e-learning tool, prototype, English for economists and business management

1. Boost your English, and act in an international
context - Gwendal IDOT (Promotion IGS RH 2017)

2. 1. How do you feel with your English in Business
Management?
2. Have you had any opportunities to practice your English in
recent month ? Please tell us about yourself in on page.
3. Did you try to use a computer-assisted translation like
Google translation before sending your cover letter ? The
computer is fast but the syntax and style are very poor. And
this produces a lot of gibberish. Here we will show you how
to improve your English, and at in an international context.

3. What is Anglo-Saxon culture?
Hollywood
CNN
McDonald’s
Microsoft
Apple
Marvel
Malboro
Coca Cola
Stephen King
…etc.
 Mark Twain
 Shakespeare
 Dickens
 Pierce
 Carroll
 Ray Bradbury
 Philip K. Dick
 Steinbeck
 Jack London
 Hemingway
 Asimov
 Melville
 Joyce
 Adam Smith
 Jonathan Swift
 Russell
 Keynes
 Stevenson
 Henry James
 Bentham
 Hobbes
 Darwin
 J. Locke
 Berkeley
 Hume
 Bacon
This is what you see :
This is what you may
find in the deep
structure

4. …AND MAKE A GREAT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBISH / ENGLISH.
FROM “GIBBERISH” TO UNDERSTANDABLE :
TEST YOUR GULLIBILITY…

5. Test / Translate
1. Ces remarques s’adressaient aux
expérimentateurs.
2. Du fait de leur sensibilité, ces matériaux offrent
la possibilité d’être configurés en éléments
d’ordinateurs.
3. A cours de ces trente dernières années
l’application de cette méthode est devenue de
plus en plus complexe.
4. Ces faits infirmaient notre hypothèse.
5. Ce chiffre atteindra 20% d’ici 2025.

6. 1. These remarks were aimed at experimentalists.
2. Owing to their sensitivity, these materials have
the potential to be fashioned into data-
processing elements.
3. During (« Over ») the past three decades, the
application of this method has become more
and more sophisticated.
4. These facts belied our assumption.
5. This figure will climb to / reach 20% by 2025.
Corrections

7. Test / Translate
6. Ce type de matériaux est étudié
actuellement.
7. Ceci est une idée très générale qu’un
exemple sera mieux à même d’éclairer.
8. Etant donné que ce modèle n’a pas été
complètement validé par l’expérience, ces
résultats restent provisoires.
9. Ces questions sont toujours sans réponse.
10.Ces méthodes se sont avérées efficaces.

8. 6. This type of material is currently being studied.
7. This is a very general idea (a « broad concept »)
and is perhaps best elucidated by an example.
8. In view of the fact that the model has not been
completely validated by experiment, these
results remains provisional.
9. These questions still await answers/ have yet to
be answered/ are still unanswered.
10.These methods have proved to be effective.
Corrections

9. Test / Translate
11.Cette recherche n’en est qu’à ces débuts.
12.Un compte rendu en ayant été donné
ailleurs, nous ne discuterons pas en détail de
ces résultats.
13.Ce graphique est représenté sur la figure 4.
14.La probabilité que les deux phénomènes
soient liés est faible.
15.L’optimisation consiste à trouver la meilleure
solution à un problème particulier.

10. 11.This research is still in a nascent stage (in « its
infancy »).
12.This results are not discussed in detail as they
have been reported elsewhere.
13.This graph is plotted on Fig. 4.
14.The likelihood that the two phenomena are
related is rather small/ It is unlikely that the two
phenomena are related.
15.Optimisation consists of/in finding the best
solution to a particular problem.
Corrections

11. 1 11
2 12
3 13
5 14
6 15
7
8
9
10
How many correct answers ?

