Foreign Investment is an important activity in order to improve economic growth and
prosperity of society. It needs to be supported with legal instruments that can guarantee
and protect the investments. The formation of legal instruments is strongly affected by the
economic and political interests of the country, therefore sometimes it goes against the
principle of legal certainty. By using normative jurisdictional research methods in this
study, the Author will discuss about the principles and concepts used by the government
to establish a policy on foreign investment.
The document summarizes key points of China's foreign investment law:
1. The law now allows Chinese natural persons to invest in sino-foreign joint ventures, changing a past rule.
2. It defines forms of permitted foreign investment as direct investment, mergers and acquisitions, investment in new projects, and other approved forms.
3. Foreign investors receive pre-entry national treatment and are subject only to rules on a negative investment list, with equal treatment for non-listed investments.
4. The law provides protections for foreign investment such as national treatment, intellectual property protections, business secret protections, and ensuring policy commitments are upheld.
Mongolia revises its regulatory framework for foreign investment (3.10.13)N G
As the interest on investment in Mongolia is growing, I am pleased to upload a presentation about investment condition in Mongolia that was made by HL in UB.
PRC New Foreign Investment Law--Overview and AnalysisLinjunLawrenceGUO
The document summarizes the key aspects of China's new Foreign Investment Law that was adopted in March 2019 and will take effect in January 2020. It provides an overview of the law, discusses its profound significance in establishing foreign direct investment as a fundamental state policy in China. It also outlines the primary features of the law related to promoting, protecting and administering foreign investment. Finally, it examines some issues and implementation matters related to the new law.
This document provides an overview of opportunities and challenges for foreign investors in Bangladesh's garment industry. It discusses the history and development of the garment industry in Bangladesh. It also analyzes factors affecting foreign direct investment, including regulatory policies, political stability, economic conditions, and opportunities in the textile and apparel sector. The garment industry remains an important source of foreign investment, though Bangladesh could benefit from attracting more investment in higher value products and backward linkages.
Foreign investment in Myanmar has increased exponentially since political reforms began in 2011. The new Foreign Investment Law passed in 2012 replaced the 1988 law and opened additional sectors to foreign ownership. The process for foreign investment involves applications to both the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) and Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA) for permits and approvals, which generally takes 3-6 months. Key sectors remain restricted to certain levels of foreign ownership. Sanctions from the US and Europe have also been largely lifted in recent years.
1 1 - 1-4 introduction of foreign investment law system in chinaApeng Shang
This document summarizes the key aspects of foreign investment law in China covered in the first four chapters of the book "Fashion Law in China". It outlines the main laws and regulations governing foreign investment, protections available to foreign investors, and compliance rules foreign investors must follow. The system establishes a framework for foreign investment including national treatment, pre-entry national treatment, restrictions in a "negative list", and protections for intellectual property, business secrets, profits, and policy commitments. Compliance with laws around reporting, labor, antitrust, and other areas is also required.
An Introduction to Law of Investment in Indonesia such as background of investment, history of investment, related prevailing law of investment, scope of investment, business field, treatment of investment, and related institution such as United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Indonesia Coordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal - BKPM)
The document summarizes key points of China's foreign investment law:
1. The law now allows Chinese natural persons to invest in sino-foreign joint ventures, changing a past rule.
2. It defines forms of permitted foreign investment as direct investment, mergers and acquisitions, investment in new projects, and other approved forms.
3. Foreign investors receive pre-entry national treatment and are subject only to rules on a negative investment list, with equal treatment for non-listed investments.
4. The law provides protections for foreign investment such as national treatment, intellectual property protections, business secret protections, and ensuring policy commitments are upheld.
Mongolia revises its regulatory framework for foreign investment (3.10.13)N G
As the interest on investment in Mongolia is growing, I am pleased to upload a presentation about investment condition in Mongolia that was made by HL in UB.
PRC New Foreign Investment Law--Overview and AnalysisLinjunLawrenceGUO
The document summarizes the key aspects of China's new Foreign Investment Law that was adopted in March 2019 and will take effect in January 2020. It provides an overview of the law, discusses its profound significance in establishing foreign direct investment as a fundamental state policy in China. It also outlines the primary features of the law related to promoting, protecting and administering foreign investment. Finally, it examines some issues and implementation matters related to the new law.
This document provides an overview of opportunities and challenges for foreign investors in Bangladesh's garment industry. It discusses the history and development of the garment industry in Bangladesh. It also analyzes factors affecting foreign direct investment, including regulatory policies, political stability, economic conditions, and opportunities in the textile and apparel sector. The garment industry remains an important source of foreign investment, though Bangladesh could benefit from attracting more investment in higher value products and backward linkages.
Foreign investment in Myanmar has increased exponentially since political reforms began in 2011. The new Foreign Investment Law passed in 2012 replaced the 1988 law and opened additional sectors to foreign ownership. The process for foreign investment involves applications to both the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) and Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA) for permits and approvals, which generally takes 3-6 months. Key sectors remain restricted to certain levels of foreign ownership. Sanctions from the US and Europe have also been largely lifted in recent years.
1 1 - 1-4 introduction of foreign investment law system in chinaApeng Shang
This document summarizes the key aspects of foreign investment law in China covered in the first four chapters of the book "Fashion Law in China". It outlines the main laws and regulations governing foreign investment, protections available to foreign investors, and compliance rules foreign investors must follow. The system establishes a framework for foreign investment including national treatment, pre-entry national treatment, restrictions in a "negative list", and protections for intellectual property, business secrets, profits, and policy commitments. Compliance with laws around reporting, labor, antitrust, and other areas is also required.
