2. Foreign Policy for Dummies
National Interests & GoalsNational Interests & Goals
– SecuritySecurity
– trade & investmentstrade & investments
– alliancesalliances
– ideologyideology
Means & MethodsMeans & Methods
– effective & appropriateeffective & appropriate
Balance of PowerBalance of Power
– unilateralunilateral
– bilateralbilateral
– multilateralmultilateral
3. TRADITIONAL POLICYTRADITIONAL POLICY
1789 TO 18801789 TO 1880
CONTINENTALISMCONTINENTALISM
– ACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPANDACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPAND
ACROSS THE CONTINENTACROSS THE CONTINENT
– EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM
– RELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPERELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPE
– WASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESSWASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESS
– MONROE DOCTRINEMONROE DOCTRINE
4. LOOKING INWARDLOOKING INWARD
WESTERN EXPANSIONWESTERN EXPANSION
CIVIL WAR & SLAVERYCIVIL WAR & SLAVERY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
By 1880By 1880’’s these events are as these events are a
reality and USA has the time,reality and USA has the time,
resources, and power to lookresources, and power to look
outwardoutward
5. REVIVAL OF INTERESTREVIVAL OF INTEREST
IN EXPANSION...IN EXPANSION...
NAVALISMNAVALISM
ECONOMIC IMPERIALISMECONOMIC IMPERIALISM
SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM
EUGENICSEUGENICS
WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’S BURDENS BURDEN
EUROPEAN EXAMPLEEUROPEAN EXAMPLE
END OF THE FRONTIEREND OF THE FRONTIER
JINGOISMJINGOISM
6. ANNEXATION OF HAWAIIANNEXATION OF HAWAII
AMERICAN INVOLVEMENTAMERICAN INVOLVEMENT
– 18201820’’S NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIESS NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIES
– 18401840’’S WHALING INDUSTRYS WHALING INDUSTRY
– 18701870’’S SUGAR INVESTMENTS SUGAR INVESTMENT
1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF
SUGAR CONSPIRACYSUGAR CONSPIRACY
TREATY OF ANNEXATIONTREATY OF ANNEXATION
– GROVER CLEVELANDGROVER CLEVELAND
– 1898 MCKINLEY1898 MCKINLEY
7. CUBANCUBAN
REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
Spanish MisruleSpanish Misrule
Sugar DutySugar Duty
Scorched EarthScorched Earth
Gen.Gen. ““WolfWolf”” WeylerWeyler
Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
– Hearst Vs PulitzerHearst Vs Pulitzer
USS MaineUSS Maine
De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter
Proctor reportProctor report
McKinleyMcKinley’’s dilemmas dilemma
8. THE DECLARATION OF WARTHE DECLARATION OF WAR
18981898
McKinley'sMcKinley's
Message:Message:
End a NuisanceEnd a Nuisance
Protect AmericanProtect American
PropertyProperty
HumanitarianismHumanitarianism
CongressCongress’’
Declaration:Declaration:
demand Spanishdemand Spanish
withdrawalwithdrawal
Free CubaFree Cuba
disclaims any desire todisclaims any desire to
annex Cubaannex Cuba
9. DEBATE OVER THEDEBATE OVER THE
TREATYTREATY
ANTI-ANTI-
IMPERIALISTS:IMPERIALISTS:
HYPOCRISYHYPOCRISY
AGAINST THEIRAGAINST THEIR
WILLWILL
NULLIFYNULLIFY
MONROEMONROE
DOCTRINEDOCTRINE
AMERICANIZATIONAMERICANIZATION
EXPENSEEXPENSE
IMPERIALISTSIMPERIALISTS::
ECONOMIC &ECONOMIC &
MILITARY GAINSMILITARY GAINS
WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’SS
BURDENBURDEN
INABILITY FORINABILITY FOR
SELF GOVSELF GOV’’TT
BRITISHBRITISH
ENCOURAGEMENTENCOURAGEMENT
10. LATIN AMERICA & ASIA
LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA::
PLATTPLATT
AMENDMENTAMENDMENT
ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT
DOCTRINEDOCTRINE
PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL
DOLLARDOLLAR
DIPLOMACYDIPLOMACY
ASIAASIA::
SINO-JAPANESESINO-JAPANESE
WAR 1885WAR 1885
OPEN DOOR 1904OPEN DOOR 1904
RUSSO-JAPANESERUSSO-JAPANESE
WAR 1904WAR 1904
YELLOW MENACEYELLOW MENACE
11. TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:
– CURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIESCURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIES
– IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONSIMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS
REORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTSREORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTS
– DESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSESDESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSES
– MAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATICMAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATIC
DIRECT PRIMARIES,DIRECT PRIMARIES,
INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL,INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL,
SECRET BALLOTSECRET BALLOT
SUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGESUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