12. PART 1
LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT

13. « This is a new
approach of the
problem »
(of?)
« I attended to the
lecture »
(to?)
« One needs no
particular experience
on bond graph
modelisation » (on?
Modelisation?)
« There is a great
difference between
both countries. »
(both?)
Find the
mistakes
x
Did you know ?
to
In … modelling the two

14. False friends
1. To achieve, an
achievement
2. Actual, actually
3. Agenda
4. Benefit
5. Chance
6. To claim
7. Compass
1. To end, complete,
finish.
2. At present, present,
current, topical
3. Diary
4. Profit
5. Luck
6. To proclaim
7. A pair of compasses

15. « It cannot be assigned to
the radial feeders
because they are all yet
taken»
(they are all yet ?)
« We have the same
efficiency than in the
previous case»
(than?)
« In the following, we shall
study several examples».
( following?)
« Quantitative
conclusions will be
drawn by consideration
of the following curves »
(consideration of?)
Find the
mistakes
as
Did you know ?
All of them
are have
allready been
Following sections examining

16. English Translate
To Attend to Assister à
Bond graph
Représentation graphique de liens
(connections)
Radial feeders Chargeurs branchés en parallèle
Attach these notes to a vocabulary book
Note the words you want to search in the dictionary.

17. False friends
1. Comprehensive
2. Deceive
3. Delay
4. Editor
5. Experience
6. To expose
7. Hazard / hazardous
8. Mechanic
9. Physician
10. Prejudice
1. Understanding
2. To disappoint
3. Waiting time
4. Publisher
5. To expound, to display
6. To proclaim
7. Chance
8. Mechanics
9. Physicist
10. Loss, damage

18. Sentences
A
Even this quadrupling of per capita wealth would provide income levels in 2025
only one third those in US today
B The growth of toxic-gas emissions could be reduced by 255 million tons
C Bone growth in one third of children is retarded by 10 months or more.
D
They conclude that a rise in sea level should not exceed 20 to 55 millimeters
per decade.
E
On the whole, this projection of the future development of the world economy
suggest that :
F
To what extent do these conclusions depend on the starting assumptions ?
Overall, more than 200 variables enter into these equations. These remarks
were aimed at experimentalists.
G Such activities are more akin to the catastrophic forms of natural disturbance
1. Tell a story introducing an order in these sentences (like a
« PERT » you would say in « Managerese » )
Now using bold expressions, tell a story
that relates to your work experience.
Managerese is a word invented by A.
Bulger in ASSIMIL Improve your English.

19. Practical dictionary
A Do you make differences?
Across/
through
(1)
Are you through with it? /
Jenny and I are through / He
ran across the ploughed field /
He ran through the field of
maize
Afraid of/
afraid to
He’s afraid to go out at
night/he’s afraid of going out
at night (2)
Ago/since
It is three years since they
moved to Bath/ He arrived 5
years ago (3)
 (1) Souvent traduits en français de la
même manière : « à travers », leurs sens
sont différents : « through the wall »
/ « Across the street ». (2) l’idée / le fait
de. (3) « Since » peut remplacer « Ago »
dans certaines tournures. Autrement
« How long ago ? » et « Since when ?»
sont bien différents.
Correction du “PERT” :
Politicians on the changing climate
On one side E – B – C –
On the other side A – D – F . But G

20. Practical dictionary
A Do you make differences?
Agree (with/
about/ to/
that)
I agree that …/ they agreed
to … (1)
All/whole
The whole of the story/ the
whole day/ all day/ all his
life/ his whole life (2)
Almost/
nearly
He almost/nearly missed
the train (3)
 (1) Selon le contexte « Agree » prend des
sens différents: je suis d’accord avec vous
/ ils ne sont pas d’accord sur le salaire/
Son père ne sera pas d’accord/ Je
reconnais que …/Ils ont accepté ensemble
de… (2) « toute la journée » / « la journée
entière ». (3) En général les deux sont
substituables. Dans certains cas « almost »
seulement s’emploie (s’il y a une négation
dans la phrase, ou employé avec
« before ») : je ne vais presque jamais au
théâtre/ Pratiquement avant que j’aie fini,
il contestait déjà.

