Ignou organizational chart
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THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
Who am i
This document outlines the steps to play an icebreaker game where one person temporarily becomes a "great personality" such as a historical figure or celebrity. Players other than the great personality leave the room to decide on a name to pin to their back without telling them. The great personality then asks yes/no questions to the group to try to guess who they are representing. The first person to correctly guess their assigned great personality wins the game.
Use of teaching aids in the teaching learning process
Teaching aids are devices that present educational content visually or audibly to help students learn. They supplement the spoken word by making learning more engaging, vivid, and memorable. Teaching aids involve using multiple senses which helps clarify concepts and interpretations. There are various types of teaching aids including basic aids like chalkboards, printed materials like books and newspapers, visual aids like models and diagrams, audio aids like recordings and radios, and audiovisual aids like films and television. Teachers should devise teaching aids that explain concepts in their subject area to enhance learning.
Travelling allowance rules
This document discusses the travel allowance rules for central government employees in India. It states that the university follows the central civil service travel allowance rules. For travel allowance claims, employees can choose to follow either the 5th or 6th Pay Commission recommendations as a complete package for each tour. Under the 6th Pay Commission, daily allowance is no longer given as lump sum but employees will be reimbursed only for actual expenses up to the prescribed limit by submitting receipts. The document also outlines travel entitlements, mileage allowance rates, and daily allowance amounts for employees of different pay grades.
Transfer travelling allowance
The document discusses transfer travelling allowance (TTA) eligibility and entitlements for government employees in India who are transferred to another location for work. Key points include:
- TTA includes a composite transfer grant of one month's pay plus grade pay, and reimbursement for travel expenses depending on an employee's grade pay and mode of transportation.
- Employees are eligible for TTA if they are transferred for work reasons but not if the transfer is at their own request. TTA covers travel for the employee and family, transportation of personal effects, and in some cases an additional fare or private vehicle transport.
- Rates for travel reimbursement by air, train, road, or river/sea vary according to grade pay
Terminology for pay fixation 15.07.2011
The document defines various terminology related to pay fixation in government service. It includes terms like duty, time scale, increment, substantive status, lien, ad-hoc appointment, regularization, probation, deputation, cadre, pay, special pay, personal pay, qualification pay, foreign service, presumptive pay, next below rule, pro-forma promotion, interruption of service, condonation, emoluments, suspension, deemed suspension, subsistence allowance, stepping up of pay, technical resignation, penalty, dismissal, removal, assured career progression scheme, in situ promotion, methods of recruitment, status, period of appointment, number of posts, field of deployment, post based vs. personal to incumbent, different situations
Teaching skills
According to N.L. Gage, teaching skills are specific instructional activities and procedures that teachers use in the classroom, such as writing objectives, using stimulus variation, set induction, probing questions, illustrations with examples, lectures, explanations, blackboard use, reinforcement, divergent questions, teaching aids, silence and non-verbal cues, assignments, and closure. These skills relate to the different stages of teaching and the continuous flow of a teacher's performance.
Teaching method
This document outlines various teaching methods used in kindergarten through secondary education, including the Montessori method, problem solving method, project method, and play way method for kindergarten. For subjects like history, geography, and English, it discusses approaches like the regional method, direct method, translation method, and biographic introduction method. Common science teaching techniques mentioned are the textbook method, lecture method, and demonstration method.
Recommended
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
Who am i
This document outlines the steps to play an icebreaker game where one person temporarily becomes a "great personality" such as a historical figure or celebrity. Players other than the great personality leave the room to decide on a name to pin to their back without telling them. The great personality then asks yes/no questions to the group to try to guess who they are representing. The first person to correctly guess their assigned great personality wins the game.
Use of teaching aids in the teaching learning process
Teaching aids are devices that present educational content visually or audibly to help students learn. They supplement the spoken word by making learning more engaging, vivid, and memorable. Teaching aids involve using multiple senses which helps clarify concepts and interpretations. There are various types of teaching aids including basic aids like chalkboards, printed materials like books and newspapers, visual aids like models and diagrams, audio aids like recordings and radios, and audiovisual aids like films and television. Teachers should devise teaching aids that explain concepts in their subject area to enhance learning.
