The document discusses changes to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) since 2016 and their impact. Key changes include eliminating the individual mandate penalty, allowing states to add work requirements to Medicaid, and expanding access to short-term health plans. As a result, tens of thousands lost Medicaid coverage due to reporting requirements, and those with preexisting conditions may find limited coverage from short-term plans. Overall, the changes threaten coverage for millions of Americans and increase costs. The future of the ACA remains uncertain as the Supreme Court considers further challenges.
The Guide to Health Insurance Exchanges provides an overview of what the exchanges are and how they work, as well as reports on what happened right after they opened. The guide will help both employers and consumers to better understand exchanges by explaining the different types including public exchange for individuals, the SHOP exchange for small businesses, or a private marketplace for larger companies.
US Healthcare Reform Landscape - Addendum to June 2018 Presentation to the Ch...Dan Wellisch
This is an addendum to the June 2018 presentation (to the Chicago Technology For Value-Based Healthcare Meetup https://www.meetup.com/Chicago-Technology-For-Value-Based-Healthcare-Meetup/) containing interesting info. about what may replace the Affordable Care Act
The Guide to Health Insurance Exchanges provides an overview of what the exchanges are and how they work, as well as reports on what happened right after they opened. The guide will help both employers and consumers to better understand exchanges by explaining the different types including public exchange for individuals, the SHOP exchange for small businesses, or a private marketplace for larger companies.
US Healthcare Reform Landscape - Addendum to June 2018 Presentation to the Ch...Dan Wellisch
This is an addendum to the June 2018 presentation (to the Chicago Technology For Value-Based Healthcare Meetup https://www.meetup.com/Chicago-Technology-For-Value-Based-Healthcare-Meetup/) containing interesting info. about what may replace the Affordable Care Act
The Affordable Care Act touches the lives of most Americans. In fact, nearly 21 million will be at risk if Obamacare is struck down, and may even lose health insurance completely if the law is ruled unconstitutional. This webinar will discuss what the outcome may be if ACA is repealed.
Got Healthcare? Affordable Care Act PP (July 2013)Kevin Kane
The Affordable Care Act presentation that Citizen Action of Wisconsin presents with around the state. How the ACA impacts you and how to talk about it.
1) Discuss what seems to be the current posture of the Trump Administration and Republican Party leadership relative to expected health care policy changes.
2) Identify key distinctions between the Affordable Care Act (ACA aka ObamaCare) and the American Health Care Act (AHCA aka TrumpCare).
3) Recognize key strategies for future success regardless of changes to US healthcare policy and law.
THE BIDEN PLAN TO PROTECT & BUILD ON THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACTDr Matthew Boente MD
From the time right before the Affordable Care Act’s key coverage-related policies went into effect to the last full year of the Obama-Biden Administration, 2016, the number of Americans lacking health insurance fell from 44 million to 27 million – an almost 40% drop. But President Trump’s persistent efforts to sabotage Obamacare through executive action, after failing in his efforts to repeal it through Congress, have started to reverse this progress. Since 2016, the number of uninsured Americans has increased by roughly 1.4 million
Running Head MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019MEDICARE POLICY.docxglendar3
Running Head: MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019
MEDICARE POLICY
Medicare Policy of 2019
Maria Williams
Southern New Hampshire University
05/10/2020
Medicare Policy of 2019
Purpose
The purpose of the Medicare program is to provide health insurance for people who have attained 65 years of age and over. Medicare is also intended to assist people below 65 years but have specific disabilities through health insurance. The health insurance program is also aimed at increasing affordable quality healthcare services among people across all age groups affected with End-Stage Renal Disease (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2020). People with a disability aged below 65 are also eligible for Medicare.
Scope
The scope of Medicare includes provision of health insurance coverage for the aforementioned populations. It concerned with the health interests of minority or underrepresented individuals such racial or ethnic minority groups, rural populations, the disabled, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) (CMS, 2020). The Ministry of Health (MOH) CMS office actively takes part in health-policy development, regulations, planning, and coordination of minority healthcare initiatives through stakeholder engagement (CMS, 2020). Besides, the CMS of Minority health researches, collects, and analyzes data to identify target groups and identify healthcare disparities; eliminate barriers to affordable healthcare; and develop appropriate solutions (CMS, 2020). Medicare is also applied to collect data and share knowledge on the quality, access, and costs of the available healthcare services relating to minority groups and the eligible populations.
Stakeholders
The main stakeholders of the Medicare healthcare program are healthcare workers and institutions such as physicians and nurse managers, and public and private healthcare facilities. Other stakeholders include health insurance companies; pharmaceutical firms and suppliers of the required healthcare resources such as wheelchairs; government institutions and healthcare organizations such as the MOH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CMS, 2020). Beneficiaries such as minority groups and races, and the eligible populations such as people of age 65 and older, and disabled individuals aged below 65 years are also part of the Medicare stakeholders.
Constituents
Medicare consists of three parts namely Part A. Part B and Part C. Part A is concerned with hospital insurance and covers hospital-based inpatient care. Services covered include critical hospital access, skilled nursing facilities, and hospice care for some healthcare homes ((CMS, 2020). Formally employed people pay for the premiums through payroll taxes. Part B covers medical insurance. The services include doctors’ and outpatient services. It further covers some services not covered in Part A such as physical and occupational therapy, and specific home care services (CMC, 20.