21. « the modelling phasis
and the criterium
choice are two crucial
points»
(phasis…criterium?)
« There have been
recently a
considerable progress
in understanding
theoretical models».
(have been…recently?)
« The windmill boat
will be as easy to drive
than a motor boat ».
(than?)
« This is a very
powerfull method.»
( powerfull?)
Find the
mistakes
Recently,
…has been
Did you know ?
phase……
criterion
as powerful

22. Practical dictionary
A Do you make differences?
Also/too
Ann can speak French.
Jenny too can speak French.
/ Ann can speak French.
Jenny can also speak French
(1)
As/like As an Irishman / Like an
Irishman (2)
As if/ as
though
It sounds as if / though they
are having a row. (3)
Account for
Transportation still accounts
for 40% of all hydrocarbon
emissions / we then
consider certain
observations which a
satisfactory theory of pain
must account for. (4)
 (1) A la construction syntaxique près
« Also » et « Too » sont substituables. (2)
« En tant que » / « Par comparaison à ».
(3) Ils sont parfaitement synonymes. (4)
Représenter / être expliqué par.

23. « Many properties of
the system can be
easily pointed out »
(be?)
« This was the reason
of his success »
(of?)
« When the module
giving access to the
BG model will be
finished, we will be
able to add or
suppress bond » (will
be?)
« Prices have
increased of two per
cent » (of?)
Find the
mistakes
for
Did you know ?
x… be
is …will be
by

24. English Translate
To add or suppress bond Ajouter ou supprimer des liens
Attach these notes to a vocabulary book
Note the words you want to search in the dictionary.

25. Sentences
A
The purpose of this paper is to illuminate some of the issues
involved in taking advantage of the current advances in
computer hardware technology
B
Our approach in this paper is to first establish a macroscopic
description.
C
Our view is that, given mobility of ressources, it seems more
plausible that the demand is variable.
D
The consumption can be expected to increase far quicker than it
would otherwise.
E Clearly, these approaches often contradict one another
F A number of us have put forth a third idea
2. Tell a story introducing an order in these sentences. « PERT »
Now using bold expressions, tell a story
that relates to your work experience.

26. Practical dictionary
B – E Do you make differences?
Better/Bes
t
Which American writer do
you like best ?/ Which jam do
you like better? (1)
Can/could
/was able
to
He couldn’t start his car last
night/ She wasn’t able to be
on time (2)
Carry on /
out
I can only carry on one
conversation at a time / the
scientists carried out DNA
analysis in 1,000 criminal
investigations. (3)
Consist of
/ on
The plastic composites
generally consist of resins
such as polyester, epoxy, vinyl
ester and urethane / the test
consists in checking the
accuracy of the solution (4)
 (1) « Better » suppose seulement deux
éléments comparés. (2) Une possibilité
matérielle / l’aptitude intrinsèque d’une
personne. (3) Mener / effectuer. (4)
constituer de / constituer en.
Correction du PERT :
Making a point at a meeting A - B – C – D
Avoiding the conclusion : E- F

27. « One of the main
objectives of this paper is
to make possible a
collaboration in this
field »
(make possible a ?)
« A procedure in order
to obtain such a
description is
proposed in Ref. 5 »
(in order?)
« These experiments
do not require any
expensive
equipment ». (?)
« In section 3, we shall
describe experiments
that will both confirm and
precise the theoretical
predictions.»
( precise?)
Find the
mistakes
for
obtaining
Did you know ?
favour
Correct! specify