An Introduction to Law of Investment in Indonesia such as background of investment, history of investment, related prevailing law of investment, scope of investment, business field, treatment of investment, and related institution such as United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Indonesia Coordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal - BKPM)
Cecca financial newsletter issue 3 march 2019Shu-Chien Chen
China has become one of the top countries developing fast in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent decade. In terms of the institutional development of FDI, Chinese authorities have made effort to move forward a step in reducing transaction and regulatory costs for foreign investors. Owing to the difference of transaction structure of greenfield investment and mergers & acquisitions (M&A), China's regulatory strategies on the two types of foreign investment is different, the political concern on corporate control over domestic firms may increase compliance risk and uncertainties for foreign investors who aims to run business by directly acquiring P.R.C enterprises.
The committee was constituted to rationalize the definition of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) based on an announcement by the Finance Minister. The committee met several times and studied conceptual frameworks for FDI and portfolio investment. It recommended merging various portfolio investment forms under a single foreign portfolio investment (FPI) definition. Investments of less than 10% would be considered FPI, while those of 10% or more would be FDI. The committee also provided other recommendations regarding foreign venture capital investors, non-resident Indian investors, and concluded that the classifications should ultimately be simplified to FPI and FDI investors.
This document summarizes recent developments regarding foreign investment in Indonesia, specifically addressing the new 1995 Company Law. It discusses the key laws governing foreign investment, including the 1967 Foreign Investment Law. The law aims to encourage foreign capital and investment through various tax incentives and protections. However, trading remains generally closed to foreigners. The document defines what constitutes foreign investment and outlines important facilities and assurances provided to foreign investors, such as tax holidays and freedom from import duties. It also notes that while foreign capital is welcomed, self-reliance remains a key goal of Indonesia's economic development.
Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann Public Mergers and Acquisitions 2020Dr. Oliver Massmann
The M&A market in Vietnam remains attractive, with foreign investment reaching $38 billion in 2019. Major deals include SK Group investing $1 billion in VinGroup and KEB Hana acquiring a 15% stake in Vietnam Development Bank. Obtaining control of a public company can be done through share/capital acquisitions, mergers, or asset acquisitions. Hostile bids are increasing but still less common than recommended bids due to limited public information. M&A activity is regulated through various laws governing corporations, investments, securities, and competition.
Public economic enterprises (PEEs) played an important role in Turkey's early economic development but have become a drag on the economy in recent decades. PEEs face numerous problems, including political interference in operations, weak personnel policies, insufficient oversight, and inefficient decision-making. They also place a financial burden on the government and limit competitiveness. PEEs are classified as state economic enterprises or institutions and are established, owned, and audited by various government bodies and agencies.
Foreign lenders have financed vast sums of money to Afghan businesses in recent years. To secure
such financings, they have generally taken security over the borrowers’ assets and undertakings
including security over land. To date, very few securities have been enforced presumably because
borrowers have been meeting their repayment obligations.
The World Bank has predicted a significant slowdown in the Afghan economy leading up to and
following the NATO military withdrawal in 2014. In addition, there are widespread concerns of a
substantial weakening of the Afghan currency, the Afghani.
This document provides information on statutory interpretation of tax laws in Pakistan. It discusses the primary, secondary, and harmonious rules of statutory interpretation. The primary rule looks at the plain meaning of words used in statutes. The secondary rule outlines 11 canons of interpretation, including using preambles, titles, and legislative history to guide interpretation. It also discusses definitions, provisions, deeming fictions, and retrospective vs. prospective application. The document emphasizes interpreting statutes in a way that places a lesser burden on taxpayers. Overall, it outlines the key principles and approaches for properly interpreting Pakistan's tax statutes and treaties.
1. The document provides an overview of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) in India. It defines FDI as long-term investment in physical assets of a company, while FII is generally short-term investment in financial assets.
2. It summarizes the key differences between FDI and FII, and outlines India's FDI policy guidelines, sectors, and procedures. Recent developments including the consolidated FDI policy issued in 2010 aimed to promote FDI through a framework that is transparent, predictable, and reduces regulatory burden.
3. Sector-specific guidelines prohibit FDI in certain sectors like retail trading, gambling, and real estate construction, while it is allowed in
This document provides an overview of establishing and maintaining a Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise (WFOE) in China. It discusses the regulatory framework, legal status, capital requirements, feasibility study process, allowed business scopes, and procedures for setting up a WFOE. It also outlines the requirements for maintaining a WFOE, including annual audits, examinations, and tax compliance. The document serves as a guide for foreign investors on the process and ongoing obligations of operating a wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China.
Key Takeaways:
Recent amendment in FDI policy for foreign investment
Ambiguities relating to the amendment
Probable impact of the changes in the policy
Overview of other countries' rule for strategic takeovers
WTO principles and inference
This document summarizes the categories of foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) and the eligibility criteria for registration as an FPI. It outlines three categories of FPIs - Category I includes foreign government-related entities, Category II includes regulated foreign banks and funds, and Category III includes other foreign investors not covered in Categories I and II. It also describes the types of instruments FPIs can invest in in India, such as listed shares, government securities, and corporate debt. The document notes that FPI regulations prohibit investment in unlisted shares but allow existing holdings to be maintained. It concludes by listing the eligibility criteria an applicant must meet for FPI registration, including experience, competence, reputation, and being from a country with
Asia counsel Insights New Law on InvestmentMinh Duong
The new law on investment in Vietnam will take effect on January 1, 2021. It introduces several key changes including compulsory amendment of investment registration certificates for any project changes, exempting innovative startups from obtaining investment certificates, clarifying cases where foreign acquisition approval is required, and prohibiting debt collection and firecracker trading while adding some business sectors to the conditional business lines list. The new law also provides more investment incentives and clarifies the investor selection process.