REGULATE BUSINESSREGULATE BUSINESS
INCOME TAXESINCOME TAXES
CHILD LABORCHILD LABOR
TEMPERANCETEMPERANCE
CONSERVATION - TRCONSERVATION - TR
THE PROGRESSIVES
1890 -1920
THE PROGRESSIVES
1890 -1920
12. PROGRESSIVES BELIEFS...
Animal ruled byAnimal ruled by natural selectionnatural selection, but humans, but humans
ruled byruled by rational choice:rational choice:
– nature can be wasteful...unrestrained competitionnature can be wasteful...unrestrained competition
kills off fitter along w/ weakkills off fitter along w/ weak
– laissez-faire killed off competition and encouragedlaissez-faire killed off competition and encouraged
monopolymonopoly
– competition = opportunity & progresscompetition = opportunity & progress
– competition must be preserved...how?competition must be preserved...how?
Pragmatism:Pragmatism:
– experiment...to find solutions to modern problemsexperiment...to find solutions to modern problems
– practical outcomes instead of absolute answerspractical outcomes instead of absolute answers
– appeals to science and/or the scientific method as aappeals to science and/or the scientific method as a
way to find solutionsway to find solutions
– easily adaptable to reformseasily adaptable to reforms
19. WILSON’S NEW
FREEDOM
PROTECT COMPETITION/OPPORTUNITY
ATTACK THE POWER OF:
– TARIFF
– MONOPOLISTIC CORPORATIONS
– BANKING & CURRENCY
GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENTS
– UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS TARIFF BILL
– FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT
– FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
– ADAMSON ACT 1916 - 8 HOUR DAY/RR
20. THE REGULATORY STATETHE REGULATORY STATE
How do you solve the problems of MODERNHow do you solve the problems of MODERN
INDUSTRIAL American society without embracingINDUSTRIAL American society without embracing
socialism?socialism?
Maintain Capitalism & profitMaintain Capitalism & profit
Government sets theGovernment sets the Rules of the GameRules of the Game
Umpire the Game...Umpire the Game...Rule of ReasonRule of Reason
preserve competition & progresspreserve competition & progress
Bureaucratic DepartmentsBureaucratic Departments
– special expertise, education & trainingspecial expertise, education & training
– administration of policiesadministration of policies
planning for efficiencyplanning for efficiency
21. LEGACY OF PROGRESSIVISM
BEGINNING OF LIBERALISM
– GOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVEGOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE
– SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’TSOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T
LEGISLATION & ACTIONLEGISLATION & ACTION
PRECEDENTS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.
– NEW DEAL
1930’s…the Great Depression
– GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS
1960’s Affluence, Civil Rights.
– PRESIDENT OBAMA
BEGINNING OF LIBERALISM
– GOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVEGOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE
– SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’TSOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T
LEGISLATION & ACTIONLEGISLATION & ACTION
PRECEDENTS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.
– NEW DEAL
1930’s…the Great Depression
– GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS
1960’s Affluence, Civil Rights.
– PRESIDENT OBAMA
22. ““THE WAR TO ENDTHE WAR TO END
ALL WARS”ALL WARS”
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
1914 - 19181914 - 1918
28. The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon
what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves
America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the
spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.
The people of the United States are drawn from many nations,
and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable
that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy and desire among
them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict. Some
will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous
struggle.
It will be easy to excite passion and difficult to allay it. Those
responsible for exciting it will assume a heavy responsibility,
responsibility for no less a thing than that the people of the United
States, whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its government
should unite them as Americans all, bound in honor and affection to
think first of her and her interests, may be divided in camps of hostile
opinion, hot against each other, involved in the war itself in impulse
and opinion if not in action.