28. Practical dictionary
E– M Do you make differences?
Every/ all/
each
Every gamber wants to win/
All gamblers want to win/
Each gambler staked 50
euros (1)
Few
(a)/Little (a)
We’ve got very little time /
I’ve got a few friends there/
I’ve got few friends/ She
needs a few dollars (2)
Look/watch
He looked at the television
set/ He watched the
television (3)
Make/do
She’s making progress /
She’s doing very well at
school (4)
 (1) « Every » et « Each » paraissent
synonymes. C’est faux. « Each » se traduit
par « Chacun », et « Every » par « Tous ».
Pourtant « Tous » avec « Every » ou avec
« All » ne signifie pas le même. Ce dernier
désigne la globalité, « Tous
indifféremment », alors que le premier
désigne « Tous sans exception ». (2)
« Few » s’emploie avec un dénombrable
(eggs, dollars, storms..) / « Little » avec un
indénombrable (milk, money, rain…). A
part cela « few friends » et « a few
friends » signifient l’opposé : peu /
quelques, plusieurs. (3) regarder l’objet
l’animal, la personne / regarder une
émission ou des émissions, les animaux,
les gens. (4) Soit un procédé est sous-
entendu soit une action générale et vague
avec « make » / avec « do » c’est soit une
simple activité soit un acte efficient.

29. « In one hand, we can
use a correlation
between the rays and
the energy…»
(in?)
« The data base
contains different
informations »
(informations?)
« There is still a
double problem »
(double?)
« We consider these
processes as well in
their Markovian
acceptation as in their
time series aspect» (as
well?)
Find the
mistakes
information
Did you know?
On the
Two-fold X … as well as

30. False friends
1. To resume
2. Actual, actually
3. Sensible
4. Sympathetic
5. To terminate
6. To claim
1. To sum up, summarize
2. At present, present,
current, topical
3. Sensitive
4. Friendly, nice
5. To end
6. To proclaim

31. « We prefer to let the
controlled variable
unchanged»
(let?)
« These images
constitute actually 2-D
projections »
(…actually?)
« A set of images of a
ribosome allows to
recognize that some masses
have in fact two
components».
( allows to?)
« This method requires
the designer to start in
defining the results to
obtain.» (in…to obtain?)
Find the
mistakes
actually
constitute…
Did you know ?
leave
allows one to
to start defining…to be
obtained

32. « There are mainly short-
range migrations when
the doses increase from
1,000 to 2,000»
(increase?)
« Let us give some
examples of the kind of
questions for which an
answer will be possible in
our framework»
(for which?)
« One should therefore use
average figures if such
statistics would be
available».
( would be?)
« Various techniques
have led to define the
rigid model already
mentioned.» (to define?)
Find the
mistakes
That we will
be able to
answer in
our…
Did you know ?
are increased
were us the definition of

33. short-range De petite portée
framework cadre

34. Sentences
A
In most series, the dates of the troughs and peaks of the specific cycles are fairly clear, but in some cases,
they are obscured by erratic fluctuations.
B
The derivation of a reference scale of business cycles raises numerous problems. But we suppose that
despite the transformations of economic systems, some mechanisms remain unchanged.
C
Yet the issue is full of complexities. Our solution of this difficulty is to express the rise from the trough to the
peak as a percentage of the average value of the section.
D
Optimisation is the problem of finding the best solution to a particular problem. To reduce this difficulty, we
use monthly averages in handling cyclical phases.
E
Yet, such claims can be dubious. A more serious difficulty is that our measure of amplitude is not entirely
independent of the unit in which the data are expressed.
F
Another troublesome point is that our rules for identifying specific cycles sometimes fail to yield clear-cut
results.
G
To test whether the theory is a reasonable approximation, we examined cross-section strat data. An
investigator who seeks earnestly to discover the cause of business cycles should not restrict himself to
testing any single hypothesis.
3. Tell a story introducing an order in these sentences.

