 35,000 megawatts. One megawatt is enough electricity to supply 250-300 average American households.
trade winds. The remainder travels poleward and is also deflected, generating the prevailing westerlies of the midlati-tudes. As the westerlies move poleward, they encounter the cool polar easterlies in the region of the subpolar low. The interaction of these warm and cool winds produces the stormy belt known as the polar front. The source region for the variable polar easterlies is the polar high. Here, cold polar air is subsiding and spreading equatorward.
In summary, this simplified global circulation is dominated by four pressure zones. The subtropical and polar highs are areas of dry subsiding air that flows outward at the surface, producing the prevailing winds. The low-pressure zones of the equatorial and subpolar regions are associated with inward and upward airflow accompanied by clouds and precipitation.
Influence of Continents
Up to this point, we have described the surface pressure and associated winds as continuous belts around Earth. However, the only truly continuous pressure belt is the subpolar low in the Southern Hemisphere, where the ocean is uninterrupted by landmasses. At other latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, where landmasses break up the ocean surface, large seasonal temperature differences disrupt the pattern, figure i 3. i 6 shows the resulting pressure and wind patterns for January and July. The circulation over the oceans is dominated by semipermanent cells of high pressure in the subtropics and cells of low pressure over the subpolar regions. The subtropical highs are responsible for the trade winds and westerlies, as mentioned earlier.
The large landmasses, on the other hand, particularly Asia, become cold in the winter and develop a seasonal high-pressure system from which surface flow is directed off the land (Figure 13.16). In the summer, the opposite occurs; the landmasses are heated and develop a low-pressure cell, which permits air to flow onto the land. These seasonal changes in wind direction are known as the monsoons. During warm months, areas such as India experience a flow of warm, water-laden air from the Indian Ocean, which produces the rainy summer monsoon. The winter monsoon is dominated by dry continental air. A similar situation exists, but to a lesser extent, over North America.
In summary, the general circulation is produced by semipermanent cells of high and low pressure over the oceans and is complicated by seasonal pressure changes over land.
THE WESTERLIES
The circulation in the midlatitudes, the zone of the westerlies, is complex and does not fit the convection system proposed for the tropics. Between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, the general west-to-east flow is interrupted by the migration of cyclones and anticyclones. In the Northern Hemisphere, thes ...
Air mass
An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties that can cover hundreds of thousands of square miles. Air masses originate over land or water source regions and take on the characteristics of the surface below over time. There are four main types of air masses defined by their source region in tropical or polar latitudes and whether that region is over land or water. When polar air meets warmer air over the United States, it causes the formation of the polar jet stream, a narrow belt of strong winds near the top of the troposphere that influences weather patterns and temperatures in the US.
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The document discusses various weather phenomena including ocean currents, winds, and how they impact climate. It notes that along western coasts currents flow toward the equator bringing cool water, while eastern coasts see currents moving from the equator with warm water. The Gulf Stream significantly warms Europe. Scientists understand how ocean currents affect climate but do not fully comprehend what causes jet streams or trade and prevailing winds.
Recall a front is the line on a surface weather map that mar.pdf
Recall a front is the line on a surface weather map that marks the narrow transition zone between
air masses of different density (due to contrasts in temperature and/or humidity). An air mass, in
turn, is a huge volume of air covering tens of thousands of square kilometers with generally
horizontally uniform temperature and humidity in the horizontal. 1. Cold, dry air is warm, humid air.
Consequently, lighter warmer air is forced to rise above the sloping front overlying denser colder
air. a. denser than b. less dense than 2. Ascending unsaturated air , cooling at about 10C per
1000m of ascent (5.5F per 1000ft.). a. expands b. is compressed3. Warmer air rising above a front
expands and cools as it ascends, and its relative humidity If saturated, clouds develop and rain or
snow may fall from those clouds. a. increases b. decreases c. remains constant 4. The relative
humidity of saturated air is a. 50% b. 98% c. 100% d. 105% Clouds and precipitation can develop
in the ascending branch of a convection current, along a front, and up the windward slopes of a
mountain range. The ascending branch of a convective current may produce an upward billowing
cloud known as a cumulus cloud. For a review of cloud types and their development, see Chapter
7 of the Weather Studies textbook.5. Prevailing upper-level winds blow from west to east across
the United States. Winds blowing onshore from the Pacific Ocean are forced up the windward
slopes of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Pacific Northwest. Hence, the heaviest precipitation
falls on the slopes of the Cascades. a. eastern b. western Precipitation generally forms from the
lifting of humid air, which causes adiabatic cooling of the air and leads to condensation and cloud
formation. Cloud growth can produce water droplets and/or ice particles heavy enough to fall and
reach the surface as precipitation.6. Comparing Figure 7A-1 and Figure 7A-2, the precipitation in
Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York advanced with the occluded and cold fronts toward the This
movement was evident from the drop in air pressure for Pittsburgh, PA as well as precipitation for
Buffalo, NY and Montreal, Canada. a. east b. north c. west d. south7. In Figure 7A-2, there was
rainfall ahead of the cold front in Pennsylvania compared to Figure 7A1. a. less b. more 8. The air
mass on the western flank of the Atlantic anticyclone and ahead of the advancing fronts in the
Southeast in Figure 7A-2 was unseasonably mild. In fact, temperatures in southeast Texas and
Louisiana, to the south and east of the cold front, were generally in the (F). This air mass was
distinct from the air mass to the north of the cold front, where it was cooler with lower dewpoints.