Travelling allowance rules
This document discusses the travel allowance rules for central government employees in India. It states that the university follows the central civil service travel allowance rules. For travel allowance claims, employees can choose to follow either the 5th or 6th Pay Commission recommendations as a complete package for each tour. Under the 6th Pay Commission, daily allowance is no longer given as lump sum but employees will be reimbursed only for actual expenses up to the prescribed limit by submitting receipts. The document also outlines travel entitlements, mileage allowance rates, and daily allowance amounts for employees of different pay grades.
Transfer travelling allowance
The document discusses transfer travelling allowance (TTA) eligibility and entitlements for government employees in India who are transferred to another location for work. Key points include:
- TTA includes a composite transfer grant of one month's pay plus grade pay, and reimbursement for travel expenses depending on an employee's grade pay and mode of transportation.
- Employees are eligible for TTA if they are transferred for work reasons but not if the transfer is at their own request. TTA covers travel for the employee and family, transportation of personal effects, and in some cases an additional fare or private vehicle transport.
- Rates for travel reimbursement by air, train, road, or river/sea vary according to grade pay
Terminology for pay fixation 15.07.2011
The document defines various terminology related to pay fixation in government service. It includes terms like duty, time scale, increment, substantive status, lien, ad-hoc appointment, regularization, probation, deputation, cadre, pay, special pay, personal pay, qualification pay, foreign service, presumptive pay, next below rule, pro-forma promotion, interruption of service, condonation, emoluments, suspension, deemed suspension, subsistence allowance, stepping up of pay, technical resignation, penalty, dismissal, removal, assured career progression scheme, in situ promotion, methods of recruitment, status, period of appointment, number of posts, field of deployment, post based vs. personal to incumbent, different situations
Teaching skills
According to N.L. Gage, teaching skills are specific instructional activities and procedures that teachers use in the classroom, such as writing objectives, using stimulus variation, set induction, probing questions, illustrations with examples, lectures, explanations, blackboard use, reinforcement, divergent questions, teaching aids, silence and non-verbal cues, assignments, and closure. These skills relate to the different stages of teaching and the continuous flow of a teacher's performance.
Teaching method
This document outlines various teaching methods used in kindergarten through secondary education, including the Montessori method, problem solving method, project method, and play way method for kindergarten. For subjects like history, geography, and English, it discusses approaches like the regional method, direct method, translation method, and biographic introduction method. Common science teaching techniques mentioned are the textbook method, lecture method, and demonstration method.
Teacher’s role as manager
The document outlines the roles and responsibilities of a teacher as a manager of scholarly works, co-curricular activities, instructional activities, and school administration. It discusses organizing seminars and workshops, selecting appropriate themes for scholarly works, maintaining schedules like class timetables and the school calendar, overseeing school records, libraries, laboratories, budgets, purchasing, and other administrative functions. The teacher must act as a leader, innovator, organizer, evaluator, decision-maker, adviser, and motivator to effectively manage these diverse tasks.
Tds ignou (1) final
Payments made by Regional Centres and Study Centres of IGNOU are subject to TDS under various sections depending on the type of payment. For Regional Centres, common payments include salary, rent, maintenance contracts, transportation, advertisements, and honorariums. For Study Centres, common payments include equipment rent, maintenance contracts, transportation, advertisements, and payments to counselors and evaluators. Responsibility for deducting and depositing TDS lies with the disbursing officer of IGNOU.
Stride presentation
1) The document discusses the decentralization of activities from the finance and accounts division of an organization to its regional centers.
2) Initially, financial powers were centralized to allow for uniform procedures and control, but this led to delays in reimbursements and issues with vouchers.
3) An audit recommended decentralizing powers, and financial and administrative powers were delegated to regional directors. This improved initiative, decision making, and relevance to local needs.
Sit training cr
The document describes a DVB-RCS satellite network for educational content delivery. It includes:
- A hub station that manages bandwidth allocation and network control for satellite interactive terminals (SITs).
- SITs that receive educational programs from a teaching end via satellite and allow two-way interaction through return links.
- A system using MF-TDMA to divide satellite bandwidth into time slots allocated to SITs to carry return traffic.
- Components of the SIT including the outdoor unit with antenna and indoor unit with an Ethernet interface.