The document provides information on foreign investment policies and procedures in Nepal. It outlines that foreign investment is regulated by the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act of 1992 and investments can be made through equity, reinvestment of earnings, loans, or investment in kind. Most industries are open to 100% foreign ownership except for some restricted industries like arms manufacturing. The process for foreign direct investment approval involves submitting an application that is reviewed by committees. It generally takes 5-10 days to get approval. The document also provides details on the forms, documents and fees required for different types of foreign investments and technology transfers.
VIETNAM - FOREIGN INVESTMENT CERTAIN TO COME - HUNGCAO interviewing Dr. Olive...Dr. Oliver Massmann
Foreign investment in Vietnam's banking and financial sector declined last year due to the pandemic but is expected to increase again this year as the economy recovers. M&A activity slowed last year due to travel restrictions and economic uncertainty but some deals still occurred, especially involving Japanese investors. Foreign capital and investment have helped improve Vietnamese banks' technology and governance, though hurdles like divergent regulatory interpretations and foreign ownership limits remain challenges for foreign investors.
This document provides an introduction and overview of investing in Nepal from a legal perspective. It discusses Nepal's investment regulations and business environment, with a focus on legal and regulatory matters. The guide covers topics such as the applicable legal framework, relevant laws, investment and business methods, required national participation, minimum investment amounts, and procedures and documentation required for new company incorporation and share acquisitions. The purpose is to help foreign investors understand the basic legal processes of investing and doing business in Nepal.
To supply power plants in Vietnam on a turnkey basis, foreign entities must establish a legal presence such as a joint venture enterprise. They must obtain approvals from several Vietnamese ministries to erect power plants. The process involves producing a feasibility study, obtaining detailed technical approvals, and following procurement rules of organizations funding projects in Vietnam like the World Bank. Foreign contractors can contribute equipment to joint ventures but importing used equipment faces restrictions. Build-Operate-Transfer projects may be exempt from import duties on equipment.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It explains that the BOP measures all international economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign residents. It is comprised of the current account, capital/financial account, and official reserves account. The current account includes trade in goods/services and income/transfers. The capital/financial account includes transactions in financial assets like direct investment, portfolio investment, and other investment. A country's BOP interacts with macroeconomic variables like GDP, exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation. A BOP surplus or deficit provides information on the demand for a country's currency and impacts its monetary policy decisions.
The document provides information about foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations and procedures in South Korea. It discusses:
1. The definition of FDI, which includes acquiring shares of a Korean company, long-term loans to foreign-invested companies, and contributions to non-profit organizations.
2. The forms FDI can take, such as acquiring company shares, long-term loans, and non-profit contributions. It also defines key terms.
3. How the government promotes and controls FDI through the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, protecting investments while restricting some business areas.
This document provides an overview of investment law and policy for LLM students. It begins by defining investment and distinguishing between domestic and foreign investment. It notes that while there is no single definition, investment generally refers to the expenditure of assets to generate profits. The document then examines Ethiopia's investment proclamation and its definitions. It also discusses different theories of foreign direct investment, including the classical, dependency, and middle path theories. Finally, it analyzes sources of international investment law such as treaties, customs, and judicial decisions, with a focus on the growing importance of bilateral investment treaties.
Cecca financial newsletter issue 3 march 2019Shu-Chien Chen
China has become one of the top countries developing fast in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent decade. In terms of the institutional development of FDI, Chinese authorities have made effort to move forward a step in reducing transaction and regulatory costs for foreign investors. Owing to the difference of transaction structure of greenfield investment and mergers & acquisitions (M&A), China's regulatory strategies on the two types of foreign investment is different, the political concern on corporate control over domestic firms may increase compliance risk and uncertainties for foreign investors who aims to run business by directly acquiring P.R.C enterprises.
The committee was constituted to rationalize the definition of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) based on an announcement by the Finance Minister. The committee met several times and studied conceptual frameworks for FDI and portfolio investment. It recommended merging various portfolio investment forms under a single foreign portfolio investment (FPI) definition. Investments of less than 10% would be considered FPI, while those of 10% or more would be FDI. The committee also provided other recommendations regarding foreign venture capital investors, non-resident Indian investors, and concluded that the classifications should ultimately be simplified to FPI and FDI investors.
This document summarizes recent developments regarding foreign investment in Indonesia, specifically addressing the new 1995 Company Law. It discusses the key laws governing foreign investment, including the 1967 Foreign Investment Law. The law aims to encourage foreign capital and investment through various tax incentives and protections. However, trading remains generally closed to foreigners. The document defines what constitutes foreign investment and outlines important facilities and assurances provided to foreign investors, such as tax holidays and freedom from import duties. It also notes that while foreign capital is welcomed, self-reliance remains a key goal of Indonesia's economic development.
Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann Public Mergers and Acquisitions 2020Dr. Oliver Massmann
The M&A market in Vietnam remains attractive, with foreign investment reaching $38 billion in 2019. Major deals include SK Group investing $1 billion in VinGroup and KEB Hana acquiring a 15% stake in Vietnam Development Bank. Obtaining control of a public company can be done through share/capital acquisitions, mergers, or asset acquisitions. Hostile bids are increasing but still less common than recommended bids due to limited public information. M&A activity is regulated through various laws governing corporations, investments, securities, and competition.