a. 40s b. 50s c. 60s d. 70s.
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2. Land and sea breezes caused by differential heating of land and water.
3. Monsoon winds that change seasonally such as blowing inland in summer and offshore in winter.
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RCEC Email 4.16.03
This document summarizes a new 1,000 year climate study that finds:
1) The 20th century was likely not the warmest century nor an unusually extreme climate period of the last 1,000 years based on a review of over 200 climate studies.
2) Periods like the Medieval Warm Period from around 800-1300 CE and Little Ice Age from around 1400-1900 CE showed that regions worldwide experienced warmer and colder periods than the 20th century.
3) Proxy climate data provides evidence against claims that 20th century warming was unusual, instead showing climate naturally varies on century-long timescales.
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15- From the wind flow described in -#14- you can conclude that air ad.docx
15. From the wind flow described in \#14, you can conclude that air advection was occurring. This flow was maintained ahead of the front across the Gulf States. a. cold b. warm Stations further south of the front, including the mid-Atlantic, displayed this similar pattern of temperatures and air flow. It is worth noting, however, that the thermal gradient in the midAtlantic was not nearly as sharp as across Georgia and Florida. 16. Compare advection patterns in the Northern Plains-Great Lakes to that of the extreme Northeast. You can conclude that the wind flow and air mass advection on opposing sides of fronts and low-pressure centers display air flow advection patterns, which is consistent with the circulation expected around a low-pressure center. A similar pattern exists when comparing South Carolina to Florida. a. opposing b. similar Figures 1 and 2 show that both types of air advection patterns are often found somewhere on weather maps, regardless of the time of year. The magnitude of advection, however, can be dramatically different depending on the season. In the late winter, the cold temperatures and the closely spaced isotherms reflect strong air advection patterns. In general, 1) stronger winds, 2) more perpendicular flow across isotherms, and 3) closer spacing of isotherms indicate greater thermal advection. As further evidence of robust thermal advection in the more recent case (Figure 2), examine the present weather symbols in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Converging winds help to lift air parcels upward, producing precipitation. As seen here, different types of precipitation were observed due to the contrast in temperatures at such a low latitude. 17. In Figure 2, the strong converging wind flow (winds blowing toward one another) strengthen the temperature gradient and aid in enhancing uplift (enhancing the low-pressure nodes) along the front. By contrast, what would hinder strong air advection patterns? a. Weaker winds b. More oblique (less direct) flow across isotherms c. Widely spaced isotherms d. All of the above As a rule of thumb, wind flow patterns around highs and lows, with associated systems, generally show cold air advection to the east of highs and behind cold fronts (in the Northern Hemisphere). Warm air advection typically occurs ahead of cold fronts, behind warm fronts, and west of highs. Figure 3. NWS U.S. alerts page for 1752 Z 2 FEB 2023. Map boundaries delineated by country, state, county lines, and marine zones. [NWS] 18. Which weather alert was valid the afternoon of 2 February 2023 and was predominantly along the cold side of the front stretching from Quebec to Nebraska? a. Wind Chill Advisory b. High Surf Advisory c. Flood Watch d. Dense Fog Advisory
.
DID YOU KNOWAccording to the American Wind Energy Association,.docx
| DID YOU KNOW
According to the American Wind Energy Association, by the end of 2009 U. S. wind energy capacity totaled 35,000 megawatts. One megawatt is enough electricity to supply 250-300 average American households.
trade winds. The remainder travels poleward and is also deflected, generating the prevailing westerlies of the midlati-tudes. As the westerlies move poleward, they encounter the cool polar easterlies in the region of the subpolar low. The interaction of these warm and cool winds produces the stormy belt known as the polar front. The source region for the variable polar easterlies is the polar high. Here, cold polar air is subsiding and spreading equatorward.