Running Head MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019MEDICARE POLICY.docxtodd581
Running Head: MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019
MEDICARE POLICY
Medicare Policy of 2019
Maria Williams
Southern New Hampshire University
05/10/2020
Medicare Policy of 2019
Purpose
The purpose of the Medicare program is to provide health insurance for people who have attained 65 years of age and over. Medicare is also intended to assist people below 65 years but have specific disabilities through health insurance. The health insurance program is also aimed at increasing affordable quality healthcare services among people across all age groups affected with End-Stage Renal Disease (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2020). People with a disability aged below 65 are also eligible for Medicare.
Scope
The scope of Medicare includes provision of health insurance coverage for the aforementioned populations. It concerned with the health interests of minority or underrepresented individuals such racial or ethnic minority groups, rural populations, the disabled, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) (CMS, 2020). The Ministry of Health (MOH) CMS office actively takes part in health-policy development, regulations, planning, and coordination of minority healthcare initiatives through stakeholder engagement (CMS, 2020). Besides, the CMS of Minority health researches, collects, and analyzes data to identify target groups and identify healthcare disparities; eliminate barriers to affordable healthcare; and develop appropriate solutions (CMS, 2020). Medicare is also applied to collect data and share knowledge on the quality, access, and costs of the available healthcare services relating to minority groups and the eligible populations.
Stakeholders
The main stakeholders of the Medicare healthcare program are healthcare workers and institutions such as physicians and nurse managers, and public and private healthcare facilities. Other stakeholders include health insurance companies; pharmaceutical firms and suppliers of the required healthcare resources such as wheelchairs; government institutions and healthcare organizations such as the MOH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CMS, 2020). Beneficiaries such as minority groups and races, and the eligible populations such as people of age 65 and older, and disabled individuals aged below 65 years are also part of the Medicare stakeholders.
Constituents
Medicare consists of three parts namely Part A. Part B and Part C. Part A is concerned with hospital insurance and covers hospital-based inpatient care. Services covered include critical hospital access, skilled nursing facilities, and hospice care for some healthcare homes ((CMS, 2020). Formally employed people pay for the premiums through payroll taxes. Part B covers medical insurance. The services include doctors’ and outpatient services. It further covers some services not covered in Part A such as physical and occupational therapy, and specific home care services (CMC, 20.
The Theme of Love in Sulaby The Theme Of Love In Sula The Th.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Theme of Love in Sula
by The Theme Of Love In Sula The Theme Of Love In Sula
Submission date: 28-Jan-2020 05:02AM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 1247614195
File name: The_Theme_of_Love_in_Sula.docx (15.72K)
Word count: 173
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Running head: IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
1
IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
4
Impact of the ACA on Health Care
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Impact of the ACA on the Health Care
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is one of the legislative laws that played an important role in redefining the health sector in the United States. The Act has been instrumental in ensuring medical coverage to enable citizens to acquire affordable health care services. The paper examines the impact of the ACA in healthcare as well as the effect that would be experienced if the law is repealed.
The main goal of ACA was to expand both the private and Medicaid coverage to ensure that it covers more than 50 million citizens that were uninsured before the law was enacted (Eguia et al., 2020). Before the law was enacted, the United States government-insured its citizens through programs such as the Medicaid and Children’s health insurance. However, through these programs, those without children and some low-income parents remained uninsured. Therefore, the law ensures that all citizens are insured regardless of age, gender as well as income eligibility.
The law also contained provisions that intended to increase the accessibility of health insurance. When the law was enacted, it ensured that the coverage of children is extended to cover up to individuals of age 26 (Eguia et al., 2020). Therefore, the law led ensured led to increasing of medical coverage among the target population. Upon the enactment of the law, the number of young adults that got covered increased from one million to three million.
The new Act also contained provisions that prohibited denying or charging higher premiums due to the health conditions of an individual (Eguia et al., 2020). It enabled individuals to get insurance regardless of their health conditions and created a website where individuals could view their premiums and plan effectively for their payments. Finally, the law also imposed penalties on those who default the amount of their coverage as well as employers who failed to cover their employees. That helped in ensuring that most of the citizens in the employment sectors got insured.
Impact of Repealing the ACA
Repealing the Affordable Care Act by the federal state had a significant impact on the health care that included both negative and positive effects. For instance, repeali.
The Affordable Care Act touches the lives of most Americans. In fact, nearly 21 million will be at risk if Obamacare is struck down, and may even lose health insurance completely if the law is ruled unconstitutional. This webinar will discuss what the outcome may be if ACA is repealed.
Got Healthcare? Affordable Care Act PP (July 2013)Kevin Kane
The Affordable Care Act presentation that Citizen Action of Wisconsin presents with around the state. How the ACA impacts you and how to talk about it.
1) Discuss what seems to be the current posture of the Trump Administration and Republican Party leadership relative to expected health care policy changes.
2) Identify key distinctions between the Affordable Care Act (ACA aka ObamaCare) and the American Health Care Act (AHCA aka TrumpCare).
3) Recognize key strategies for future success regardless of changes to US healthcare policy and law.
THE BIDEN PLAN TO PROTECT & BUILD ON THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACTDr Matthew Boente MD
From the time right before the Affordable Care Act’s key coverage-related policies went into effect to the last full year of the Obama-Biden Administration, 2016, the number of Americans lacking health insurance fell from 44 million to 27 million – an almost 40% drop. But President Trump’s persistent efforts to sabotage Obamacare through executive action, after failing in his efforts to repeal it through Congress, have started to reverse this progress. Since 2016, the number of uninsured Americans has increased by roughly 1.4 million
Running Head MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019MEDICARE POLICY.docxglendar3
Running Head: MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019
MEDICARE POLICY
Medicare Policy of 2019
Maria Williams
Southern New Hampshire University
05/10/2020
Medicare Policy of 2019
Purpose
The purpose of the Medicare program is to provide health insurance for people who have attained 65 years of age and over. Medicare is also intended to assist people below 65 years but have specific disabilities through health insurance. The health insurance program is also aimed at increasing affordable quality healthcare services among people across all age groups affected with End-Stage Renal Disease (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2020). People with a disability aged below 65 are also eligible for Medicare.