35. Practical dictionary
M Do you make differences?
Either
/neither
We can go either pub/ I
have neither book/ Neither
road goes to York/ Either
road goes to York (1)
May/Might
He might play football/ He
might be playing / She
might have left her purse at
home (2)
Most/ most
of
Most certainly / Most
cameras are made in Japan
/ Most of cameras I saw
were expensive. (3)
Must / Have
to
She must be rich / There
has to be a way out (4)
 (1) Sous entendu « chacun/aucun des deux qui
se présentent ». Par ailleurs « Either …or » et
« Neither…nor » s’emploient de façon
symétrique. Le cas « Either you behave, or you
leave » rompt avec cette symétrie. (2) son sport
est peut-être le foot / Peut-être joue-t-il en ce
moment. « Might have » peut avoir trois sens :
reproche (« he might have passed if he’d
practised »), incertitude (« she might have been
crying »), hypothèse rétrospective. (3) « Most »
seul désigne une généralité/ « Most of » désigne
un dénombrable. Dans les deux cas le français
traduit par « La plupart ». (4) Avant de parler
d’un « Must have » l’anglais distingue par ces
deux emplois une conviction et une déduction.
Ce que le français traduit presque pareil comme
une obligation.
Correction du “PERT” :
Presenting business issues : A- B
Suggesting a solution : C- D
Examining the real problem : E- F
More sophisticated solutions : G

36. Practical dictionary
M - Q Do you make differences?
Mustn’t/
needn’t
You mustn’t stay here/You
needn’t hurry/ You must
hurry (1)
Quite/rather
It’s quite warm today / It’s
rather warm today (2)
 (1) « mustn’t stay » peut être suivi de
« needn’t hurry » / « must hurry » selon
la manière de l’appliquer . (2) « Quite »
(plutôt / tout à fait) / « Rather » (assez)
est proche du premier sens de « Quite ».

37. « Our model is very close
to the particle-cluster
model»
(close ?)
« This iterative model
considers the motion
of single particles one
after one »
(one?)
« The influence of the
Tertiary compression on the
oil fields is negligeable
probably the result of being
far away from the overthrust
zone». ( negligeable?)
« Our model has fractal
dimension definitely
different from the one of
the particle-cluster
model.» ( from the one
of?)
Find the
mistakes
the other
Did you know ?
similar
As a result of their
distance from the
overthrust zone, the
influence of…negligible.
from that of

38. « We shall not take into
account in this study
other types of neurons»
(…in this study…?)
« A new input-output
approach is given that
seems us easier to
understand »
(seems to us?)
« Section 3 is devoted to
prove that there exists a
threshold».
( prove…there exists?)
« We shall analyse
several problems that
engineers may encounter
like bump transfer.»
( like?)
Find the
mistakes
we find
Did you know ?
In this
study,…
to proving…there is such as

39. English Translate
particle-cluster model Model d’agrégat de particules
the overthrust zone La zone de dépassement
bump transfer Transfert de masse
threshold seuil
Attach these notes to a vocabulary book
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40. Words of Latin or Greek origin often retain their
original plural form, but not always.
1. Area
2. Alumnus
3. Appendix
4. Automaton
5. Axis
6. Criterion
7. Continuum
8. Datum
9. Equilibrium
10. Focus
1. Areas (surfaces, aires)
2. Alumni (élèves)
3. Appendices (annexes)
4. Automata (automates)
5. Axes (axes)
6. Criteria (critères)
7. Continua (continuums)
8. Data (données)
9. Equilibria (équilibres)
10. Foci / focuses (foyers,
centres)

41. Practical dictionary
R - S Do you make differences?
Remember /
remind
Remember to post the mail/
Remind me to post the mail (1)
Result from /
in
The autoradiograph resulting
from such a probe will show
alleles of two distinct sizes /
changing a neutron into a
proton would result in a lighter
atom (2)
Say/tell
He didn’t say anything to her/
He said he was 21/ He told me
he was 21 (3)
Shall/should
He shall obey / It is ludicrous
that we should wear a badge
in our own office (4)
 (1) « Remember » se souvenir de façon
autonome / « Remind » faire penser à
quelqu’un. (2) issu de / aboutir à. (3)
« Say » se réfère à l’émetteur avec ou
sans récepteur précis / « Tell »
s’emploie avec un récepteur. (4)
« Shall » renforce l’obligation /
« Should » émet un doute.