Sh. aseem sir (workshop of financial managment held on 20 27.03.2013)
This document provides information about accounting procedures and financial records maintenance at an educational institution. It discusses topics such as the objectives of accounting, classification of expenditures, cash book maintenance, bank reconciliation statements, and ledgers. Key points covered include identifying and recording financial transactions, ascertaining financial results, providing information to oversight bodies, ensuring proper classification of receipts and payments, and maintaining systematic accounting records.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Saurabh a
The document contains identifying information for an individual. It lists an individual named Saurabh as the master with an address of A-Kaveri at the IGNOU campus in New Delhi.
Sampling techniques
This document discusses various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling element, and sampling frame. It also explains different types of sampling methods - probability sampling which includes simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling and multi-phase sampling. Non-probability sampling discussed includes purposive sampling, accidental sampling, quota sampling, systematic sampling, and snowball sampling. The document provides examples and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each sampling technique.
Rti presentation may2013
The document discusses the key aspects of the Right to Information Act in India. It provides citizens the right to access information from public authorities to promote transparency. It outlines the types of information that can be requested, including documents, emails, reports, etc. It also describes the penalty for not providing information and exemptions. It explains the structure of the Act which has six chapters covering definitions, obligations of authorities, designation of information officers, constitution of information commissions, and their powers and penalties. The Act aims to address grievances and leverage accountability among public authorities.
Rsd stride
The document announces an orientation workshop on finance, accounts, and administration for designated regional directors, assistant regional directors, and study centre officers at IGNOU regional centres from May 27-30, 2013.
Respect others’ point of view
The document discusses seeing a visual from different perspectives and how both views can be right, as viewing it from another angle revealed a different image. It emphasizes respecting others' opinions and actively listening to different points of view.
Research tools
Psychological tests are major research tools that can measure traits like intelligence, abilities, personality, and adjustment. There are many types of tests categorized by time limits, administration method, purpose, standardization, item format, and scoring method. Tests should be valid, reliable, standardized, and usable. Validity refers to how accurately a test measures what it is intended to measure and there are different types of validity including content, criterion, and construct validity. Psychological tests are an important standardized research method when used properly.
Research tool.rating scale
Rating scales are techniques used to categorize objects, events, or people on a continuum represented by a series of numbers. There are several types of rating scales including numerical, graphical, percentage, standard, and forced choice scales. Important considerations in developing a valid and reliable rating scale include clearly defining the traits being measured, determining inter-rater reliability, and ensuring ratings are not biased by desirable or undesirable traits.
Research tool.questionnaire
This document provides information about different types of inquiry forms used for research data collection. It describes a questionnaire as a series of questions given to individuals or groups to obtain information about a topic under investigation. It outlines the steps to construct a questionnaire, including setting the purpose, drafting questions, getting feedback, pilot testing, and finalizing. It also discusses how to write good questionnaire items and standardize the questionnaire. The document also briefly describes other inquiry forms like checklists, data schedules, and interview schedules.
Research tool.observation
This document discusses observation as a method of research. It defines observation as watching and listening to the behavior of others without manipulating or controlling them. It describes the different dimensions that can be observed, including physical actions, verbal behavior, expressive behavior, spatial relations, temporal patterns, and verbal records. The document outlines the characteristics, process, advantages, limitations, types, and reliability and validity of observation as a research method. It also discusses participant observation, non-participant observation, and observation schedules.
Research tool.interview
The document discusses different research tools used in education research. It focuses on interviews as a tool. It describes interviews as a process of verbal communication between an interviewer and interviewee where the interviewer asks questions and the interviewee provides responses. It outlines characteristics, techniques, rules, advantages and disadvantages of interviews. It also briefly discusses measurement, evaluation and different levels of measurement as additional research tools.
Research tool. sociometric technique
Sociometric techniques are used to measure and study social relationships within a group. There are several sociometric techniques, including sociograms, sociometric matrices, and guess-who techniques. A sociogram is a diagram that visually represents the social choices and relationships between group members, indicating who has chosen whom. A sociometric matrix arranges numbers to show members' choices of one another. These techniques provide insights into group dynamics, leadership, cooperation, and social integration or divisions within the group.
Research report
A typical research report generally contains 5 chapters: an introduction chapter outlining the research topic, rationale, and objectives; a literature review chapter summarizing relevant previous studies; a methodology chapter describing the research design, sample, and data collection tools; a results chapter analyzing and interpreting the collected data; and a conclusion chapter summarizing the main findings, implications, and suggestions for future research. The report also includes typical elements like a title page, table of contents, list of tables, and bibliography.