Scope
The scope of Medicare includes provision of health insurance coverage for the aforementioned populations. It concerned with the health interests of minority or underrepresented individuals such racial or ethnic minority groups, rural populations, the disabled, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) (CMS, 2020). The Ministry of Health (MOH) CMS office actively takes part in health-policy development, regulations, planning, and coordination of minority healthcare initiatives through stakeholder engagement (CMS, 2020). Besides, the CMS of Minority health researches, collects, and analyzes data to identify target groups and identify healthcare disparities; eliminate barriers to affordable healthcare; and develop appropriate solutions (CMS, 2020). Medicare is also applied to collect data and share knowledge on the quality, access, and costs of the available healthcare services relating to minority groups and the eligible populations.
Stakeholders
The main stakeholders of the Medicare healthcare program are healthcare workers and institutions such as physicians and nurse managers, and public and private healthcare facilities. Other stakeholders include health insurance companies; pharmaceutical firms and suppliers of the required healthcare resources such as wheelchairs; government institutions and healthcare organizations such as the MOH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CMS, 2020). Beneficiaries such as minority groups and races, and the eligible populations such as people of age 65 and older, and disabled individuals aged below 65 years are also part of the Medicare stakeholders.
Constituents
Medicare consists of three parts namely Part A. Part B and Part C. Part A is concerned with hospital insurance and covers hospital-based inpatient care. Services covered include critical hospital access, skilled nursing facilities, and hospice care for some healthcare homes ((CMS, 2020). Formally employed people pay for the premiums through payroll taxes. Part B covers medical insurance. The services include doctors’ and outpatient services. It further covers some services not covered in Part A such as physical and occupational therapy, and specific home care services (CMC, 20.
Running Head MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019MEDICARE POLICY.docxtodd581
Running Head: MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019
MEDICARE POLICY
Medicare Policy of 2019
Maria Williams
Southern New Hampshire University
05/10/2020
Medicare Policy of 2019
Purpose
The purpose of the Medicare program is to provide health insurance for people who have attained 65 years of age and over. Medicare is also intended to assist people below 65 years but have specific disabilities through health insurance. The health insurance program is also aimed at increasing affordable quality healthcare services among people across all age groups affected with End-Stage Renal Disease (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2020). People with a disability aged below 65 are also eligible for Medicare.
Scope
The scope of Medicare includes provision of health insurance coverage for the aforementioned populations. It concerned with the health interests of minority or underrepresented individuals such racial or ethnic minority groups, rural populations, the disabled, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) (CMS, 2020). The Ministry of Health (MOH) CMS office actively takes part in health-policy development, regulations, planning, and coordination of minority healthcare initiatives through stakeholder engagement (CMS, 2020). Besides, the CMS of Minority health researches, collects, and analyzes data to identify target groups and identify healthcare disparities; eliminate barriers to affordable healthcare; and develop appropriate solutions (CMS, 2020). Medicare is also applied to collect data and share knowledge on the quality, access, and costs of the available healthcare services relating to minority groups and the eligible populations.
Stakeholders
The main stakeholders of the Medicare healthcare program are healthcare workers and institutions such as physicians and nurse managers, and public and private healthcare facilities. Other stakeholders include health insurance companies; pharmaceutical firms and suppliers of the required healthcare resources such as wheelchairs; government institutions and healthcare organizations such as the MOH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CMS, 2020). Beneficiaries such as minority groups and races, and the eligible populations such as people of age 65 and older, and disabled individuals aged below 65 years are also part of the Medicare stakeholders.
Constituents
Medicare consists of three parts namely Part A. Part B and Part C. Part A is concerned with hospital insurance and covers hospital-based inpatient care. Services covered include critical hospital access, skilled nursing facilities, and hospice care for some healthcare homes ((CMS, 2020). Formally employed people pay for the premiums through payroll taxes. Part B covers medical insurance. The services include doctors’ and outpatient services. It further covers some services not covered in Part A such as physical and occupational therapy, and specific home care services (CMC, 20.
The Theme of Love in Sulaby The Theme Of Love In Sula The Th.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Theme of Love in Sula
by The Theme Of Love In Sula The Theme Of Love In Sula
Submission date: 28-Jan-2020 05:02AM (UTC-0500)
Submission ID: 1247614195
File name: The_Theme_of_Love_in_Sula.docx (15.72K)
Word count: 173
Character count: 894
0%
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STUDENT PAPERS
Exclude quotes On
Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches Off
The Theme of Love in Sula
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
The Theme of Love in Sulaby The Theme Of Love In Sula The Theme Of Love In SulaThe Theme of Love in SulaORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Running head: IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
1
IMPACT OF THE ACA ON HEALTH CARE
4
Impact of the ACA on Health Care
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Impact of the ACA on the Health Care
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is one of the legislative laws that played an important role in redefining the health sector in the United States. The Act has been instrumental in ensuring medical coverage to enable citizens to acquire affordable health care services. The paper examines the impact of the ACA in healthcare as well as the effect that would be experienced if the law is repealed.