Public economic enterprises (PEEs) played an important role in Turkey's early economic development but have become a drag on the economy in recent decades. PEEs face numerous problems, including political interference in operations, weak personnel policies, insufficient oversight, and inefficient decision-making. They also place a financial burden on the government and limit competitiveness. PEEs are classified as state economic enterprises or institutions and are established, owned, and audited by various government bodies and agencies.
Foreign lenders have financed vast sums of money to Afghan businesses in recent years. To secure
such financings, they have generally taken security over the borrowers’ assets and undertakings
including security over land. To date, very few securities have been enforced presumably because
borrowers have been meeting their repayment obligations.
The World Bank has predicted a significant slowdown in the Afghan economy leading up to and
following the NATO military withdrawal in 2014. In addition, there are widespread concerns of a
substantial weakening of the Afghan currency, the Afghani.
This document provides information on statutory interpretation of tax laws in Pakistan. It discusses the primary, secondary, and harmonious rules of statutory interpretation. The primary rule looks at the plain meaning of words used in statutes. The secondary rule outlines 11 canons of interpretation, including using preambles, titles, and legislative history to guide interpretation. It also discusses definitions, provisions, deeming fictions, and retrospective vs. prospective application. The document emphasizes interpreting statutes in a way that places a lesser burden on taxpayers. Overall, it outlines the key principles and approaches for properly interpreting Pakistan's tax statutes and treaties.
1. The document provides an overview of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) in India. It defines FDI as long-term investment in physical assets of a company, while FII is generally short-term investment in financial assets.
2. It summarizes the key differences between FDI and FII, and outlines India's FDI policy guidelines, sectors, and procedures. Recent developments including the consolidated FDI policy issued in 2010 aimed to promote FDI through a framework that is transparent, predictable, and reduces regulatory burden.
3. Sector-specific guidelines prohibit FDI in certain sectors like retail trading, gambling, and real estate construction, while it is allowed in
This document provides an overview of establishing and maintaining a Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise (WFOE) in China. It discusses the regulatory framework, legal status, capital requirements, feasibility study process, allowed business scopes, and procedures for setting up a WFOE. It also outlines the requirements for maintaining a WFOE, including annual audits, examinations, and tax compliance. The document serves as a guide for foreign investors on the process and ongoing obligations of operating a wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China.
Key Takeaways:
Recent amendment in FDI policy for foreign investment
Ambiguities relating to the amendment
Probable impact of the changes in the policy
Overview of other countries' rule for strategic takeovers
WTO principles and inference
This document summarizes the categories of foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) and the eligibility criteria for registration as an FPI. It outlines three categories of FPIs - Category I includes foreign government-related entities, Category II includes regulated foreign banks and funds, and Category III includes other foreign investors not covered in Categories I and II. It also describes the types of instruments FPIs can invest in in India, such as listed shares, government securities, and corporate debt. The document notes that FPI regulations prohibit investment in unlisted shares but allow existing holdings to be maintained. It concludes by listing the eligibility criteria an applicant must meet for FPI registration, including experience, competence, reputation, and being from a country with
Asia counsel Insights New Law on InvestmentMinh Duong
The new law on investment in Vietnam will take effect on January 1, 2021. It introduces several key changes including compulsory amendment of investment registration certificates for any project changes, exempting innovative startups from obtaining investment certificates, clarifying cases where foreign acquisition approval is required, and prohibiting debt collection and firecracker trading while adding some business sectors to the conditional business lines list. The new law also provides more investment incentives and clarifies the investor selection process.
The document provides information on foreign investment policies and procedures in Nepal. It outlines that foreign investment is regulated by the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act of 1992 and investments can be made through equity, reinvestment of earnings, loans, or investment in kind. Most industries are open to 100% foreign ownership except for some restricted industries like arms manufacturing. The process for foreign direct investment approval involves submitting an application that is reviewed by committees. It generally takes 5-10 days to get approval. The document also provides details on the forms, documents and fees required for different types of foreign investments and technology transfers.
VIETNAM - FOREIGN INVESTMENT CERTAIN TO COME - HUNGCAO interviewing Dr. Olive...Dr. Oliver Massmann
Foreign investment in Vietnam's banking and financial sector declined last year due to the pandemic but is expected to increase again this year as the economy recovers. M&A activity slowed last year due to travel restrictions and economic uncertainty but some deals still occurred, especially involving Japanese investors. Foreign capital and investment have helped improve Vietnamese banks' technology and governance, though hurdles like divergent regulatory interpretations and foreign ownership limits remain challenges for foreign investors.
This document provides an introduction and overview of investing in Nepal from a legal perspective. It discusses Nepal's investment regulations and business environment, with a focus on legal and regulatory matters. The guide covers topics such as the applicable legal framework, relevant laws, investment and business methods, required national participation, minimum investment amounts, and procedures and documentation required for new company incorporation and share acquisitions. The purpose is to help foreign investors understand the basic legal processes of investing and doing business in Nepal.
To supply power plants in Vietnam on a turnkey basis, foreign entities must establish a legal presence such as a joint venture enterprise. They must obtain approvals from several Vietnamese ministries to erect power plants. The process involves producing a feasibility study, obtaining detailed technical approvals, and following procurement rules of organizations funding projects in Vietnam like the World Bank. Foreign contractors can contribute equipment to joint ventures but importing used equipment faces restrictions. Build-Operate-Transfer projects may be exempt from import duties on equipment.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It explains that the BOP measures all international economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign residents. It is comprised of the current account, capital/financial account, and official reserves account. The current account includes trade in goods/services and income/transfers. The capital/financial account includes transactions in financial assets like direct investment, portfolio investment, and other investment. A country's BOP interacts with macroeconomic variables like GDP, exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation. A BOP surplus or deficit provides information on the demand for a country's currency and impacts its monetary policy decisions.