Research problem
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It states that properly defining the research problem is the first step in research. A research problem refers to a difficulty a researcher experiences theoretically or practically and wants to solve. When selecting a problem, researchers should study their field of specialization critically and view difficulties as challenges. Potential problems can come from various sources like the classroom, technology, previous research, and discussions. A good research problem is novel, interesting, important, feasible, and has available data, cooperation, guidance and facilities. The problem should then be precisely formulated and stated to guide the study and interpretation of results. Common errors to avoid include choosing too broad or narrow of a topic, including biased terms, and lacking precision
Research problem
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It explains that properly defining the research problem is the first step and refers to a difficulty a researcher wants to solve. Some tips provided include studying available literature critically to identify problems, seeing difficulties as challenges, and getting ideas from various sources like previous research, faculty discussions, and questioning attitudes. A good research problem should be novel, interesting, important, feasible, and have available data, cooperation, guidance and facilities. The problem needs to be precisely stated to guide the study and interpret results. Common errors to avoid are having a problem that is too broad, impossible to investigate, narrow, uses unscientific terms, or lacks precision.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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Teacher’s role as manager
The document outlines the roles and responsibilities of a teacher as a manager of scholarly works, co-curricular activities, instructional activities, and school administration. It discusses organizing seminars and workshops, selecting appropriate themes for scholarly works, maintaining schedules like class timetables and the school calendar, overseeing school records, libraries, laboratories, budgets, purchasing, and other administrative functions. The teacher must act as a leader, innovator, organizer, evaluator, decision-maker, adviser, and motivator to effectively manage these diverse tasks.
Tds ignou (1) final
Payments made by Regional Centres and Study Centres of IGNOU are subject to TDS under various sections depending on the type of payment. For Regional Centres, common payments include salary, rent, maintenance contracts, transportation, advertisements, and honorariums. For Study Centres, common payments include equipment rent, maintenance contracts, transportation, advertisements, and payments to counselors and evaluators. Responsibility for deducting and depositing TDS lies with the disbursing officer of IGNOU.
Stride presentation
1) The document discusses the decentralization of activities from the finance and accounts division of an organization to its regional centers.
2) Initially, financial powers were centralized to allow for uniform procedures and control, but this led to delays in reimbursements and issues with vouchers.
3) An audit recommended decentralizing powers, and financial and administrative powers were delegated to regional directors. This improved initiative, decision making, and relevance to local needs.
Sit training cr
The document describes a DVB-RCS satellite network for educational content delivery. It includes:
- A hub station that manages bandwidth allocation and network control for satellite interactive terminals (SITs).
- SITs that receive educational programs from a teaching end via satellite and allow two-way interaction through return links.
- A system using MF-TDMA to divide satellite bandwidth into time slots allocated to SITs to carry return traffic.
- Components of the SIT including the outdoor unit with antenna and indoor unit with an Ethernet interface.
Sh. aseem sir (workshop of financial managment held on 20 27.03.2013)
This document provides information about accounting procedures and financial records maintenance at an educational institution. It discusses topics such as the objectives of accounting, classification of expenditures, cash book maintenance, bank reconciliation statements, and ledgers. Key points covered include identifying and recording financial transactions, ascertaining financial results, providing information to oversight bodies, ensuring proper classification of receipts and payments, and maintaining systematic accounting records.
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Saurabh a
The document contains identifying information for an individual. It lists an individual named Saurabh as the master with an address of A-Kaveri at the IGNOU campus in New Delhi.
Sampling techniques
This document discusses various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling element, and sampling frame. It also explains different types of sampling methods - probability sampling which includes simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling and multi-phase sampling. Non-probability sampling discussed includes purposive sampling, accidental sampling, quota sampling, systematic sampling, and snowball sampling. The document provides examples and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each sampling technique.
Rti presentation may2013
The document discusses the key aspects of the Right to Information Act in India. It provides citizens the right to access information from public authorities to promote transparency. It outlines the types of information that can be requested, including documents, emails, reports, etc. It also describes the penalty for not providing information and exemptions. It explains the structure of the Act which has six chapters covering definitions, obligations of authorities, designation of information officers, constitution of information commissions, and their powers and penalties. The Act aims to address grievances and leverage accountability among public authorities.
Rsd stride
The document announces an orientation workshop on finance, accounts, and administration for designated regional directors, assistant regional directors, and study centre officers at IGNOU regional centres from May 27-30, 2013.