The main goal of ACA was to expand both the private and Medicaid coverage to ensure that it covers more than 50 million citizens that were uninsured before the law was enacted (Eguia et al., 2020). Before the law was enacted, the United States government-insured its citizens through programs such as the Medicaid and Children’s health insurance. However, through these programs, those without children and some low-income parents remained uninsured. Therefore, the law ensures that all citizens are insured regardless of age, gender as well as income eligibility.
The law also contained provisions that intended to increase the accessibility of health insurance. When the law was enacted, it ensured that the coverage of children is extended to cover up to individuals of age 26 (Eguia et al., 2020). Therefore, the law led ensured led to increasing of medical coverage among the target population. Upon the enactment of the law, the number of young adults that got covered increased from one million to three million.
The new Act also contained provisions that prohibited denying or charging higher premiums due to the health conditions of an individual (Eguia et al., 2020). It enabled individuals to get insurance regardless of their health conditions and created a website where individuals could view their premiums and plan effectively for their payments. Finally, the law also imposed penalties on those who default the amount of their coverage as well as employers who failed to cover their employees. That helped in ensuring that most of the citizens in the employment sectors got insured.
Impact of Repealing the ACA
Repealing the Affordable Care Act by the federal state had a significant impact on the health care that included both negative and positive effects. For instance, repeali.
RUNNING HEAD: Affordable Care Act 1
Affordable Care Act 2
ACA Healthcare Policy
Busola Omolayole
Walden University
TN006 Policy and Regulation Supporting Informatics and Technology Integration
2/3/2020
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
The affordable care act (ACA) policy was signed into law by the previous U.S. President Barack Obama in March of 2010 (HealthIT.gov., n.d.). The policy shares the responsibility of providing access to reasonable and good-quality health insurance by the government to individuals, employers in the United States. It is aimed at improving access and expanding health insurance coverage to all U.S. citizens and combat healthcare spending and costs (Quadagno, 2019). Also, the policy increased accessibility to care and quality care services, which determine the overall health in the U.S. Health insurance companies cannot deny coverage of preexisting conditions and cannot increase premiums based on medical conditions.
Impact of the ACA on System Implementation
After the 2016 open enrollment period, 17.6 million uninsured citizens obtained coverage through ACA; the uninsured rate fell below 10 percent that same year. (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). ACA has a significant impact on system implementation, according to industry experts. ACA supports Medicaid expansion. Make healthcare coverage more affordable and fair. The establishment of new health insurance marketplaces, also known as exchanges and implementation of market reforms, is another issue that is being addressed (HealthIT.gov.,n.d.). Providing care for people who live on a limited income or have a preexisting condition. Strengthening access to preventive and primary care. Increase healthcare quality at the same time decreasing careless expenses and increasing being accountable (PolicyMedical., n.d.). ACA has provisions that give system implementation a motive to build and enforce new policies that target increased efficiency (Ruffin, 2019). ACA is poised for consistent growth through value-based medications in the presence of evident uncertainty with a gradual repeal of the ACA for many payers in the care sector. Through growth in clinical care and public programs, being strategical in investments in public health (PolicyMedical., n.d.). By collaboration amongst the government, individuals, and employers, Americans can attain universal healthcare.
ACA has Improved Outcomes and Efficiencies
ACA has increased care coverage to millions of U.S. citizens. As a result, there is an improvement in care quality services since the healthcare cost is subsidized. Those with health insurance access better services in the United States (Huang et al., 2019). The wide range of plans resulting from ACA increases efficiency ...
RUNNING HEAD: Affordable Care Act 1
Affordable Care Act 2
ACA Healthcare Policy
Busola Omolayole
Walden University
TN006 Policy and Regulation Supporting Informatics and Technology Integration
2/3/2020
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
The affordable care act (ACA) policy was signed into law by the previous U.S. President Barack Obama in March of 2010 (HealthIT.gov., n.d.). The policy shares the responsibility of providing access to reasonable and good-quality health insurance by the government to individuals, employers in the United States. It is aimed at improving access and expanding health insurance coverage to all U.S. citizens and combat healthcare spending and costs (Quadagno, 2019). Also, the policy increased accessibility to care and quality care services, which determine the overall health in the U.S. Health insurance companies cannot deny coverage of preexisting conditions and cannot increase premiums based on medical conditions.
Impact of the ACA on System Implementation
After the 2016 open enrollment period, 17.6 million uninsured citizens obtained coverage through ACA; the uninsured rate fell below 10 percent that same year. (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). ACA has a significant impact on system implementation, according to industry experts. ACA supports Medicaid expansion. Make healthcare coverage more affordable and fair. The establishment of new health insurance marketplaces, also known as exchanges and implementation of market reforms, is another issue that is being addressed (HealthIT.gov.,n.d.). Providing care for people who live on a limited income or have a preexisting condition. Strengthening access to preventive and primary care. Increase healthcare quality at the same time decreasing careless expenses and increasing being accountable (PolicyMedical., n.d.). ACA has provisions that give system implementation a motive to build and enforce new policies that target increased efficiency (Ruffin, 2019). ACA is poised for consistent growth through value-based medications in the presence of evident uncertainty with a gradual repeal of the ACA for many payers in the care sector. Through growth in clinical care and public programs, being strategical in investments in public health (PolicyMedical., n.d.). By collaboration amongst the government, individuals, and employers, Americans can attain universal healthcare.
ACA has Improved Outcomes and Efficiencies
ACA has increased care coverage to millions of U.S. citizens. As a result, there is an improvement in care quality services since the healthcare cost is subsidized. Those with health insurance access better services in the United States (Huang et al., 2019). The wide range of plans resulting from ACA increases efficiency .