The document provides information about foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations and procedures in South Korea. It discusses:
1. The definition of FDI, which includes acquiring shares of a Korean company, long-term loans to foreign-invested companies, and contributions to non-profit organizations.
2. The forms FDI can take, such as acquiring company shares, long-term loans, and non-profit contributions. It also defines key terms.
3. How the government promotes and controls FDI through the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, protecting investments while restricting some business areas.
This document provides an overview of investment law and policy for LLM students. It begins by defining investment and distinguishing between domestic and foreign investment. It notes that while there is no single definition, investment generally refers to the expenditure of assets to generate profits. The document then examines Ethiopia's investment proclamation and its definitions. It also discusses different theories of foreign direct investment, including the classical, dependency, and middle path theories. Finally, it analyzes sources of international investment law such as treaties, customs, and judicial decisions, with a focus on the growing importance of bilateral investment treaties.
International investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in the global economy. There are different types of foreign investment such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment in depository receipts. Foreign direct investment provides benefits like increased investment, technology transfer, and competition but it also faces criticism like undermining economic autonomy. Factors like natural resources, market size, production efficiency, interest rates, and government policies affect international investment flows. India moved from a restrictive policy on foreign investment pre-1991 to a more liberalized policy with automatic approval for foreign investment in many industries.
This document summarizes an presentation on investment climate and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Bangladesh. It defines investment climate and its key features, including macroeconomic factors, governance, and infrastructure. It discusses what FDI is and its components. The current situation of low FDI in Bangladesh is described, noting factors such as weak governance and infrastructure challenges. Sectoral opportunities for FDI and investment incentives in Bangladesh are outlined. Recent FDI inflows into Bangladesh and the roles of investment facilitation agencies are also summarized.
Analytical study of foreign direct investment in indiasachin gadekar
The document is a dissertation report submitted by Sachin Gadekar to the University of Pune in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It analyzes foreign direct investment in India. The report includes an acknowledgment, declaration, index, and introduction section providing background on FDI, definitions, and types of FDI. It discusses India's efforts to liberalize FDI policy and make the country an attractive destination for foreign investment.
Brief overview of Foreign Portfolio Investments - impact on the economy and impact by the economic variables, with special statistics & focus on India.
The document discusses international arbitration and its role in promoting foreign direct investment in developing countries. It defines key terms like foreign direct investment and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. International arbitration offers investors an impartial dispute resolution process compared to local courts. Joining arbitration organizations like ICSID signals a country's commitment to protecting foreign investors and encouraging investment. The document also summarizes the Occidental Petroleum v. Ecuador case which resulted in a $1.77 billion award, the largest in ICSID history.
Running Head FINC 420 International FinanceE.docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: FINC 420 International Finance
Exchange Rate Forecasting
Each country is encouraging foreign investment due to their realization of the benefits associated to opening for the foreign investments. Foreign investments have enhanced the expansion of multiple business opportunities and many ventures are looking for foreign investors so that they are able to increase capital budgets and the technical expertise. This may also in turn enhance the management practices of such companies. The type of foreign investment that is most common is the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This is the act of investing capital in an enterprise that carries out its activities in another foreign country. The investment can be done by an individual a company or a group of companies. The investor is granted a control of 10% of the shares of the enterprise he invests into and they also enjoy a share of profits too. Due to the fact that the investor is a foreign party, different policies, regulations and governing factors are applied (Sornarajah, 2010). Both parties will enjoy some benefits and may still suffer some disadvantages in relation to various factors.
FD1 and exchange rates
One of the factors that that may influence the activity of FDI is the forecasting of the behavior of foreign exchange rates. Exchange rates can be defined as the price of a foreign currency in the domestic currency. They matter in their volatility and their levels. The foreign exchange rate influences the total foreign direct investment amounts to be allocated in different countries. When a currency loses its value, this means that its value decreases relatively to the other currencies value. We can use the FDI to forecast the foreign currency rate. For example, if the wages of a country and its production costs reduces this indicates a reduction in the value of tat countries exchange rate. This movement attracts foreign investors and the depreciation of the currency exchange rate improves the rate of return to foreign investors. The main disadvantage of this investment in forecasting the foreign exchange rate occurs in case of an offsetting increase in production costs and wages in a destination market for capital investment. Anticipating the movements of the exchange rate will also diminish the relative wage importance and resulting to a higher financing cost of the investment project.
FDI and Interest Parity
Interest rate parity has a major role in the foreign exchange markets. It connects the spot exchange rates, the foreign exchange rates and the interest rates. Forecasted exchange rates may reflect higher foreign financing costs since the conditions of the interest rate parity tend to equalize the risk adjusted forecasted rate of returns. FDI implications of the foreign exchange rates are relevant to the interest- parity caveat (Sornarajah, 2010). However there are some arguments against this relevance. Some experts argue that there is an imper ...