29. The Failure of American
Neutrality:
SentimentSentiment
– hyphenated Americanshyphenated Americans
– east - pro Alliedeast - pro Allied
– midwest - pro Centralmidwest - pro Central
– France - debtFrance - debt
– propagandapropaganda
30. $$$$$$
– TradeTrade
war trade ends depressionwar trade ends depression
– LoansLoans
WJ Bryan resigns...WJ Bryan resigns...
SecuritySecurity
– British NavyBritish Navy
– Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note
The Failure of American
Neutrality:
31. SubmarinesSubmarines
– illegal & immoralillegal & immoral
– British BlockadesBritish Blockades
– Lusitania - 1915Lusitania - 1915
– Sussex Pledge - 1916Sussex Pledge - 1916
WW backs himsilf into cornerWW backs himsilf into corner
Will the British relax the Blockade?Will the British relax the Blockade?
– January 1, 1917 - Why?January 1, 1917 - Why?
The Failure of American
Neutrality:
32. WilsonWilson’s War Message - 1917’s War Message - 1917
.. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people
into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars,
civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the
right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for
the things which we have always carried nearest our
hearts, for democracy,
for the right of those who submit to authority to have a
voice in their own Governments,
for the rights and liberites of small nations,
for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of
free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations
and make the world itself at last free.
33.
34.
35. The Last German Offensive
Over four months inOver four months in
1918 the German army1918 the German army
launched fivelaunched five
major assaults atmajor assaults at
different parts of thedifferent parts of the
allied line. Initially theallied line. Initially the
plan worked. The alliesplan worked. The allies
gave ground.gave ground.
Soon the elite GermanSoon the elite German
storm troopers were astorm troopers were a
spent force.spent force.
36. The American Involvement
The actual military contribution of the United States to the
fighting in the end of the conflict was absolutely minimal.
In so far as the presence of America made a difference
in Germany's decision to surrender, it was not because of
success on the battlefield at the Meusse Argonne, or
anywhere else for that matter.
It was because the entrance of America into the war,
and its demonstrated capacity to move its army across the
Atlantic in huge numbers, now faced the Germans with the
prospect of a virtual endless limitless supply of reinforcements
that could be brought to the Allied side.
37. The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points
Open DiplomacyOpen Diplomacy
Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas
Free TradeFree Trade
Self DeterminationSelf Determination
League of NationsLeague of Nations
38.
39. Treaty of Versailles
October 1918, Germany proposes a peaceOctober 1918, Germany proposes a peace
conference based on the 14 Pointsconference based on the 14 Points
Wilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicatesWilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicates
November 11, 1918 and Armistice isNovember 11, 1918 and Armistice is
signed…a peace conference must followsigned…a peace conference must follow
1919 a peace conference begins in Paris1919 a peace conference begins in Paris
Wilson travels to Europe to represent theWilson travels to Europe to represent the
USA at the conference.USA at the conference.
40.
41. Treaty of Versailles
Germany was forced to -Germany was forced to -
Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was notReduce its army to 100,000 men and was not
allowed to have conscriptionallowed to have conscription..
Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was notReduce the navy to 6 warships and was not
allowed to have any submarines.allowed to have any submarines.
Destroy all of its air force.Destroy all of its air force.
Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark andGive land to Belgium, France, Denmark and
Poland. the land given to Poland became knownPoland. the land given to Poland became known
as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the mainas the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main
part of Germany from East Prussia.part of Germany from East Prussia.
Hand over all of its colonies to the League.Hand over all of its colonies to the League.
42. Treaty of Versailles
Agree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damageAgree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damage
caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000.caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000.
Put no soldiers or military equipment withinPut no soldiers or military equipment within 30 miles of the30 miles of the
east bank of the Rhine.east bank of the Rhine.
Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause".Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause".
the Adriatic coast was made part of a new country calledthe Adriatic coast was made part of a new country called
Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia.Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia.
Other new countries were created -Other new countries were created -
Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formedPoland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed
from land lost by Russia.from land lost by Russia.
Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of theCzechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.Austro-Hungarian Empire.
