Imperative programming is a software development paradigm focused on explicitly coding each step to solve a problem, without relying on pre-coded models. This programming style has evolved from early machine languages to high-level languages like Fortran, COBOL, and C, each contributing to the development of complex applications. While it offers advantages such as readability and ease of learning, it also presents challenges, including code complexity and maintenance issues.

1. Imperative Programing
Name : Nawale Prathmesh Ravindranath
Div : F
Roll No. : 24
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2.  Imperative programming
• Imperative programming is a software development paradigm where functions are implicitly coded
in every step required to solve a problem. In imperative programming, every operation is coded and
the code itself specifies how the problem is to be solved, which means that pre-coded models are
not called on.
• Imperative programming requires an understanding of the functions necessary to solve a problem,
rather than a reliance on models that are able to solve it. The focus of imperative programming
is how the problem should be solved, which requires a detailed step-by-step guide. Because the
written code performs the functions instead of models, the programmer must code each step.
Procedural and object-oriented programming (OOP) languages fall under imperative programming,
such as C, C++, C#, and Java.

3.  History of imperative Programing
• The earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. In these languages,
instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex
programs. FORTRAN, developed by John Backus at International Business Machines (IBM) starting in 1954, was
the first major programming language to remove the obstacles presented by machine code in the creation of
complex programs. FORTRAN was a compiled language that allowed named variables, complex expressions,
subprograms, and many other features now common in imperative languages. The next two decades saw the
development of many other major high-level imperative programming languages. In the late 1950s and 1960s,
ALGOL was developed in order to allow mathematical algorithms to be more easily expressed and even served as
the operating system's target language for some computers. MUMPS (1966) carried the imperative paradigm to a
logical extreme, by not having any statements at all, relying purely on commands, even to the extent of making the
IF and ELSE commands independent of each other, connected only by an intrinsic variable named $TEST. COBOL
(1960) and BASIC (1964) were both attempts to make programming syntax look more like English. In the 1970s,
Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth, and C was created by Dennis Ritchie while he was working at
Bell Laboratories.

4.  List Of Imperative Programing language
• ALGOL
• C
• C#
• Python
• Java
• C#
• Ruby
• Rust
• PHP
• Perl
• Fortran
• Algol

5.  Advantages of Imperative Programming
• One of the best advantages of imperative programming is easy to read.
• They are comparatively easy to learn.
• For beginners, its conceptual model is very easy to understand.
• They allow to take characteristics of specific applications into account.

6.  Disadvantages of Imperative Programming
• In imperative programming, the code gets confusing and quickly becomes very
extensive.
• There are more chances to errors at the time of editing the code.
• The maintenance blocks application development, which is the limitation of
system-oriented programming.
• In this paradigm, extension and optimization is more difficult.

7.  Examples Of Imperative Programing
1. Fortran
• FORTRAN (1958) was unveiled as "The IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating system." It was designed for scientific calculations,
without string handling facilities. Along with declarations, expressions, and statements, it supported:
• arrays
• subroutines
• "do" loops
• It succeeded because:
• programming and debugging costs were below computer running costs
• it was supported by IBM
• applications at the time were scientific.[4]
• However, non IBM vendors also wrote Fortran compilers, but with a syntax that would likely fail IBM's compiler.[4]
The
American National Standards Institute(ANSI) developed the first Fortran standard in 1966. In 1978, Fortran 77 became the standard
until 1991. Fortran 90 supports:
• records
• pointers to arrays

8. 2. COBOL
COBOL (1959) stands for "COmmon Business Oriented Language." Fortran manipulated symbols. It was soon
realized that symbols did not need to be numbers, so strings were introduced.[5]
The US Department of Defense
influenced COBOL's development, with Grace Hopper being a major contributor. The statements were
English-like and verbose. The goal was to design a language so managers could read the programs. However,
the lack of structured statements hindered this goal.[6]
COBOL's development was tightly controlled, so dialects did not emerge to require ANSI standards. As a
consequence, it was not changed for 15 years until 1974. The 1990s version did make consequential changes,
like object-oriented programming.[6]
3. Algol
ALGOL (1960) stands for "ALGOrithmic Language." It had a profound influence on programming language
design.[7]
Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used
standard mathematical notation and had a readable structured design. Algol was first to define its syntax using
the Backus–Naur form.[7]
This led to syntax-directed compilers. It added features like:
•block structure, where variables were local to their block
•arrays with variable bounds
•"for" loops
•functions
•recursion[7]

9. Thank You..