The act number 25, year 2007 had already been determined to spur investment growth in the region. In fact even though this law has been issued, the model of regional investment regulation still varies. Consequently investment growth of each region is not the same and it highly depends on local policies as well as local regulation on both licensing, and financing. The investment of decentralization so far has not been consistent yet; therefore, the implementation of investment in every region still varies and has an impact on uncertainty investment. The fact indicates that there are still some investment problems such as the case of MNR Company in Minahasa and the case of MSN Company. This research used formative law research method supported by field studies`. The results of the study show the model of regional investment regulation is still in dualism: the investment permit follows the model implemented by the central government with one door service, while the investment policy in the region follows the regional government in accordance with the spirit of regional autonomy. An arrangement of dualism investment impacts on investors who invest in an uncertain financing investment and security. For that reason, it is required the development of legal investment based on decentralization to accelerate the investment growth in North Sulawesi. To sum up, the dualism of the investment regulation model should be studied in a form of affirmation of macro and micro business investment in the division between the central and regional governments. To ensure the investments, the regional regulations in the field of investment protection are needed.
Vietnam Investment Law
67/2014/QH14
In 2015, Vietnamese government has enacted the revised investment law, and it newly presents a list of conditionally opened business sectors.
This document provides an overview of foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in India. It discusses the origin and composition of FPI flows, including foreign institutional investments, depository receipts, and offshore funds. It explains that FPI consists of passive investments in stocks, bonds, and other securities, as opposed to foreign direct investment which involves ownership and management of firms. The document outlines the benefits of FPI to India's economy as well as trends in FPI over time. It also analyzes the determinants and impacts of FPI flows, including both risks and benefits. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive introduction to the topic of foreign portfolio investment in the Indian financial market.
Protection to Foreign Investment in ColombiaProColombia
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's legal framework for protecting foreign direct investment (FDI). It outlines four principles that Colombia's domestic law is based on: equal treatment, universality, automaticity, and stability. It also discusses international investment agreements and double taxation agreements that Colombia has signed to promote a favorable investment environment for foreign investors.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan. It defines FDI and outlines the main types based on direction of investment and type of activity. The presentation notes the advantages of FDI include technology transfer, job creation, and access to global markets. Disadvantages include crowding out local industries and potential loss of control. The document reviews Pakistan's investment policies and statistics on FDI inflows from 2010 to 2017. It identifies key factors affecting a country's ability to attract FDI such as wages, infrastructure, economic and political stability.
Impact of fdi and joint venture on employment generationAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and joint ventures on employment generation in Bangladesh. It finds that FDI inflows into Bangladesh occurred randomly, while joint venture inflows followed a trend. Regression analysis showed that FDI inflows did not significantly explain changes in Bangladesh's employment levels over the past decade. However, joint ventures were found to have a statistically significant positive impact on employment generation in Bangladesh.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves a company from one country making a physical investment into building or acquiring assets in another country, such as by establishing a factory or purchasing a company. The document discusses various types of FDI, incentives for attracting FDI, and its importance and impact. It also provides examples of FDI statistics and trends in countries such as China, Africa, and European nations. While FDI can spur economic growth, increase skills and technology transfers, it also introduces risks such as political instability and crowding out of local firms.
Foreign investment involves capital flows from one country to another, granting foreign investors ownership stakes in domestic companies and assets. Foreign investment plays an extraordinary role in global business by providing access to new markets, cheaper production facilities, and new technologies. The main channels of foreign investment are commercial loans, official flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and foreign portfolio investment (FPI). India's foreign investment policies aim to facilitate foreign investment while regulating sectors like defense, mining, media, and retail trading. While foreign investment provides benefits like jobs and revenue, it also poses challenges like increasing foreign dependence and negatively impacting domestic industries in some cases.
The document discusses bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and their relationship to foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between countries. It provides an overview of BITs and their main roles in protecting foreign investors and investments. The document then reviews previous research that has found both positive and negative impacts of BITs on FDI. It also includes regional analyses of the relationships between the number of BITs and other international agreements, and FDI flows within the Southern African Development Community and East African Community regions. The conclusion discusses ways Tanzania could potentially update its BIT provisions and policies to better attract foreign investment.
Review of FDI Policies in India and China: Analysis and InterpretationVandanaSharma356
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a wide word that encompasses any long-term investment made in the host nation by a non-resident enterprise. Typically, the investment is undertaken over a lengthy period of time with the purpose of maximizing the host nation's advantages, such as superior (and cheaper) resources, consumer market access, or direct access to the host country. All talent improves efficiency. This long-term cooperation will benefit both the investor and the host nation. If the investor makes the same investment in his own nation, he will obtain a larger return, but the host country will profit by boosting the transfer of knowledge or technology to its workforce, putting more pressure on his local business to compete. Foreign firm that can develop the sector as a whole or serve as an example for other companies thinking about investing in the host nation.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. Ary Zulfikar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1421 editor@iaeme.com
international investment are in turn influenced by domestic interest groups, such as
labor unions and business association, as well as by external forces such as diplomatic
pressure from allies and from international institutions like the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank.
There are some of concerns related to the foreign investment and the international law, as
quoted by Tullio Treves, as follows: “the basic concerns relevant in foreign direct investment are
those of the investor and of the state in which the investment is made (the host state). The host
state is concerned that the investor, because of the strength deriving from being the party that
brings in capital and know-how, imposes on it conditions that are economically unjust or that
might jeopardize its freedom to pursue its economic, financial, social or environmental policies.