42. « There has not been a
sensible increase in
the last months»
(sensible?)
« The division of the
plant in its functional
components is
essential »
(in its?)
« However, it exists at
least two ways to
increase the rejection
rate » (it exists?)
« We discuss in this
paper an application of
information theory» (
we discuss?)
Find the
mistakes
Into its
Did you know ?
significant
There are
In this paper we shall
discuss

43. English Translate
the rejection rate Taux de rejet
Attach these notes to a vocabulary book
Note the words you want to search in the dictionary.

44. «These activities are the
most successful ones in
realizing the multiple
objectives of a given
farm »
(realizing?)
« Most of publications
use the classical ways to
determine the parameters
which…»
(of?)
« The servomotors used for these
operations are dependent
systems of which the adjustment
is a compromise between
precision and stability ».
( of which the?)
« The simulation permitted
us to test different
hypothesis in view to
improve the performance of
the system » (hypothesis in
view…improve?)
Find the
mistakes
x
Did you know ?
achieving
whose
Hypotheses with a view
to improving

45. Words of Latin or Greek origin often retain their
original plural form, but not always.
1. Formula
2. Fulcrum
3. Fungus
4. Genus
5. Hyperbola
6. Hypothesis
7. Index
8. Inertia
9. Locus
10. Maximum
1. Formulae (formules)
2. Fulcrums/fulcra (points
d’appui)
3. Fungi (champignons)
4. Genera (genres)
5. Hyperbolae (hyperboles)
6. Hypotheses (hypothèses)
7. Indexes, indices(index)
8. Inertiae/inertias (inerties)
9. Loci(Lieu, point)
10. Maxima (maximums)

46. «The software can also
single out the different
types of feeders on the
cartridge with a view of
testing the integrators.»
(of?)
« The workcell is
constitued with 8
elements»
(…constitued ?)
« The elements will be set up
as near as possible from the
place where the board must
be positionned».
( near…from?)
« It as been verified in a
second time by means of
simulation » (in a second
time?)
Find the
mistakes
made up of
Did you know ?
to
close…to also

47. «The power will be
transformed into a thrust
much in the same way
than in the first model»
(than?)
« The flat troughs pattern
is largely independent
upon local conditions»
(troughs…upon)
« By mere curiosity, let us
look at precipitation data».
( By?)
« This not only implies that
the range of city-sizes
becomes streched over ever
larger intervals, it also
means that… » (This?)
Find the
mistakes
Trough…of
Did you know ?
as
Out of Not only does this
imply

48. Words of Latin or Greek origin often retain their
original plural form, but not always.
1. Millenium
2. Minimum
3. Phenomenon
4. Radius
5. Spectrum
1. Millennia (millénaires)
2. Minima (minimums)
3. Phenomena
(phénomènes)
4. Radii (rayons)
5. Spectra (spectres)
 One of the difficulties Frenchmen are meeting when learning English:
they cannot tell, but they have this strange feeling indeed. Why ?
the Frenchmen think, unconsciously, that their language is closer to
Latin than English. Which is wrong, as you can see now. The plural of
latin words remains often unchanged in English. Did you know That ?

49. «Despite of the
transformation of
economic systems, some
mechanisms remain
unchanged»
(Despite?)
« The test for normality
becomes thus a test for
linearity»
(…becomes thus?)
« Since 1920-1930 a world-
wide integration process is
under way for the wheat
market».
( is?)
« In order that the software
would distinguish between
the various types of feeders,
it must dispose of a library of
component shapes » (In
order that…would..…dispose
of…shapes?)
Find the
mistakes
Thus
becomes
Did you know ?
In spite of
Has been
For…to
distinguish…have…….
available

50. «The interaction is
dependent upon the
existence or inexistence
of customs barriers»
(inexistence?)
« The basic evolution
equations of
meteorological systems
are well-known in
contrast to economic
systems»
(…in contrast to?)
« We desire to cure this last
incoherence».
( desire to cure?)
« This puts a new light on
the problem of
randomness of price
series » (puts a… ?)
Find the
mistakes
Contrary to
economic
systems,…
Did you know ?
Lack of
existence
Wish to remedy throws

