Immunisation and UNEPI.pptx
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This document discusses immunization and the Uganda National Expanded Programme on Immunization (UNEPI). It defines key terms like immunity, vaccines, and immunization. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems and how vaccines induce immunity. It outlines Uganda's vaccination schedule, which protects against diseases like polio, pertussis, measles, and more. It also notes common minor side effects of vaccines like fever and pain at the injection site. The overall goal of UNEPI is to ensure Ugandans are protected from vaccine-preventable diseases through both routine and supplemental immunization activities.
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1. Contents: Introduction
History of vaccine
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccines
Uptake of antigens
Single shot vaccines
Mucosal vaccine delivery system
Transdermal vaccine delivery system
Conclusion
References
2. Drug delivery systems describe technologies that carry drugs into or throughout the body. These technologies include the method of delivery, such as a pill that you swallow, syrups or a vaccine that is injected.
3. Vaccines are biological preparation which provide active acquired immunity against particular diseases.
Vaccine word is derived from Latin word “Variolae vaccinea” (cowpox).
It is made of disease causing microbes, which are killed or present in attenuated form or it’s toxins or one of it’s surface proteins.
It stimulates the body immune system against the microbe and destroy it.
The administration of vaccine is called vaccination.
4.Edward Jenner developed 1st vaccine against small pox at 1798 from cowpox.
Louis pasture developed live attenuated cholera vaccine and inactivated anthrax vaccine in 1897 and 1904 respectively.
In 1923, Alexander Glenny introduce a method to inactivate tetanus toxins, this method was used to developed diphtheria vaccine in 1926.
Viral tissue culture method was developed in 1950-1985, which helped in development of inactivated and live attenuated polio vaccines.
5. important terminilogies:-Antibody: A protein found in the blood that is produced in response to foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) invading the body. Antibodies protect the body from disease by binding to these organisms and destroying them.
Antigens: Foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) in the body that are capable of causing disease. The presence of antigens in the body triggers an immune response.
Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies against a toxin. Antitoxin can be derived from either human (e.g., tetanus immune globulin) or animal (usually equine) sources (e.g., diphtheria and botulism antitoxin). Antitoxins are used to confer passive immunity and for treatment.
6.Active immunity: The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system. Active immunity can be acquired in two ways, either by contracting the disease or through vaccination. Active immunity is usually permanent, meaning an individual is protected from the disease for the duration of their lives.
Passive immunity: Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal. Passive immunity is effective, but protection is generally limited and diminishes over time (usually a few weeks or months).
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Live attenuated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.
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1. Contents: Introduction
History of vaccine
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccines
Uptake of antigens
Single shot vaccines
Mucosal vaccine delivery system
Transdermal vaccine delivery system
Conclusion
References
2. Drug delivery systems describe technologies that carry drugs into or throughout the body. These technologies include the method of delivery, such as a pill that you swallow, syrups or a vaccine that is injected.
3. Vaccines are biological preparation which provide active acquired immunity against particular diseases.
Vaccine word is derived from Latin word “Variolae vaccinea” (cowpox).
It is made of disease causing microbes, which are killed or present in attenuated form or it’s toxins or one of it’s surface proteins.
It stimulates the body immune system against the microbe and destroy it.
The administration of vaccine is called vaccination.
4.Edward Jenner developed 1st vaccine against small pox at 1798 from cowpox.
Louis pasture developed live attenuated cholera vaccine and inactivated anthrax vaccine in 1897 and 1904 respectively.
In 1923, Alexander Glenny introduce a method to inactivate tetanus toxins, this method was used to developed diphtheria vaccine in 1926.
Viral tissue culture method was developed in 1950-1985, which helped in development of inactivated and live attenuated polio vaccines.
5. important terminilogies:-Antibody: A protein found in the blood that is produced in response to foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) invading the body. Antibodies protect the body from disease by binding to these organisms and destroying them.
Antigens: Foreign substances (e.g. bacteria or viruses) in the body that are capable of causing disease. The presence of antigens in the body triggers an immune response.
Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies against a toxin. Antitoxin can be derived from either human (e.g., tetanus immune globulin) or animal (usually equine) sources (e.g., diphtheria and botulism antitoxin). Antitoxins are used to confer passive immunity and for treatment.
6.Active immunity: The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system. Active immunity can be acquired in two ways, either by contracting the disease or through vaccination. Active immunity is usually permanent, meaning an individual is protected from the disease for the duration of their lives.
Passive immunity: Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal. Passive immunity is effective, but protection is generally limited and diminishes over time (usually a few weeks or months).
7.Live attenuated Vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.
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Basic imunization and immunization in sepecal situation
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This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types of DM (type 1, type 2, gestational, monogenic), pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It defines the diagnostic criteria and thresholds for DM and prediabetes using fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C levels. Key recommendations are provided for diagnosing DM and prediabetes.
HIV.pptx
The document outlines key topics related to paediatric HIV including epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It discusses mother-to-child transmission, care for HIV-exposed infants, opportunistic infections, and use of antiretroviral therapy. The goal is to provide an overview of paediatric HIV and strategies to prevent transmission from mother to child and properly manage infected children.
Nephrotic Syndrome.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, low albumin levels, edema, and high cholesterol. The most common type in children is minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which is idiopathic and affects boys more than girls aged 2-6 years. Treatment involves high-dose steroids to induce remission, followed by lower alternate-day doses for maintenance. Complications include edema, dyslipidemia, and increased infection risk. With treatment, 80-90% of children experience remission of symptoms.
Vitamin deficiencies.ppt
This document provides an overview of common vitamin deficiencies, including vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E. It discusses the roles of each vitamin, sources of each vitamin, clinical features of deficiencies, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems and increase susceptibility to infections. It is highly prevalent in Uganda.
- Thiamine (B1) deficiency can cause beriberi with symptoms like edema, heart failure, and neurological issues.
- Pellagra results from niacin (B3) deficiency and presents as dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
- Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, resulting in bone
UTI.pptx
Urinary tract infections are common bacterial infections in children that can affect any part of the urinary tract. While the prognosis is generally good with early treatment, UTIs are associated with risks such as renal scarring and long-term complications if not properly treated. The presentation outlines the definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of UTIs in children. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and relieve symptoms, with longer courses used to treat pyelonephritis in the kidneys compared to cystitis of the bladder alone.
bacterial meningitis.pptx
This document provides an overview of meningitis, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other factors. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious form and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with antibiotics. Common symptoms vary by age but may include fever, headache, nausea, stiff neck, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment aims to eliminate the infecting organism with antibiotics and reduce inflammation. Complications can include hearing loss, seizures, and developmental delays. Vaccination
BURNS .pptx
Burns are an injury to the skin or tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or other energy transfers. They are a global public health problem, especially in low and middle income countries. Children and women are particularly vulnerable. Common causes of burns include hot liquids, flames, and chemicals. Burns are classified based on depth, severity, and etiology. Local and systemic responses to burns involve inflammation, increased metabolism, and organ dysfunction. Accurately estimating the total body surface area burned guides management, which focuses on resuscitation, infection control, nutrition, and wound healing. Complications can include shock, renal failure, and contractures if not properly treated.
ABSCESS.pptx
An abscess is a collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by inflammation, swelling, pain, and the presence of dead and live bacteria, white blood cells, and tissue debris. Abscesses are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus infections and can occur anywhere in the body. They are diagnosed based on symptoms, physical exam, and imaging tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes surgical drainage of the pus. Complications can include sepsis, organ damage, and tissue destruction if not properly treated.
SHOCK AND ITS COMPLICATIONS.ppt
This document discusses shock and its classifications and pathophysiology. It defines shock as an imbalance between oxygen delivery and demand. There are four main classifications of shock: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive, and obstructive. The pathophysiology involves a progression from compensated shock to end organ dysfunction as the body's compensatory mechanisms become insufficient to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Treatment involves initial stabilization and assessment followed by definitive care, which may include fluid resuscitation, vasopressor therapy, treating the underlying cause, and monitoring for complications.