The investor is concerned that the host state may take advantage of the strength of being the
sovereign in the territory in which the investment is made to expropriate the investor’s property
or limit the use of thereof, or to change the legal framework of the investment or the political and
economic climate in which the investment takes place. The concerns of the host state have to do
with its perception of being weaker party in determination of the conditions applicable to the
investment before the investment is decided, while the concerns of the investor have to do with its
perception of being the weaker party once the investment is in place.” [2]
In view of the aforesaid perspective, it would be important for the host party to determine the
investment conditions for the investor that suitable with the purpose of economy development of
host country in general and to increase the economic growth which would eventually give the
prosperity to the people of the host country where the investment made by the Investor. In the
perspective of the investor, they will also need a profit from their investment in the host country,
by expanding their business activities in other country. Jorge A Huerta stated that the domestic
laws on investment are unilateral acts by a State that provide benefits not only for investors, both
national and foreign, but also for other States [3]. As the sovereign country, the host country may
determine which investments are allowed for the foreign investor and which are not preferable
for the foreign investor. The authority of host country to determine embodied in the negative list
set out by the host country.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
According Soerjono Soekamto, legal research can be divided into two typologies: (i) Normative
legal research, which consists of: a. Research on legal principles; b. Research on legal
systematics; c. Research on the level of legal synchronization; d. The study of legal history; and
e. Comparative study of law. (ii) Sociological or empirical legal research, viz. Research on legal
identification and Research on the effectiveness of law [4].
Based on the problems and frameworks described in Introduction, subsequently the type of
legal research that will be used is normative jurisdictional method, which will be focused on
library data or secondary data through legal principles and comparative law. All bibliographic
data to be used were obtained from authorized institutions (especially for some laws and
regulations), for instance Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia
(“BKPM”), Ministry or related ministries, Provincial and/or District/Local Governments,
entrepreneur, as well as libraries from comprehensive university in legal science. The rest will be
collected from mass media, and internet.
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3. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
3.1. Foreign Direct Investment
The activities of investment in the developing country aim to increase the economic growth and
social welfare. Sornarajah defines the foreign investment as the involvement of transfer of
tangible or intangible assets from one country to another for the purpose of their use in that
country to generate wealth under the total or partial control of the owner of the assets. There can
be no doubt that the transfer of physical property such as equipment, or physical property that is
bought or constructed such as plantations or manufacturing plants, constitute foreign direct
investment [5].
In line with such definition, the Foreign Direct Investment activities shall have direct
contribution with the economic growth in the host state where such investment made. This is
different with the portfolio investment when the foreign investor is only related to the movement
of money for the purpose of buying shares in the local company. In both investment, there is
indeed a capital inflow from the investor to the another company, but portfolio investment shall
be categorized as a short-term investment, in which the investor may at any time withdraw their
investment in such country if they think their money can be beneficial to be used for other
investment. Sornarajah also said that the distinguishing element is that, in portfolio investment,
there is a separation between, on the one hand, management and control of the company and, on
the other, the share of ownership in it.
Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident
entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the
investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term
relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence
on the management of the enterprise. Four dimension are important: (i) Transfer of capital from
a source country to a host country; (ii) Element of control over management policy and decisions.
An investment less than 10 percent it is referred to as portfolio investment. An investment
between 10% (ten percent) and 50% (fifty percent) ownership is called cooperative arrangement
(no single party holds a majority). An investor has a majority control beginning with 50% (fifty
percent) shareholding; (iii) Parent Company as a source of funds for foreign operations; and (iv)
Balance of payment or capital flows (equity plus intercompany loans reinvestment of profits
(earned by foreign affiliates) [6].
As an effort to expedite the national development and facing the global economic change as
well as the participation of Indonesia in some international cooperation, the Indonesian
Government enacted the law of investment No. 25 Year 2007 on Investment Law (Law No. 25
Year 2007). This law revokes the Law No. 1 Year 1967 on Foreign Investment and the Law No.
6 Year 1968 on Domestic Investment. Thus, the policy of capital investment and the further
implementing regulation comply with the principles and basic policy as stipulated in the Law No.
25 Year 2007. The purpose of investment activities based on the Investment Law, inter alia, to
accelerate national economic growth and to step up investments in order to turn economic
potentials into real economic strength by use of funds derived from both home and abroad.
Indonesia as host country need to utilize the funds from abroad to accelerate the national
economic development. But on the other hand, the foreign investors need the protection of their
investment in host country, so that it is necessary for the host country to enact investment
regulations which provide a legal certainty for the foreign investor as well as accommodate the
sustainable of national economic development.
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3.2. The National Investment Law
Through their national legal system, countries impose a variety of measures for different purposes
to control the outflow of capital, both real and financial, from their territories. The type of
instrument employed will depend on the situation the country confronts and its goals in trying to
deal with that situation. With respect to the export of real assets, governments may levy export
taxes as a means to raise revenues, impose quantitative restrictions to make sure that the domestic
market is adequately served, and require the issuance of an export license as a means to prevent
strategic technology from falling into the hands of an adversary. In some cases, a country may
ban completely an investment or capital transfer as a means to pressure changes in another state’s
policies or to bring about a complete change of regime in that country [7].
The restriction on foreign investment varies in each country, depending on the national
objectives and interests of each country. However, the important things to determine the foreign
investment policy is how the implementation of foreign policy does not obstruct the capital flow
from foreign investor to Indonesia, which could support the economic development in a
sustainable manner. The problems of investment activity in a country are not only related to
capital requirement but also include the need of their expertise and experience of foreign investor
in developing business activities in Indonesia that can accelerate the country’s economic growth.
The Government of Indonesia, with its open economic system, has already issued the regulation
on the restriction of foreign capital for any certain business activities, i.e. Negative List of
Investment ("Negative List"). The capital requirements, which open for foreign investor is limited
by capital ownership of certain business, sector in Indonesia. Currently, the Government of
Indonesia has issued the Presidential Regulation No. 44 of 2016 (“PP No. 44/2016”) concerning
the List of Closed Business Activities and Opened Business Activities with Capital Investment
Requirements.