51. « In the accomplishment of a
complex task, complete
conformity to the orders can be
obtained only at considerable
cost»
(accomplishment ….conformity
to ?)
« The second reasoning
is less general but, we
think so, more
illuminating»
(so?)
« As noticed in the beginning
of section 4».
( in?)
« Subformal
communication can have
a quite negative effect »
(a quite negative?)
Find the
mistakes
It is
Did you know ?
Performance
…compliance
with
at Quite an adverse

52. Attach these notes to a vocabulary book
Note the words you want to search in the dictionary.
English Translate
thrust poussée
streched étiré
cartridge cartouche
the wheat Le blé
randomness Le hasard

53. Sentences
A This permits the user to trade accuracy for computation time
B
The proliferation of different approaches to solving similar problems in computer
software will result in more dangerous software.
C
With the help of sophisticated computer models and information gleaned from a
number of sources, the specialists produced reliable models.
D
Computer software is crucial for the safe operation of railways, hospital equipment
and aircraft.
E
Unless new devices are developed that perform reliably and consume less power,
a limit on the number of components per chip will be reached.
F
Given the potential for constructing parts from networks of clusters, it may
eventually be possible to make electronic devices on a molecular scale
G
Owing to their sensitivity, these materials have the potential to be fashioned into
data-processing elements.
4. Tell a story introducing an order in these sentences.
Now using bold expressions, tell a story
that relates to your work experience.

54. Practical dictionary
S
Do you make
differences?
Should/ought
to
She should pass her
exams/ It ought to
brighten up (1)
Small/ little
She’s small for her age/
She’s a nice little girl (2)
Somewhat/so
mehow
I was somewhat
surprised / I’ll manage
somehow (3)
 (1) Le français traduit pas « devrait », mais
l’anglais distingue si c’est l’opinion de celui
qui parle, ou une expectation sur les
évènements extérieurs. (2) deux mots
synonymes en français. « Little » apporte
une connotation subjective. (3) « Quelque
peu »/ « d’une manière ou d’une autre ».
Correction PERT :
Presenting the issue : D - A
Explaining the complications : E – B
The solution : C- F- G

55. « This means physically
that all particles have the
same chance to
evaporate»
(chance to evaporate?)
« See Michel Serres
for a review of
different aspects of
recent researches »
(of…researches?)
« This data base is said
« dynamic » because it can
change». ( said?)
« At our knowledge, only
Google presently uses
the AI approach.»
( At?)
Find the
mistakes
covered
in…research
Did you know ?
Physically,…
probability of
evaporating
said to be To

56. «Greater is the whished
autonomy, greater is the
quantity of feeders. »
(greater?)
« Its use does not require
any previous education
in the computer
sciences»
(education?)
« Take the previous example
with regard to the
components to be classed in
the various containers».
( classed in?)
« This article presents the
approach and methods
applied to a four legs
platform » (four legs?)
Find the
mistakes
training
Did you know ?
The greater is
the
desired…,the
greater…
sorted into Four-legged

57. Practical dictionary
S - W Do you make differences?
Turn out /
out to
Lotus turns out two cars a
day/ T cells, in particular,
turned out to serve as a good
laboratory model of the
immune response. (1)
Used to /
would
I used to read a lot / I would
go to the library on Monday
(2)
Wait /
expect
I’m waiting for him/ I’m
expecting a letter (3)
While
/whereas
He fell off the ladder while he
was painting the window (4)
 (1) produire / s’avérer être. (2) Ce qui
n’est plus vrai et l’a été longtemps / Ce qui
était régulier (3) Attendre quelqu’un /
quelque chose. (4) Deux synonymes.
« Whereas » est d’un registre plus
littéraire avec le même sens.