The Top Three 2020 Healthcare Trends and How to PrepareHealth Catalyst
After a tumultuous 2019, healthcare organizations are pivoting to make sense of the latest changes and prepare to face the top 2020 healthcare trends:
Consumerism—Can health systems respond to the consumer demands of better access and price transparency?
Financial Performance—With mergers, acquisitions, and private sector companies entering the healthcare arena, how will traditional hospitals and clinics compete?
Social Issues—How will health organizations respond to the opioid crisis and consider social determinants of health as part of the care process to provide comprehensive treatment?
As health systems struggle to survive amidst constant change, they must look forward and proactively prepare for what’s to come in 2020.
Less than 10 similarityReferences APAThis is another s.docxjeremylockett77
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This is another student post to which i have to react adding some extra information related this post.
short answers.
The current American model (ACA) is based on private healthcare. Americans lack universal access to health, so they depend on private insurance for health care. There are three ways to get coverage in the US: through a job - companies with more than 50 full-time workers must pay for part of the policy - buying it individually or, in the case of people without resources and older age 65, through two public programs.
In the present year, 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought into sharp focus the need for health care reforms that promote universal access to affordable care.
About half of Americans receive health coverage through their employer, and with record numbers filing for unemployment insurance, millions find themselves without health insurance in the midst of the largest pandemic in a century. Even those who maintain insurance coverage may find care unaffordable. (King, 2020)
Before the pandemic, research showed that more than half of Americans with employer-sponsored health insurance had delayed or postponed recommended treatment for themselves or a family member in the previous year because of cost. The loss of jobs, income, and health insurance associated with the pandemic will greatly exacerbate existing health care cost challenges for all Americans. (King, 2020)
The pandemic has wreaked havoc on the country's health system but at the same time has exposed the serious shortcomings of the American health system. However, it should not be hidden that before this event a health reform was necessary in which universal access to quality care for all Americans was guaranteed.
An adequate reform could be based on the Canadian health model, much like the British health model. In both countries, the health system is financed by the government and is based on five principles: it is accessible to all regardless of income, it offers complete services, it is publicly managed, and it is universally accessible to citizens and permanent residents. However, in the Canadian model some services such as dental and vision services are not covered. (Thomson, 2012)
Clearly, no health model will be 100% perfect and mishaps may arise along the way that must be addressed and improved, but health is a right that all people must have and a country that is a world power such as the United States, with excellent management can achieve a quality health system that is truly affordable for each and every one of its habitants.
10 essential health benefits in the ACA
Ambulatorypatient services
Emergencyservices
Hospitalization
Maternityand newborn care
Mentalhealth and substance use disorder services, including behavioral healthtreatment
Prescriptiondrugs
Rehabilitativeand habilitative services and devices
Laboratoryservices
Preventiveand wellness services and chronic disease manageme.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
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Study Resources:
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1. The Impact of the
Affordable Care Act
Since 2016
MARCH 2, 2021
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND GLOBAL CAMPUS
by
Carla Torres Saira Siddiqi Amberly Smith Audrey Quartey Nataliya Rakhmanina
2. Changes to Provisions of the
Affordable Care Act since 2016
○Individual Mandate eliminated
○The penalty for not having
insurance was reduced to $0
○States allowed to add “work
requirements” to Medicaid
○Medicaid beneficiaries
required to provide proof of work
or that they go to school
○Cost-sharing reduction
subsidies to insurers have ended
○“Trump administration suddenly
stopped paying these subsidies in
2017”
Access to short-term “skinny”
plans has been expanded
Short-term plans can now last 364
day and be renewed for 3 years
○Funds to facilitate
HealthCare.gov sign-ups slashed
○Federal funding was
significantly cut. (Simmons-Duffin,
2019)
3. What is the
status of
those who
were newly
covered by
the
Affordable
Care Act?
Medicaid beneficiaries need to prove that they
either work or go to school (Simmons-Duffin,
2019)
Due to this change, “tens of thousands of
people were kicked off Medicaid” because
they had trouble submitting the reporting
requirements – “dealing with websites, trying
to figure out how to report hours effectively
and all the rest.” (Simmons-Duffin, 2019)
Access to short-term "skinny" plans has been
expanded (Simmons-Duffin, 2019)
These plans are cheaper, but people are
not fully protected in the event of a serious
injury (Simmons-Duffin, 2019)
"They may find that it doesn't cover
everything that they would have been
covered for under an ACA-compliant
plan.” (Simmons-Duffin, 2019)
4. What is the
status of
those who
were newly
covered by
the
Affordable
Care Act?
”Trump administration has prioritized skimpy coverage sold
through association health plans and short-term, limited-
duration insurance.” (Gee, 2020)
These plans are not required to comply with the
ACA’s rules, and they charge people “higher
premiums based on preexisting conditions, set annual
limits on benefits, omit basic benefits such as mental
health care and prescription drugs, and rescind
coverage after treatment.” (Gee, 2020)
Enrollees in non-ACA-compliant plans don’t realize
the limitations until it’s too late (Gee, 2020)
The Government Accountability Office found sales
representatives of these plans used “potentially
deceptive practices, such as claiming the pre-existing
condition was covered when plan documents said
otherwise.” (Gee, 2020)
5. What is the
status of
those who
were newly
covered by
the
Affordable
Care Act?