In summary, this simplified global circulation is dominated by four pressure zones. The subtropical and polar highs are areas of dry subsiding air that flows outward at the surface, producing the prevailing winds. The low-pressure zones of the equatorial and subpolar regions are associated with inward and upward airflow accompanied by clouds and precipitation.
Influence of Continents
Up to this point, we have described the surface pressure and associated winds as continuous belts around Earth. However, the only truly continuous pressure belt is the subpolar low in the Southern Hemisphere, where the ocean is uninterrupted by landmasses. At other latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, where landmasses break up the ocean surface, large seasonal temperature differences disrupt the pattern, figure i 3. i 6 shows the resulting pressure and wind patterns for January and July. The circulation over the oceans is dominated by semipermanent cells of high pressure in the subtropics and cells of low pressure over the subpolar regions. The subtropical highs are responsible for the trade winds and westerlies, as mentioned earlier.
The large landmasses, on the other hand, particularly Asia, become cold in the winter and develop a seasonal high-pressure system from which surface flow is directed off the land (Figure 13.16). In the summer, the opposite occurs; the landmasses are heated and develop a low-pressure cell, which permits air to flow onto the land. These seasonal changes in wind direction are known as the monsoons. During warm months, areas such as India experience a flow of warm, water-laden air from the Indian Ocean, which produces the rainy summer monsoon. The winter monsoon is dominated by dry continental air. A similar situation exists, but to a lesser extent, over North America.
In summary, the general circulation is produced by semipermanent cells of high and low pressure over the oceans and is complicated by seasonal pressure changes over land.
THE WESTERLIES
The circulation in the midlatitudes, the zone of the westerlies, is complex and does not fit the convection system proposed for the tropics. Between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, the general west-to-east flow is interrupted by the migration of cyclones and anticyclones. In the Northern Hemisphere, thes ...
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An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties that can cover hundreds of thousands of square miles. Air masses originate over land or water source regions and take on the characteristics of the surface below over time. There are four main types of air masses defined by their source region in tropical or polar latitudes and whether that region is over land or water. When polar air meets warmer air over the United States, it causes the formation of the polar jet stream, a narrow belt of strong winds near the top of the troposphere that influences weather patterns and temperatures in the US.
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The document discusses various weather phenomena including ocean currents, winds, and how they impact climate. It notes that along western coasts currents flow toward the equator bringing cool water, while eastern coasts see currents moving from the equator with warm water. The Gulf Stream significantly warms Europe. Scientists understand how ocean currents affect climate but do not fully comprehend what causes jet streams or trade and prevailing winds.
Recall a front is the line on a surface weather map that mar.pdf
Recall a front is the line on a surface weather map that marks the narrow transition zone between
air masses of different density (due to contrasts in temperature and/or humidity). An air mass, in
turn, is a huge volume of air covering tens of thousands of square kilometers with generally
horizontally uniform temperature and humidity in the horizontal. 1. Cold, dry air is warm, humid air.
Consequently, lighter warmer air is forced to rise above the sloping front overlying denser colder
air. a. denser than b. less dense than 2. Ascending unsaturated air , cooling at about 10C per
1000m of ascent (5.5F per 1000ft.). a. expands b. is compressed3. Warmer air rising above a front
expands and cools as it ascends, and its relative humidity If saturated, clouds develop and rain or
snow may fall from those clouds. a. increases b. decreases c. remains constant 4. The relative
humidity of saturated air is a. 50% b. 98% c. 100% d. 105% Clouds and precipitation can develop
in the ascending branch of a convection current, along a front, and up the windward slopes of a
mountain range. The ascending branch of a convective current may produce an upward billowing
cloud known as a cumulus cloud. For a review of cloud types and their development, see Chapter
7 of the Weather Studies textbook.5. Prevailing upper-level winds blow from west to east across
the United States. Winds blowing onshore from the Pacific Ocean are forced up the windward
slopes of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Pacific Northwest. Hence, the heaviest precipitation
falls on the slopes of the Cascades. a. eastern b. western Precipitation generally forms from the
lifting of humid air, which causes adiabatic cooling of the air and leads to condensation and cloud
formation. Cloud growth can produce water droplets and/or ice particles heavy enough to fall and
reach the surface as precipitation.6. Comparing Figure 7A-1 and Figure 7A-2, the precipitation in
Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York advanced with the occluded and cold fronts toward the This
movement was evident from the drop in air pressure for Pittsburgh, PA as well as precipitation for
Buffalo, NY and Montreal, Canada. a. east b. north c. west d. south7. In Figure 7A-2, there was
rainfall ahead of the cold front in Pennsylvania compared to Figure 7A1. a. less b. more 8. The air
mass on the western flank of the Atlantic anticyclone and ahead of the advancing fronts in the
Southeast in Figure 7A-2 was unseasonably mild. In fact, temperatures in southeast Texas and
Louisiana, to the south and east of the cold front, were generally in the (F). This air mass was
distinct from the air mass to the north of the cold front, where it was cooler with lower dewpoints.
a. 40s b. 50s c. 60s d. 70s.
