The poem provides advice to the poet's son on developing virtuous character traits. It counsels maintaining composure when facing criticism, trusting in oneself despite doubts, and responding to both praise and hardship with equanimity. If one can exemplify patience, honesty and perseverance through challenges, then one will achieve success and truly become a man. The poem uses paradoxes, personification and other devices to convey its didactic message.
The main themes of Sonnet 116 are Love, Marriage, Loyalty and Eternity of Literature and Writing
Theme of Love in the 1st Quatrains
Theme of Marriage in the 2nd Quatrains
Theme of Loyalty in the 3rd Quatrains
Theme of Eternity of Literature & Writing in the
Couplet
The main themes of Sonnet 116 are Love, Marriage, Loyalty and Eternity of Literature and Writing
Theme of Love in the 1st Quatrains
Theme of Marriage in the 2nd Quatrains
Theme of Loyalty in the 3rd Quatrains
Theme of Eternity of Literature & Writing in the
Couplet
"Understanding Rudyard Kipling's 'If': Study Guide," a colourful and insightful presentation designed for students, educators, and literature enthusiasts. This presentation offers an in-depth exploration of one of the most enduring poems in English literature, Rudyard Kipling's "If."
If by Rudyard Kipling written 100 years back is still relevent and greatest teacher pf personality and must be read and understood as such by all Personality Development teachers and students alike
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. an English short-story writer, poet, and
novelist.
one of the most popular writers in England,
in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
He is regarded as a major innovator in the
art of short stories.
Joseph Rudyard Kipling
3. Born on December 30, 1865 in Bombay, India
Mother: Alice MacDonald Kipling
Father: John Lockwood Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling
Head of the Department of Architectural Sculpture at
the Jeejeebhoy School of Art in Bombay.
4. At the age of 6, he was sent to Southsea,
England where he attended school and lived
with a foster family, the Holloways.
Joseph Rudyard Kipling
5. By the age of 11, Kipling was on the verge
of a nervous breakdown.
In 1882, Kipling was told by his parents that they
didn’t have enough money to send him to college.
1889 met Wolcott Balestier, an American
agent and publisher who quickly became one of
Kipling's great friends and supporters.
6. 1890, Kipling ‘s star power started to grow.
Along with that is the time when he met
Caroline, his wife.
1891, Eight days after his return to England,
Kipling and Caroline married.
7. 1893, his first daughter, Josephine was
born, and a second daughter, Elise (born
in 1896). Then his third child, John, his
only son, was born in 1897.
8. 1899, his first daughter was gravely ill with
pneumonia and died.
Kipling never recovered from her death and
vowed never to return to America.
9. The Tragedy of Kipling’s Son
Kipling's son John died in the First World War, at the
Battle of Loos in September 1915, at age 18.
John had initially wanted to join the Royal Navy, but having
had his application turned down after a failed medical
examination due to poor eyesight.
10. January 18, 1936 Kipling suffered from a
painful ulcer, which eventually took his life.
11. CAREER
Poet, essayist, novelist, journalist, and writer of short
stories.
Worked as a journalist for Civil and Military Gazette,
Lahore, India, 1882-89;
assistant editor and overseas correspondent for the
Allahabad Pioneer, Allahabad, India, 1887-89;
associate editor and correspondent for The
Friend, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 1900, covering the Boer
War.
Rector of University of St. Andrews, 1922- 25.
12. WORKS
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
American Notes (1891)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892)
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Seven Seas (1896)
The Day’s Work (1898)
14. first published
in Rewards and
Fairies, 1910.
The poem is inspired
by Leander Starr
Jameson, and is
written in the form of
paternal advice to the
poet's son.
16. The poem has become such an integral
part of British culture that officials at
Wimbledon's All England Lawn Tennis
and Croquet Club had a couplet from
the poem inscribed above the entryway
to Centre Court.