Health care premiums are higher due to Trump
administration (Gee, 2020)
An estimated 6% increase was added to
premiums
“Trump administration enacted through
administrative law in 2019, marketplace
enrollees who receive financial assistance will
owe 2.8 percent more toward their premiums
in 2021.” (Gee, 2020)
Increases to out-of-pocket maximums was also
included (Gee, 2020)
6. What is the
status of
those who
were newly
covered by
the ACA?
Trump administration plans to continue
pushing the health care lawsuit (Gee, 2020).
The Supreme court will hear the health care
lawsuit case and decide the future of the
ACA (Gee, 2020).
”The court’s decision could take down
the entire law, including Medicaid
expansion, marketplace subsidies, and
protection for the 135 million Americans
with preexisting conditions.” (Gee, 2020)
“Full repeal of the ACA would have
resulted in about 20 million more
Americans becoming uninsured.” (Gee,
2020)
7. Health Insurance Exchanges
Insurance marketplaces in which individuals
and small business can compare and purchase
health plans. Individuals and marketplaces can
identify and apply for subsidies that they are
eligible for.
ACA health exchanges were fully certified and
operational by January 1, 2014, under federal
law.
The Marketplace is accessible through
websites, call centers, and in-person assistance.
Source: (Reynolds Center, 2011)
8. The role of
states in
exchanges
States have either implemented a state-run health
insurance exchange or let the federal government
run the health insurance exchange for them
The Affordable Care Act allows an exchange to
certify a health plan only if it "determines that
making available such health plan through such
Exchange is in the interests of qualified individuals
and qualified employers in the State or States in
which such Exchange operates.
States must consider how selective an exchange
should be.
States may eliminate insurance markets outside of
the exchange.
Under the Affordable Care Act, new federal
standards will define minimum essential benefits
that must be offered by all insurance plans.
9. How are different states approaching
health insurance exchanges?
► The official health insurance marketplace for
states not running their own exchange is
www.healthcare.gov.
As of 2020, there are 38 states that use
HealthCare.gov as their exchange portal;
the remaining 12 states and DC have their
own state-run exchanges and enrollment
systems. Five of the states that use
HealthCare.gov are considered state-based
exchanges, but use the federal platform for
enrollment (Arkansas, Kentucky, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Oregon, and New Mexico).
Some states have changed their exchange
models over the years. For 2021, there were
changes in Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Virginia, and Maine. Source: (Brune, 2019)
10. Effect of the
Affordable
Care Act on
insurance
premiums
The ACA has structured the marketplace to
provide affordable health insurance premiums for
Americans with various income levels.
The Essential Health Benefits was created and
required for all health plans listed on the
marketplace (Block et al., 2020).
Premiums are set by tax credit based on household
earnings and measure by the Federal Poverty Level
(FPL). The percentage an individual or family
would pay depends on the amount earned.
Premium plans were labeled Platinum, Gold, Silver,
Bronze and Catastrophic. The bronze level covers a
value of 60% of the health care cost and the
platinum covers a value of 90% of health care cost
(Block et al., 2020).
In 2019, 63 % of individuals enrolled in the silver plan
and 29% in bronze (KFF, 2019).
11. Insurance
premium
changes in
2019
The repeal of tax penalty mandate of ACA
and change of legislation that loosely
controlled the marketplace had an upward
effect on premiums. Resulting on an
increase of 6% on health insurance
premiums (KFF, 2018).
Cost-sharing reduction payments loss also
impacted premiums increasing silver
premium an average of 10% and up to 16%
higher in 2019.
13. The Role of
Medicaid
in the
Affordable
Care Act
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law
by President Barack Obama in 2010.
The Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid to all
Americans under age 65 with family income at or
below 133 percent of the federal poverty level.
$14,484 for an individual
$29,726 for a family of four
The federal government helps pay for states to
expand Medicaid eligibility.
Between 2014 to 2016, Medicaid expansion
states received full federal financing at 100
percent for the newly eligible.
Under the law, states have options to choose to
expand Medicaid or keep their existing traditional
Medicaid.
Most states chose to expand Medicaid to include
nearly 15 million new working-age adults.
15. Mandatory
Requirements
of Medicaid
Expansion
The law includes optional and mandatory benefits
such as:
Coverage of free-standing birth clinics
Tobacco cessation services for pregnant
women
Full federal financing at 100 percent available
for those newly eligible for Medicaid for three
years and decrease in financing in
subsequent years.
Requirements of Medicaid Expansion:
Improve outreach and enrollment
Coordinate Medicaid eligibility with the new
health benefit exchange
Improve Medicaid program integrity through
fraud and abuse prevention, detection, and
recovery initiatives
Increased transparency with applications and
renewals
16. Changes to
Medicaid
expansion
since 2016
Under Trump, states can now require Medicaid
beneficiaries to prove with documentation that
they either work or go to school.
Currently, 18 states have applied to the
federal government to implement work
requirements; but most such programs
have not yet gone into effect.
Arkansas is the first to implement a work
requirement program.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, from
2016 to 2019, 2.3 million Americans,
including 726,000 children, have lost health
insurance coverage partly due to attacks
on Medicaid such as work requirements.
If more states implement work
requirements, more will lose insurance
coverage
19. Access
○More Americans have access to health insurance.
○Uninsured rate declined by 43%, from 16% in 2010 to 9.1% in 2015 (Manchikanti & Hirsch, 2016)
○16.4 million uninsured Americans have gained health insurance coverage (Manchikanti et al.,
2017)
○Protection for Americans with preexisting conditions.
○No time limits on medical care.
○Individual mandate utilized to increase insurance coverage due to potential fines.