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The document discusses various atmospheric circulation patterns including:
1. Isobars and pressure gradients shown on a chart with temperatures and wind directions.
2. Land and sea breezes caused by differential heating of land and water.
3. Monsoon winds that change seasonally such as blowing inland in summer and offshore in winter.
4. Downslope and katabatic winds such as chinooks that descend and warm dry slopes of mountains.
5. Santa Ana winds that sweep through Los Angeles, descending from hot deserts and compressing to become warmer and drier.
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This document summarizes a new 1,000 year climate study that finds:
1) The 20th century was likely not the warmest century nor an unusually extreme climate period of the last 1,000 years based on a review of over 200 climate studies.
2) Periods like the Medieval Warm Period from around 800-1300 CE and Little Ice Age from around 1400-1900 CE showed that regions worldwide experienced warmer and colder periods than the 20th century.
3) Proxy climate data provides evidence against claims that 20th century warming was unusual, instead showing climate naturally varies on century-long timescales.
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This document summarizes a new study that challenges the idea that the 20th century was the warmest of the last 1,000 years. The study, led by researchers at Harvard University, reviewed over 200 climate studies and found evidence that periods like the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age were globally warm and cold, respectively. This suggests climate varies naturally on long timescales. The evidence does not support claims that late 20th century warming was unusual or caused by human activity like increased CO2 emissions. The implications are that policies like the Kyoto Protocol, which aim to cut emissions due to warming concerns, may be premature and risk economic harm for little benefit. More research is needed given uncertainties around predicting climate change.
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This document summarizes and critiques several recent media reports and portrayals of climate change:
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- It disputes claims by David Suzuki that winters started later where he grew up, finding temperature data for the area shows it has actually cooled in recent decades.
- It notes two new critiques of climate stories on a Canadian website.
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This document contains a summary of an article criticizing claims made in the TV show West Wing and by David Suzuki about climate change in Alaska and Canada. It argues that claims of a 7 degree warming in Alaska over 30 years and winter arriving later in London, Ontario are not supported by temperature records from those locations, which instead show little warming or even slight cooling trends. It criticizes media and organizations for perpetuating exaggerated claims about climate change that are not backed by data.
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spring and summer, and mixing of upper cooler water with lower warmer water reduces the rate
of cooling during the fall and winter. c. Evaporation: As we will see in much more detail in
Laboratory 7, evaporation uses energy and is a cooling process; there is much more evaporation
over water surfaces than over land surfaces; this results in slower warming of water surfaces than
of land surfaces as much of the energy that would be used for heating the surface is instead used
for evaporation. d. Specific heat: Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of a given substance; the specific heat of water is about three times greater than that
of land; even ignoring the other factors listed above, this would result in a slower rate of
warming of water than of land. e. Heat capacity: Water can store heat energy better than can
land; a given volume of water having the same temperature as the same volume of land will be
storing more heat energy than the land; as a result, more heat energy must be lost from a given
volume of water for it to cool a given number of degrees than must be lost from the same volume
of land for it to cool the same amount. (B-1) Match each of the five factors listed below, with the
appropriate statement A, B, or C. Statement A: This factor results in a water surface heating
more slowly than a land surface. Statement B: This factor results in a water surfice cooling down
more slowly than a land surface. Statement C: This factor results in a water surface both heating
more slowly and cooling down more slowly than a land surface. The differential heating of land
and water has a major influence on global temperature patterns. All else being equal, areas far
removed from a large water body experience the greatest annual temperature ranges (i.e., the
greatest differences between summer and winter temperatures). These land areas far from the
influence of water are referred to as continental. Areas near the moderating water bodies are
referred to as being marine. (B-2) The two temperature graphs below are for locations that are
similar in terms of their latitude and the other temperature controls that we will discuss shortly.
However, one of these graphs is for a continental location, while the other is for a marine
location. Which of the graphs is for a continental location? Briefly explain. C: Ocean Currents A
series of surface currents exist in the world's oceans. These currents are generally strongest near
the coasts. Especially in the mid-latitudes, the water temperatures associated with these currents
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#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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