58. « The french Tabarly
carried out a number
of experiments with
such a boat»
(french?)
« Recently M. Serres
of New Zealand
proposed a similar
realization».
(realization?)
« This paper deals
with the informatic
implementation of
stability methods ».
(informatic?)
« Excepted for some
cases, the results are
very good.» ( Excepted?)
Find the
mistakes
model
Did you know ?
French
computerised Except

59. «A better productivity
permits us to
accommodate to
manufacturing changes »
(accommodate?)
« Examples show that the
only first terms may give
a good estimate of the
actual transformation»
(only first?)
« The state of various
components can assure
stability in the case of».
( assure?)
« A century ago, X and Y
have proved that » (have?)
Find the
mistakes
first terms
only
Did you know ?
adapt
ensure x

60. «This too will be the case
here»
(too…?)
« We want in a near
future to create other
modules»
(…in a near future..)
« The threshold between
rural and urban districts is
supposed determined once
and for all».
( supposed determined?)
« An user language makes it
possible to describe the
topological architecture »
(An?)
Find the
mistakes
…in a near
future
Did you know ?
Will also
Supposed to be A

61. Fill the missing words
1. La nouveauté du sujet ainsi que son
importance nous ont décidé à /
The novelty of the subject, … its
importance, …
2. Si l’on ne met pas au point des
procédés nouveaux / ….new
devices are developed
3. Ces remarques s’adressaien aux
expérimentateurs. / These
remarks …. experimentalists.
4. Ce type de matériaux est étudié
actuellement. / This type of
material is …
5. Ceci est une idée très générale
qu’un exemple sera mieux à
même d’éclaire. / This is a broad
idea and is …
Corrections :
(1) Together with - has decided
us to. (2) Unless. (3) Were aimed
at Sans entrer dans les détails, il
est important de souligner que…
(4) Currently being studied. (5)
Perhaps best elucidated by an
example.

62. Translate
1. In view of the fact that the
model has not been completely
validated by experiment, these
results remain provisional.
2. This research is still in a nascent
stage.
3. These results are not discussed
in detail as they have been
reported elsewhere.
4. Owing to their sensitivity, these
materials have the potential to
be fashioned into data-
processing elements.
5. Over the past three decades, the
application of this method has
become more and more
sophisticated.
Corrections :
(1) Etant donné que ce modèle
n’a pas été complètement validé
par l’expérience, ces résultats
restent provisoires. (2) Cette
recherche n’en est qu’à ses
débuts. (3) Un compte rendu en
a déjà été donné ailleurs, nous
ne discuterons pas en détail de
ces résultats. (4) Du fait de leur
sensibilité, ces matériaux offrent
la possibilité d’être configurés en
éléments d’ordinateur. (5) Au
cours des trente dernières
années, l’application de cette
méthode est devenue de plus en
plus difficile.

63. « Several methods to
analyse feedback
systems have been
developped»
(to analyse…developped?)
« These properties
allow to caracterize
the system »
(allow to caracterize?)
« These problems, as
we shall insist later,
need new probabilistic
developments » (insist?)
« These connection
depends of the level of
noise» ( of?)
Find the
mistakes
allow us to
Did you know ?
for
analysing
…develop
ed
insist on on

64. English for economists :
Understanding
Extracts from papers
From the proposed
texts below you will do
a vocabulary search,
then you will present
the results in an Excel
table. You will thus
constitute your own
practical dictionary.
Extracts from economical
newspapers
1. “What is High-Frequency
Trading?”
2. “Key Factors Behind the
Emergence of High- Frequency
Trading”
3. “Global corporate bond
issuance. What role for US
quantitative easing ?
4. “Open market operations”
5. “The ECB’s non-standard
monetary policy measures.
The role of institutional factors
and financial structure

65. Example
English French Examples
Aegis égide under the aegis of the G20
assets tire out les actifs se fatiguent
average pace rythme moyen an annual average pace of
2,5%
Bank loans prêts bancaires
Bail-in renflouement the interaction of the bail-in
tool with the proposed
resolution funds
blurred s'estomper labour have blurred enough
Borrow emprunter the resolution fund can
borrow from the member
state
Botched bâclé The earlier botched proposal
Boundholders détenteurs d’obligations The uninsured depositors
and the bondholders