●Health insurance coverage rates were mainly attributed to Medicaid expansion.
●Coverage rates have been uneven due to Medicaid expansion being optional.
● “Because of the Supreme Court’s decision making Medicaid expansion optional with the states,
we’re going to see some pretty significant differences in this country from one place to another in
terms of access to health care and access to health insurance” (Alonso-Zaldivar, 2013).
●Individual mandate was repealed in 2017 by the Trump Administration.
●Costs of paying individual mandate penalty was more affordable than buying insurance.
●Exchange policies characterized by narrow networks (e.g. limited access to care).
●Medicaid work requirements will cause many low-income Americans to lose coverage (Katch et al.,
2018). Enrollment is difficult due to technical issues on the website and short enrollment periods (Sullivan,
2019)
PROMISES
RESULTS
20. Cost
○Insurance companies must spend at least 80% of insurance premiums on medical
care and improvements (Sullivan, 2019)
●ACA aimed to prevent insurers from unreasonable rate increases.
●Marketplace offers a wide range of coverage options with varying costs.
●ACA aimed to decrease health care expenditures.
●ACA rendered medical care more expensive due to high premium and out-of-pocket (e.g.,
deductible, coinsurance) rates (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2016).
●Total health expenditures continued to increase after ACA.
●ACA subsidy formula restricts subsidies to people with incomes between 100% and 400% of the
federal poverty level who have no other affordable source of coverage (Eibner, 2021).
●Medicaid expansion will add pressure to the already-strained state budgets due to the required
contributions from state to their Medicaid expansion, which is currently funded at 100% by the
federal government.
PROMISES
RESULTS
21. US Total Health
Expenditures
The Affordable Care Act was
projected to decrease total
healthcare spending.
After the implementation of the
Affordable Care Act, health
care spending continued to
increase. Source: (Keehan et al., 2017)
22. Quality
○ACA promised to improve quality of care.
■Adverse drug events, infections and pressure ulcers have declined by 17% from
2010 to 2014 (Latner, 2018)
■Rate of hospital acquired conditions prevention 87,000 deaths over 4 years
(Latner, 2018).
●ACA has failed to improve quality due to minimal contributions to preventive services
and increased waiting time.
●Quality improvements have not increased, and may have even deteriorated, with
electronic health records and increased regulatory burdens.
PROMISES
RESULTS
23. So, what is the
verdict on the
Affordable Care
Act?
24. Promise: Increase coverage rates
The net reduction in the uninsured
is almost entirely attributable to
making non-disabled adults
eligible for Medicaid (Badger,
2017).
Pushed those with incomes
too high to qualify for
subsidies out of the market
(Antos & Capretta, 2020).
About half of the new Medicaid
enrollees met eligibility standards
that were in place before the ACA
(Badger, 2017).
Medicaid expansion is not
mandatory for states. As of
2020, 14 states continue to
resist expansion.
Fewer insurance choices
(narrow networks).
Lack of limits on care increases
costs for consumers because
payers must pay more (Moore,
2018).
Deductibles and maximum out-of-
pocket limits have increased across all
payers - putting a higher financial
burden on patients (Physicians for Fair
Coverage, 2018).
Health insurance premiums
have increased
significantly - about 10% in
2020 and 6% in 2019
(Morse, 2019).
Employers often choose to pay a
penalty versus providing insurance for
employees (BHM Marketing, 2017.
Medicaid work requirement provisions
threaten coverage for many Americans.
Potentially 1.4 to 4 million people living in
rural areas would lose coverage (Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities, 2018).
Nearly 30 million
Americans are still
uninsured (Belluz,
2017).
Pre-existing conditions
increase premiums
because payers must
cover costs of sicker
patients.
By 2018, uninsured rates have dropped to 8.5% (prior at ACA, uninsured rate was
about 15%) (Berchick et al., 2018) …BUT…
25. Promise: Decrease health care costs
•The ACA failed to
control the high and
rapidly rising health care
costs for Americans.
•“Delivery systems reforms advanced by
the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services Innovation Center have shown
disappointing results, and mechanisms
intended to rein in federal costs have
been dropped” (Antos & Capretta, 2020).
•Consumers continue to
report that medical
expenses as their No. 1
economic concern
(Cancryn, 2020).
Studies show that the
ACA was the "primary"
reason why healthcare
costs rose at an unusually
high rate (Martin et al.,
2016).
26. Policy
Challenges
the ACA
Faces Today
Since the implementation of ACA in 2010 many
challenges and have arose to challenge it. Court
cases to repeal the ACA have been as follows:
California v. Texas: individual mandate is
unconstitutional
King v. Burwell: does a State that establishes its
own exchange considered an “exchange
established state” eligible for subsidies.
National Federation of Independent Business v.
Sebelius
Contraception Cases
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
Zubik v. Burwell
Little sisters of the poor v. Pennsylvania (National
Conference of States Legislatures [NCSL], 2021)
27. Current
status of
challenges
The women’s abortion right has been scrutinized
and threatened for decades (Rovner, 2020). Ruth
Ginsburg supported and voted to uphold the law
for women to maintain the freedom to choose to
reproduce or not. With Ginsburg’s absence in the
Supreme Court the future of the ACA is in
jeopardy (Rovner, 2020).
Much of the repeal still awaits its fate in the
supreme court. The new administration presents
hope for a better reformed ACA and not one that
is stripped of all the benefits it has presented thus
far.