Acute asthma in children.ppt
This document discusses the management of asthma exacerbations in children. It begins with a case scenario of a 3-year-old boy presenting with cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and fever. It then provides definitions and descriptions of asthma, exacerbations, signs and symptoms. It classifies exacerbation severity and outlines initial treatment including inhaled short-acting beta-agonists, oral corticosteroids, and oxygen. It discusses reassessing the child's response and adding additional medications if needed. The goal is relief of symptoms and planning follow-up care.
10.Rheumatic Fever.ppt
Rheumatic fever is a non-suppurative systemic disease that occurs as a delayed complication of untreated or ineffectively treated streptococcal pharyngitis. It primarily affects children between 5-15 years of age and is characterized by migratory polyarthritis, carditis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, and erythema marginatum. If not properly treated, it can lead to rheumatic heart disease, which involves permanent damage to the heart valves and is the most serious complication. Treatment involves bed rest, anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics to prevent recurrent infections, and possibly cardiac surgery for severe valve damage.
11.PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.ppt
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It provides background information on TB epidemiology globally and in Uganda. It describes the pathophysiology and phases of TB infection and disease. It defines TB cases and classifications. It discusses investigations for diagnosing TB including imaging, microscopy, culture and tuberculin skin testing. It also outlines TB treatment regimens and definitions of treatment outcomes.
3.MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES.ppt
Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread globally and affect approximately 2 billion people. The most common deficiencies are caused by lack of iron, iodine, and zinc. Micronutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of clinical issues depending on the deficient nutrient, but often include poor growth, cognitive impairments, increased infection risk, and sometimes even death if deficiencies go untreated. Public health efforts focus on prevention through diet, supplementation, and food fortification programs.
12.DIARRHOEA.ppt
This document provides information on different types of diarrhoea including acute diarrhoea, persistent diarrhoea, and dysentery. It defines each type and discusses their causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, risk factors, management, and treatment. The main points covered are that acute diarrhoea is usually viral in children and lasts less than 14 days, persistent diarrhoea lasts more than 14 days and is related to malnutrition, and dysentery involves bloody stools which is commonly caused by Shigella bacteria.
1.Acute Malnutrition.pptx
The document discusses acute malnutrition in Uganda. It defines malnutrition and its two broad categories: undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition, which results from not getting enough nutrients, affects 6% of Ugandan children, with 2% having severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Malnutrition can be assessed through anthropometric measurements, clinical signs, and biochemical tests. Its management involves 3 phases: initial stabilization, transition to intensive feeding, and rehabilitation. The 10 key points of managing SAM are addressed.
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Here is summary of hypertension -
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Immunisation and UNEPI.pptx
- 1. Immunization and UNEPI Dr. Franceska Akello Lecturer Department of Pediatrics and Child Health 27, February, 2019
- 2. Outline of presentation • Definitions • Immune system • Vaccination schedule in Uganda • Vaccine side effects
- 3. Introduction • A vaccine- a preparation of the causative agent of a disease, specially treated for use in vaccination, in order to induce or increase immunity. • Immunity: Protection from disease • Immune system is designed to produce a coordinated response following the entry of an antigen into the body • Classified into Innate and adaptive immunity • Innate immunity. • The first line of defense against pathogen • Includes 1. external/ anatomical barriers such as skin and mucous memebranes
- 4. Innate immune response… 2. Physiologic –Temp, PH, chemicals such as enzymes, complements 3. Phagocytic-Monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages 4. Inflammatory cells • Innate immune responses are present intrinsically
- 5. Adaptive(acquired) immunity • Requires preparation • Response is by T and B lymphocytes • Immune recognition is highly specific for particular pathogens • Response changes after successful encounter with a pathogen • Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen produces faster and greater magnitude due to memory cell
- 6. Characteristics of innate immune response • Are present intrinsically with or without previous exposure • Have limited specificity • Not enhanced by re-exposure. • Once the barrier of the innate immune response has been breached, the adaptive immune response is activated in an antigen specific fashion to provide for the elimination of the antigen and lasting protection from future re-exposure.