Respect others’ point of view
The document discusses seeing a visual from different perspectives and how both views can be right, as viewing it from another angle revealed a different image. It emphasizes respecting others' opinions and actively listening to different points of view.
Research tools
Psychological tests are major research tools that can measure traits like intelligence, abilities, personality, and adjustment. There are many types of tests categorized by time limits, administration method, purpose, standardization, item format, and scoring method. Tests should be valid, reliable, standardized, and usable. Validity refers to how accurately a test measures what it is intended to measure and there are different types of validity including content, criterion, and construct validity. Psychological tests are an important standardized research method when used properly.
Research tool.rating scale
Rating scales are techniques used to categorize objects, events, or people on a continuum represented by a series of numbers. There are several types of rating scales including numerical, graphical, percentage, standard, and forced choice scales. Important considerations in developing a valid and reliable rating scale include clearly defining the traits being measured, determining inter-rater reliability, and ensuring ratings are not biased by desirable or undesirable traits.
Research tool.questionnaire
This document provides information about different types of inquiry forms used for research data collection. It describes a questionnaire as a series of questions given to individuals or groups to obtain information about a topic under investigation. It outlines the steps to construct a questionnaire, including setting the purpose, drafting questions, getting feedback, pilot testing, and finalizing. It also discusses how to write good questionnaire items and standardize the questionnaire. The document also briefly describes other inquiry forms like checklists, data schedules, and interview schedules.
Research tool.observation
This document discusses observation as a method of research. It defines observation as watching and listening to the behavior of others without manipulating or controlling them. It describes the different dimensions that can be observed, including physical actions, verbal behavior, expressive behavior, spatial relations, temporal patterns, and verbal records. The document outlines the characteristics, process, advantages, limitations, types, and reliability and validity of observation as a research method. It also discusses participant observation, non-participant observation, and observation schedules.
Research tool.interview
The document discusses different research tools used in education research. It focuses on interviews as a tool. It describes interviews as a process of verbal communication between an interviewer and interviewee where the interviewer asks questions and the interviewee provides responses. It outlines characteristics, techniques, rules, advantages and disadvantages of interviews. It also briefly discusses measurement, evaluation and different levels of measurement as additional research tools.
Research tool. sociometric technique
Sociometric techniques are used to measure and study social relationships within a group. There are several sociometric techniques, including sociograms, sociometric matrices, and guess-who techniques. A sociogram is a diagram that visually represents the social choices and relationships between group members, indicating who has chosen whom. A sociometric matrix arranges numbers to show members' choices of one another. These techniques provide insights into group dynamics, leadership, cooperation, and social integration or divisions within the group.
Research report
A typical research report generally contains 5 chapters: an introduction chapter outlining the research topic, rationale, and objectives; a literature review chapter summarizing relevant previous studies; a methodology chapter describing the research design, sample, and data collection tools; a results chapter analyzing and interpreting the collected data; and a conclusion chapter summarizing the main findings, implications, and suggestions for future research. The report also includes typical elements like a title page, table of contents, list of tables, and bibliography.
Research problem
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It states that properly defining the research problem is the first step in research. A research problem refers to a difficulty a researcher experiences theoretically or practically and wants to solve. When selecting a problem, researchers should study their field of specialization critically and view difficulties as challenges. Potential problems can come from various sources like the classroom, technology, previous research, and discussions. A good research problem is novel, interesting, important, feasible, and has available data, cooperation, guidance and facilities. The problem should then be precisely formulated and stated to guide the study and interpretation of results. Common errors to avoid include choosing too broad or narrow of a topic, including biased terms, and lacking precision
Research problem
This document discusses selecting and formulating a research problem. It explains that properly defining the research problem is the first step and refers to a difficulty a researcher wants to solve. Some tips provided include studying available literature critically to identify problems, seeing difficulties as challenges, and getting ideas from various sources like previous research, faculty discussions, and questioning attitudes. A good research problem should be novel, interesting, important, feasible, and have available data, cooperation, guidance and facilities. The problem needs to be precisely stated to guide the study and interpret results. Common errors to avoid are having a problem that is too broad, impossible to investigate, narrow, uses unscientific terms, or lacks precision.
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Sh. aseem sir (workshop of financial managment held on 20 27.03.2013)
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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