28. References I
Alonso-Zaldivar, R. (2013, July 2). Medicaid expansion uneven. Spokesman.Com. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2013/jul/02/medicaid-expansion-uneven/
Antos, J., & Capretta, J. (2020, April 10). The ACA: Trillions? Yes. A revolution? No. Health Affairs. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200406.93812/full/
Badger, D. (2017, March 14). Doug badger: Have 20 million people gained coverage under the ACA? Twin Cities. https://www.twincities.com/2017/03/14/doug-badger-have-20-
million-people-gained-coverage-under-the-aca/
Belluz, J. (2017, April 7). What we know about the 30 million americans who are still uninsured. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2017/4/7/15225800/30-million-americans-are-still-uninsured-
inequality
Berchick, E., Barnett, J., & Upton, R. (2018). Health insurance coverage in the united states: 2018. United States Census Bureau.
https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-267.pdf
BHM Marketing. (2017, April 2). ACA – the good, the bad, and the ugly. BHM Healthcare Solutions. https://bhmpc.com/2013/04/aca-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/
Block, A. E., Cardenas, S., & Kittleson, M. J. (2020). The Affordable Care Act - From Health Policy to Implementation: Lessons Learned. Health Behavior & Policy Review, 7(1), 3–
12. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.14485/HBPR.7.1.1
Brune, N. (2019, November 20). Open enrollment for health insurance in 2020: Big changes and new opportunities in nevada. Guinn Center For Policy Priorities.
https://guinncenter.org/5693-2/
Cancryn, A. (2020, February 24). Health care costs are top priority heading into elections. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/02/19/poll-health-care-election-115866
29. References II
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2018, August 22). How medicaid work requirements will harm rural residents – and communities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/how-
medicaid-work-requirements-will-harm-rural-residents-and-communities
Garfield, R. (2021, January 21). The coverage GAP: UNINSURED poor adults in states that do not expand medicaid. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/the-
coverage-gap-uninsured-poor-adults-in-states-that-do-not-expand-medicaid/
Gee, E. (2020, September 25). Less coverage and higher costs: The trump’s administration’s health care legacy. Center for American Progress.
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2020/09/25/490756/less-coverage-higher-costs-trumps-administrations-health-care-legacy/
Goodnough, A. (2018, November 07). Idaho, Nebraska and UTAH vote to expand Medicaid. /2018/11/07/health/medicaid-expansion-ballot.html
Guth, M., Garfield, R., & Rudoqitz, R. (2020, March 17). The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review. Kaiser Family Foundation.
https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/the-effects-of-medicaid-expansion-under-the-aca-updated-findings-from-a-literature-review/
Hansen, M., & Tobler, L. (2011, June). Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/HRMedicaid.pdf
Kaiser Family Foundation (2018, October 11). 2019 premium changes on ACA exchanges. https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/tracking-2019-premium-changes-on-aca-
exchanges/
Kaiser Family Foundation (2018, October 26). How repeal of the individual mandate and expansion of loosely regulated plans are affecting 2019 premiums.
https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/how-repeal-of-the-individual-mandate-and-expansion-of-loosely-regulated-plans-are-affecting-2019-premiums
30. References III
Katch, H., Wagner, J., & Arone-Dine, A. (2018). Taking medicaid coverage away from people not meeting work requirements will reduce Low-Income families’ access to care and
worsen health outcomes. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/taking-medicaid-coverage-away-from-people-not-meeting-work-
requirements-will-reduce
Katch, H. (2018, February 28). Medicaid work requirements will harm families, including workers. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-work-requirements-will-harm-families-including-workers
Keehan, S. P., Stone, D. A., Poisal, J. A., Cuckler, G. A., Sisko, A. M., Smith, S. D., Madison, A. J., Wolfe, C. J., & Lizonitz, J. M. (2017). National health expenditure projections, 2016–25:
Price increases, aging push sector to 20 Percent of economy. Health Affairs, 36(3), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1627
Latner, A. (2018, December 20). Hospital-acquired conditions have decreased since Affordable Care Act implemented. Clinical Advisor. https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/my-
practice/legal-advisor/hospital-acquired-conditions-have-decreased-since-affordable-care-act-implemented/
Martin, A. B., Hartman, M., Benson, J., & Catlin, A. (2016). National health spending in 2014: Faster growth driven by coverage expansion and prescription drug spending. Health
Affairs, 35(1), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1194
Manchikanti, L., Helm, S., Benyamin, R., & Hirsch, J. (2017). A critical analysis of obamacare: Affordable Care or insurance for many and coverage for Few? Pain Physician, 3(20;3),
111–138. https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2017.138</div>
Manchikanti, L., & Hirsch, J. (2016). Repeal and replace of affordable care: A complex, but not an impossible task. Pain Physician, 8;19(8;11), E1109–E1113.
https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e1109
31. References IV
Moore, S. (2018, June 5). 8 reasons to still hate obamacare. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/health-care-reform/commentary/8-reasons-still-hate-obamacare
Morse, S. (2019, May 6). Affordable care act premium rates projected to increase by 10 percent. Healthcare Finance News.
https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/affordable-care-act-premium-rates-projected-increase-10-percent
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2021, February 12). Legal cases and state legislative actions related to the ACA.
https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-laws-and-actions-challenging-ppaca.aspx
Physicians for Fair Coverage. (2018, July 19). Higher premiums, higher deductibles, and narrower networks in exchange markets. Physicians for a National
Health Program. https://pnhp.org/news/higher-premiums-higher-deductibles-and-narrower-networks-in-exchange-markets/
Reynolds Center. (2011, August 15). Health insurance exchanges: Open marketplace. https://businessjournalism.org/2011/08/health-insurance-exchanges-
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