19. If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you; B
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies, D
Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
20. If you can dream - and not make dreams your maste
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;
21. If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on";
22. If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, C
And—which is more—you'll be a Man my son! D
23. STRUCTURE
4 stanzas with 8 lines
11 and 10 syllables rotating
Rhyme Scheme of ABABCDCD
One complete stop at the end
of the poem with the use of an
exclamation mark (!).
Has parts with
enjambments and
caesurae.
24. • Didactic poem • Closed form
• Octameter
STYLE
Didactic Poetry, is instructional poetry. The
poet expected the reader to learn skills, science,
philosophy, love, crafts, etc. from the didactic
verses
Closedform poetry, also known as fixed form,
consists of poems that follow patterns of lines,
meter, rhymes and stanzas.
Octameter, a line of eight metrical feet.
27. If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can keep your
head means to remain
calm, collected and
composed.
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you -
one should be able to maintain his
composure even when faced with
harsh criticism from those around
him.
28. If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
At the same time, we
should take into
consideration other
people’s sights and try
our best to tolerate
opposing views.
"Look bro, if you can somehow act calmer and
collected, and can believe in yourself, even
when everybody else is losing it, well then…"
29. If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,
The lines advise
patience, honesty,
and fortitude of
character.
Peoplemay doubtyour honestybut
you shouldbe patient and tolerant to
wait for the truth to emerge.
30. Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise.
Advises fortitude of
character
In behaving
righteously, a
person must
avoid smugness.
31. If you can dream -- and not make dreams your master;
If you can think -- and not make thoughts your aim;
A consummate man will always
have his dreams, which is his
noble ideals, with which he
wishes to make the world a
better place.
But being a
sophisticated person, a
man of the world, he
should not allow his
ideals to master or
control his thoughts
and action completely.
32. If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can manage to
face both success and
misfortune,
And act the same way
in each case then…
“Impostors” – neither one lasts forever
- both are short-lived
33. If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
You can speak with all the truth
you want, but there will always
be rascals around who will twist it
to mean whatever they want and
use it for their own ends.
34. Or watchthe thingsyougave your life to broken,
And stoopand build'em up withworn-out tools;
If you can watch
everything you dedicated
your life to shattered,
and yet still manage to
pick up the pieces then…
35. If you canmake one heap of allyour winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
Symbolizes
willingness
to risk
everything
on a
venture.
The need for complete detachment
with which an individual should
regard both profit and loss, neither
of which is permanent.
36. And lose, and start again at your
beginnings
And never breathe a word about
your loss;
When you risk
everything at
a single throw
at a hopeful
gain and loses
everything you
have achieved
you should not
be
disheartened.
Earn, take
chances, lose,
be quiet
about it, and
move on.
On the contrary, you
should launch again, with
full passion and without
any complaint, from the
start to restructure your
accomplishments and
reclaim your loses.
37. If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on";
You should compel your spirit,
courage and strength, (heart
and nerve and sinew) to assist
you and make the utmost effort
to restore your achievements.
Even if
everything is
lost, you should
not lose your
passion.
You should stand
firm on your
ideals and be
determined to
carry on with
untiring efforts to
fulfill your dreams
38. If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with kings -- nor lose the common touch;
If you can talk with many
people and still keep your
ethics, or hang with kings
but still keep your
connection with the
common folks then…
“KINGS” and
CROWDS
symbolize two
societal extremes.
To hang with both groups but
not to be swayed by either.
39. If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If all men
support you
or find you
important, but
none of them
too much…
Be strong,
impervious
to potential
harm.
Allow
neither
friends nor
enemies to
harm you.
40. If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run --
Unforgiving
minute is a way
of saying, “you
only got sixty
seconds in a
minute” no
more, no less.
Carpe Diem!
Distance run is a
long way to take.
Run as far as you can with
that short span of time.
Make everything worth the run.
41. Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And -- which is more -- you'll be a Man my son!
If the addressee can do everything just
described (not give into hate, risk his money
and lose it and not complain, talk to kings and
crowds just the same, inspire people just
enough)…
… then the earth, and everything in it,
will be his.
And, even better ("which is
more"), he will be a man.