- 7. Components of adaptive immune response • Lymphocytes-T and B cells • Characteristics of the adaptive immune response • Specific for a particular antigen • Enhanced in repeat exposure • Diverse • Capable of self/non self recognition.
- 8. Immunization • Definition: The process of inducing immunity against a specific disease • Immunity can be induced passively through administration of Preformed antibodies to an individual to induce transient protection against an infectious agent • It can also be achieved through physiological transfer of maternal antibodies to a baby • Immunity can also be induced actively by administering a vaccine or a toxoid to stimulate either humoral or cell mediated immune response or both
- 9. Immunization… • It is among the most successful and cost effective public health interventions in preventing a childhood mortality. • Immunization prevents illness, disability and death from wide range of communicable diseases. • Globally Immunization currently averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. Uganda • Overall immunization coverage was at 50% for children 12 -23 months( 2006 UDHS).
- 10. Vaccines • Vaccines are whole or parts of microorganisms administered to prevent an infectious disease. • They can consist of whole inactivated microorganisms (e.g., polio and HepA), • Parts of the organism (e.g., acellular pertussis, HPV, and HepB) • Polysaccharide capsules (e.g., pneumococcal and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines). • Polysaccharide capsules conjugated to protein carriers (e.g., Hib, pneumococcal, and meningococcal conjugate vaccines) • Live-attenuated microorganisms (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus, and live- attenuated influenza vaccines), and toxoids (tetanus and diphtheria
- 11. Vaccine… • Preservatives, stabilizers, and antimicrobial agents are used to inhibit bacterial growth and to prevent degradation of the antigen • Adjuvants are used in some vaccines to enhance the immune response. • Vaccines can induce immunity by stimulating antibody formation, cellular immunity, or both. • Protection induced by most vaccines is thought to be mediated primarily by B lymphocytes, which produce antibody. • Such antibodies can inactivate toxins, neutralize viruses, and prevent their attachment to cellular receptors, facilitate phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, interact with complement to lyse bacteria, and prevent adhesion to mucosal surfaces by interacting with the bacterial cell surface.
- 12. Vaccine… • To ensure potency, vaccines should be stored at recommended temperatures before and after reconstitution ( Cold chain)
- 13. Initiation of a vaccine response Following injection • The pathogen-associated patterns contained in vaccine antigens attract dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils that patrol throughout the body • Activated monocytes and dendritic cells change their surface receptors migrate along lymphatic vessels to the draining lymph nodes • Activation of T and B lymphocytes takes place.
- 14. Generation of T cell effector responses . • Antigens are phagocytosed by DCs , processed into small peptides and displayed at the cell surface in the groove of MHC class I and/or class II molecules (2). • CD4+ T cells activated and differentiate in effector cells that produce preferentially Th1 or Th2 cytokines. • Th1 CD4+ T cells produce INF-gamma and TNF-alpha that promote CD8+ T cell function • Th2 produce IL-4 that suppresses CD8+ T cell function.
- 15. Uganda National Expanded Programme on Immunization ( UNEPI). • It is a national program that mainly targets infant and women of childbearing age. • Vision-To ensure that the Ugandan population is free of vaccine preventable diseases. • Offers the following services: • Routine immunization services through static and outreach activities • Supplement immunization activities (SIAs)-Organized periodically to interrupt transmission and disease spread. • Accelerated Routine immunization • Surveillance and outbreak response.
- 16. Recommended Immunizable diseases under UNEPI 1. Poliomyelitis-OPV/IPV 2. Whooping cough-Pertusis (DPT-HepB-Hib) 3.Diptheria 4. Tetanus 5. Measles-Measles vaccine 6. Neonatal tetanus-TTV for WCBA 7. Hepatitis B infection 8. H. influenza 9. Cancer of Cervix-HPV 10. Pneumococcal infection-Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine 11. Tuberculosis-BCG 12.Rota virus
- 18. Common vaccine side effects • OPV-vaccine associated poliomyelitis • Pertussis-Convulsions • Fever • Pain at the site of injection. • Rash • Enchepalitis
- 19. ANY QUESTIONS?