The investment policy should be able to encourage the opportunities in creating the
investment openness, but it still honor the sovereignty of Indonesia to regulate its own investment
law pursuant to the interest of Indonesian economy. Any foreign investors who engage in the
investment activities in a country would expect to be controlling shareholders of the foreign
investment company, which in turn can ensure the repatriation of their investment to the home
country. The legal certainty on the protection and assurance of the repatriation of their investment
is basically the principle of foreign direct investment activity. Therefore, the regulation of foreign
capital restriction policy must be able to guarantee of which.
In accordance with the Presidential Regulation No. 76 Year 2007 on Criterion and
Requirement for the determination of the list of Closed Business Activities and Opened Business
Activities with Capital Investment Requirements shall, as the basis of the issuance of the
Negative List, be based on (i) Protection and development of Micro, Small, Medium and
Cooperative Enterprise; (ii) Joint Operation Requirement; (iii) Capital Ownership Requirement;
(iv) Certain Location Requirement; and (iv) Specific License Requirement.
One of the issues that always arises in the direct investment is the restriction capital ownership
requirements in the invested company which is basically allowed for the foreign investor. There
are some business activities under the Negative List which are open but to some extent the foreign
investor is restricted to have a majority shares in the invested company, even though all
investment comes from the foreign investor. The basic understanding for having majority shares
from the investor side is to have a control of the management of the company. In view of that
there is a restriction of capital ownership on the certain business activities as one of the
requirement of the Negative List, would be eventually resulted the foreign investors may withhold
their investment in Indonesia. Furthermore, the parameter in determining of the number of shares
percentage which are not allowed for the foreign investor under the Negative List is differed from
the quorum and voting requirements for resolutions of a general shareholders’ meeting (GMS)
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under the prevailing Law No. 40 Year 2007 on the Limited Liability Company (“Company Law”)
in Indonesia. The quorum and voting requirements under such law defines three types of votes
which constitutes (i) more than one-half of the issued shares of the company for any regular
resolutions, (ii) two-thirds of the issued shares of the company for the amendments to the Article
of Association (AOA), and (iii) three-fourths of the issued shares of the company for merger,
consolidation, acquisition, bankruptcy and/or dissolution. Such quorum and voting requirements
reflect that the investor has a majority control over the company that required by anyone who
inject the significant capital in the invested company under the framework of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI).
In accordance with the definition by Sornarajah and Roger Ramp as to the difference between
FDI and Portfolio Investment is the amount of shares ownership to be held by the Investor. If the
investor hold the shares only 20% (twenty percent), 30% (thirty percent) or less than 49% (forty
nine) percent, they cannot control over the management as one of element of direct investment.
In accordance with the fact that the share ownership is below than 50% (fifty percent), it can be
categorized as portfolio investment.
In early legal basis of foreign investment in China, there were three major laws, the Law of
People’s Republic of China on Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment (“Equity JV
Law”, 1979), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprises Operated Exclusively
with Foreign Capital (“WFOE Law”, 1986), and the Law of People’s Republic of China on
Contractual Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment (“Contractual JV Law”, 1988)
[8]. Since 2016, China changed its system for government control over foreign investment. The
change was accomplished by revising the statutes concerning wholly foreign owned entities
(“WFOEs”), equity joint ventures and contractual joint ventures and by promulgating a new basic
regulation governing registration of foreign invested entities (FIEs). This change will be
implemented through the issuance of a National Negative List. For FIEs that are not restricted or
regulated under the National Negative List, China Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”) requires
online registration through a national website employing a standard set of documents. The
registration will apply to initial formation of the FIE and to most changes in FIE structure, such
as changes in management, ownership and registered capital [9].
The negative list specifies the industries in which foreign investment is restricted or
prohibited. Those failing under the restricted category are subject to restrictions such as
shareholding limits, and must receive prior approval from MOFCOM. Industries in the prohibited
category are closed completely. For foreign investment in any industry not listed on the negative
list, whereas the foreign investors are given equal treatment to the domestic Chinese investors
[10].
3. CONCLUSIONS
The policy of the foreign direct investment in Indonesia should be used in order to accelerate the
Indonesian economic growth and equitable development pursuant to the prevailing capital
investment legal system in Indonesia, and utilize the foreign investment for the sustainable
economic development. In other countries, not only in Indonesia, they also use the same approach
to control over the foreign investment by issuing the Negative List of Investment. There are 3
(three) categories, “restricted”, “prohibited” and “permitted”. Foreign investor shall have the
same terms as domestic investments.
Indonesia as a developing country still need the foreign investment in order to fulfill the need
of funds to accelerate the national economic growth which are not sufficiently sourced from
domestic investment. Accordingly, for the Industry which are not closed for foreign investor, the
Indonesian Government should undertake any measure to encourage foreign investor to bring
their capital to be invested in the invested company operating in Indonesia. If the Indonesian
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Government would like to impose the shareholding limit for the foreign investor under the
Negative List regulations, it should refer to the parameter of quorum and voting requirement as
implied in the Company Law in order to give the foreign investor control over the foreign
investment company which in line with the amount of investment injected by the said foreign
investor.
In view of that by introducing the “encourage” category for foreign investor and the limitation
of shareholding in the invested company conform to the parameter used in the Company Law for
the possession of, at least, majority shares in the invested company that would provide the legal
certainty for foreign investor in securing their investment in Indonesia. On the other hand, the
Indonesian Government shall easily have control and asking their commitment of investment
over the foreign investors who owned the majority shares in the invested company rather than if
they only have small portion of shares in such company.
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