43. About the
poem- A dissertation on the virtues of a good leader and exemplary manhood.
- The poem celebrates stoicism, fortitude, and righteousness as the
hallmark of manliness.
- From the poem we can observe that there is much truth and wisdom
within those motivational words given.
47. Poetic
DevicesParadox
Almost every line is an example of paradox.
Kipling says do this, without doing that.
An example is, “If you can think – and not make thoughts your aim”
If you’re aiming to think, how can you not make thoughts your aim?
53. Poetic
DevicesMetaphor
A word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show
that they are similar.
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, (2nd stanza, lines 1-2)
Worn-out tools (2nd stanza, 8th line) refer to the
feeling of total exhaustion that can force someone to
give up.
54. Poetic
DevicesSymbol
A symbol represents an idea.
Knaves represent scoundrels, liars or conman.
Crowds symbolize the common folk/people.
Kings represent the important people in society.
Common touch represents humility.
One of the most famous names during Victorian Age.
At the time of his birth, his parents were recent arrivals in India. They had come, like many of their countrymen, with plans to start a new life.
The family lived well, and Kipling was especially close to his mother. His father was an artist and was the head of the Department of Architectural Sculpture at the Jeejeebhoy School of Art in Bombay.
For Kipling, India was a wondrous place. Along with his younger sister, Alice he explored the local markets with his nanny. He learned the language, and this bustling city of Anglos, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Jews, Kipling fell in love with the country and its culture.
However, at the age of 6, Kipling's life was torn apart when his mother, wanting her son to receive a formal British education, sent him to Southsea, England, where he attended school and lived with a foster family named the Holloways.
These were hard years for Kipling. Mrs. Holloway was a brutal woman, who quickly grew to despise her young foster son. She beat and bullied Kipling, who also struggled to fit in at school.
Kipling's solace came in books and stories. With few friends, he devoted himself to reading.
By the age of 11, Kipling was on the verge of a nervous breakdown.
His mother rushed back to England and rescued her son from the Holloways. To help relax his mind, Alice took her son on an extended vacation and then sent him in a new school in Devon. There, Kipling flourished and discovered his talent for writing, eventually becoming editor of the school newspaper.
---
In 1882, Kipling was told by his parents that they didn't have enough money to send him to college. Instead, they had him return to India. It was a powerful moment in the young writer's life. The sights and sounds, even the language, which he'd believed he'd forgotten, rushed back to him upon his arrival.
---
Seven years after he had left England, Kipling returned to its shores in hopes of leveraging the modest amount of celebrity his book of short stories had earned him. In London, he met Wolcott Balestier, an American agent and publisher who quickly became one of Kipling's great friends and supporters.
The two men grew incredibly close, and even traveled together to the United States, where Balestier introduced his fellow writer to his childhood home of Brattleboro, Vermont.
189o, Kipling's star power started to grow. In addition to Plain Tales from the Hills, Kipling also published a second collection of short stories, Wee Willie Winkie (1888), and American Notes (1891), which chronicled his early impressions of America. In 1892, he also published his first major poetry success, Barrack-Room Ballads.
Kipling's friendship with Balestier changed the young writer's life. He soon got to know Balestier's family, in particular his sister, Caroline. The two appeared to be just friends, but during the Christmas holiday in 1891, Kipling, who had traveled back to India to see his family, received an urgent cable from Caroline. Wolcott had died suddenly of typhoid fever and Caroline needed Kipling to be with her.
Kipling rushed back to England, and within eight days of his return, the two married at a small ceremony.
---
Following their wedding, the Kiplings set off on an adventurous honeymoon that took them to Canada and then on to Japan. But like so much of Kipling's life, good fortune was accompanied by hard luck.
Kipling seemed to adore his new life, which soon saw the Kiplings welcome their first child, a daughter named Josephine (born in 1893), and a second daughter, Elsie (born in 1896). A third child, John, was born in 1897, after the Kiplings had left America.
But life again took a dramatic turn for the family, in 1899, both Kipling and young Josephine felt gravely, ill with pneumonia. For days, the world kept careful watch on the state of Kipling's health as newspapers reported on his condition.
Kipling did recover, but his beloved Josephine did not. The family waited until Kipling was strong enough to hear the news.
To those who knew him, it was clear that Kipling never recovered from her death. He vowed never to return to America.
The Tragedy of Kipling’s Son
Kipling's son John died in the First World War, at the Battle of Loos in September 1915, at age 18. John had initially wanted to join the Royal Navy, but having had his application turned down after a failed medical examination due to poor eyesight, he opted to apply for military service as an officer. But again, his eyesight was an issue during the medical examination. In fact, he tried twice to enlist, but was rejected.
His father had been lifelong friends with Lord Roberts, commander-in-chief of the British Army, and colonel of the Irish Guards, and at Rudyard's request, John was accepted into the Irish Guards. He was sent to Loos two days into the battle in a reinforcement contingent. He was last seen stumbling through the mud blindly, screaming in agony after an exploding shell ripped his face apart. A body identified as his was not found until 1992.
Kipling became one of the most-paid writers during the Victorian Age.
In 1896, thirty-one-year-old Rudyard Kipling was an internationally-renowned poet and story-teller when he wrote a poem with a one-word title: "If."
The poem was inspired by "The Jameson Raid," an 1895 military action in the Boer War in South Africa. The raid, led by an English nobleman named Leander Starr Jameson, was in many ways a military disaster, but Jameson became a hero in the British press for his courage in attempting the raid and his willingness to take responsibility for the failure of the mission. The entire affair aroused enormous patriotic fervor in England, and Kipling was obviously caught up in the temper of the times
The poem was hailed as a magnificent tribute to many of humankind's greatest virtues—staying composed under stress, remaining humble when victorious, never despairing when defeated, and always retaining honor and authenticity. In a 1995 survey by the British Broadcasting Company, If was named "Britain's favorite poem."
For almost exactly a century, If has inspired millions of people, and in the past several decades it has become a staple of inspirational literature.
The persona is addressing somebody, that if he can keep his head when everybody else around him is losing theirs and blaming him then…
Then… what? Then nothing, we guess
What we do know for sure, though, is that "to keep one's head" meant: to be cool, calm, and collected.
ust like the first two lines, the next two lines also contain an "if" clause.
This time, the speaker tells his addressee that if he can trust himself when "all men" doubt him, but make excuses for, or justify ("make allowance"), their mistrust then… then… then...
By saying “Never breathe” is saying more than simply do not talk about it; Kipling means do not give even the merest hint.
The word will is capitalized to give emphasis to the amount of mental strength needed to hold on when you feel you can do nothing but to give up.
In other words, this is a poem possibly spoken by a father to his child, and it's basically a how-to-be-a-man talk.
You become a man (the poem says) if—and only if—you do all the things described in the poem. Hmm, well that's a whole lot of things one has to do, and a lot of them seem kind of hard.
How, for example, are you supposed to just "watch" everything you've invested in get destroyed and simply rebuild it all?
Hey, nobody said this would be easy, but we'd be lying if we didn't say it sounds a little restrictive. And that's not just because of all the rules, but also because all this business seems limited to men.
There is no mention of women anywhere in this poem: nothing about love, marriage, and nothing about how to become a woman.
But still, seems a little unfair.
And you know what else seems a little unfair? That part about the world and everything in it.
In a poem that was inspired by an attempt to colonize other parts of South Africa, we can't help wondering if this poem isn't also a recipe for conquering foreign lands.
This idea isn't totally explicit, that's for sure. But, there is often a connection in literature of this period between manhood, colonialism, and conquering others.
So you could say that this poem has an imperial, sexist subtext—just a little bit.
Paradox is something that is made up of two opposite things and that seemed impossible but is actually true or possible.
In these lines, life is compared to games. You don’t actually have winnings in life, and this is not a literal pitch and toss. It’s a metaphor for risk.