The document discusses identity politics and the social construction of identity, emphasizing the relational aspects of identity and how cultural contexts shape individual and group identities. It explores how identities are asserted in political processes, the impact of social hierarchies, and the complexities immigrant experiences create in defining identity. Furthermore, it highlights the tensions between individual agency and social context, as well as the role of power and stigma in identity formation and negotiation.

1. IDENTITY POLITICS AND THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY
· Authors in this lecture:
· Charles Tilly
· Liah Greenfeld
· Richard Jenkins
· Judith Howard
· Iris Young
· Vicki Ruiz
· Frederick Barth
· Identity is tied to nationalism and political issues. It
highlights ties and boundaries. As such, identities “center on
boundaries separating us from them.” (Tilly, Identity,
Boundaries and Social Ties, p7).
· To have a great mass of people to comply and agree with a few
people’s decision on the directions the community should take,
one has to create a tie to the people, be of the people, or have
some significant connection to the people.
· It answer the questions:
· Who am I?
· Who are you?
· Who are we?
· Who are they?
· Tilly identified several dimensions of identity (pp 8-9):
· Identities reside in relation with others: you-me and us-them
· Strictly speaking, every individual, group, or social site has as
many identities as it has relations with other individuals,
groups, or social ties
· The same individuals, groups, and social sites shift from
identity to identity as they shift relations
· Every political process includes assertions of identity,
including definitions of relevant us-them boundaries
· Such assertions almost always involve claims about inequality
– our superiority, our subordination, their unjust advantages,
and so on

2. · Tilly, continued
· Nevertheless, profound social processes affect which identities
become salient, which ones remain subordinate, and how
frequently different identities come into play
· Political institutions incorporate certain identities (for
example, ‘citizen’ or ‘woman) and reinforce the relation on
which those identities build
· Struggles over and within political identities have public
standing, who has rights or obligations to assert those identities,
and what rights or obligations attach to any particular identity
· Of course, all such processes have phenomenological
components and effects, but give and take among individuals,
groups, and social ties – including political contention – create
the regularities in identity expression that prevail in any
particular population
· How do we create identity? How do we identify ourselves?
Why are we ascribed and achieve characteristics thus creating
and changing our identities?
The Social Construction of Identity
Identity demands us to critically examine
Essentialist ideas
and mythologies surrounding individual choice
· Essentialism
· Sees identity as an essence, an inherent quality or
characteristic of the individual
· Sees identity as unchanging, fixed, given, primordial
· Sees identity as independent of context, and outside of history
· Essentialism
· Sometimes mapped onto biological or observable physical
features, “naturalizing” or “biologizing”
· Related concept ‘determinism,’ or the notion that physical
facts of nature or biology cause human behavior; i.e. Africans
(in race), women and GLBTQ (in gender).
· The limits of choice
Individuals choose within a larger context:

3. That context includes cultural notions of what is normal and
desirable or valued –
As well as what is abnormal, stigmatized, undesirable
· Rhetoric of choice
Renders a group invisible
People's unequal access to all kinds of resources, is taking into
account
Who has and who lacks the Power to define “normal”
· concepts
· Michel Foucault’s concepts of ‘discipline’ and ‘power’
· Embodiment
· Inscription
· Relational
· The social construction of identity
· Sees identity not as something inside the individual but as a
social relationship – this is the relational aspect of identity
· Fredrik Barth defined ethnicity as "the social organization of
cultural difference."
· Ethnicity places individuals within a group based on shared
cultural practices, language, and often national origin; the
shared ethnicity creates a fictitious tie between people of the
same ethnicity that will be recalled at a moment when the group
is challenged based on their ethnicity.
· “Mental reality … [is] the meaning people assign to their
actions” (Liah Greenfeld, quoted Tilly, p3).
· “Nationalism, for Greenfeld, exists when people subject to a
common political authority share consciousness of belonging to
a distinctive sovereign community” (Tilly, p4).
· National identification leads to “a shared sense of dignity,
efficacy, and relative equality among the nation’s members,
hence a new willingness to undertake economic beliefs” (Tilly,
p4).
· Inclusion and belonging
· Imply exclusion
· Us/them
· We define ourselves in relation to the Other

4. · Cultural, linguistic, religious, etc. differences are often
mapped onto or mobilized in relation to inequality, conflict over
resources, etc.
· Conflict and identity
· Notions of “tribal warfare” and “ethnic violence” imply that
difference naturally gives rise to conflict
· Yet what we find in many situations where conflict has
erupted is that under many circumstances people intermarried,
traded with each other, lived side by side, etc.
· Difference does not produce conflict
· Differences may themselves be produced by conflict
· Polarization of us/them, either/or relationships can replace
more fluid ambiguous and cross-cutting ties or multiple
memberships and
· Concept
· Marked and unmarked categories
· Those who define what normal is- are unremarkable, define
the other
· What makes identity interesting
· Tensions between individual and larger communities
· Tensions between individual agency/"choice" and social
context
· Identity is neither innate within us, nor something totally
imposed from outside, its is a dynamic interaction between
internal and external influences on a particular context.
· Boundaries and borders
· Immigrants in the US highlight the many boundaries, both
physical and psychological, that the immigrant must cross in
order to participate in the American society
· This focus on seeing boundaries as expressed in the many
obstacles within US soil.
· This is what Vicki Ruiz calls of "internal migration," which
refers to the process of "creating, accommodating, resisting, and
transforming the physical and psychological environs of their
new lives in the US" (From Out of the Shadows, 1998, xv)
· This is an ongoing process of psychological, social, and

5. cultural accommodation undertaken by immigrants and their
children
· Internal migration and border crossing
· Crossing physical borders provides differential access to
transportation, jobs, services, and housing.
· Crossing psychological borders implies leaving the home
country with a set of cultural values and norms, and with a
specific understanding of self and nation. The immigrant brings
within an identity developed within these cultural contexts.
· In the process of adapting to the new country, the immigrant
engage in an accommodation process and they will slowly (or
rapidly in case of children) that they belong to a small group, to
the minority, that is bounded by a larger group, or white
dominated majority.
· "Racism and xenophobia shape both the meaning and social
value attributed to [their] ethnic identities and to their lived
experience of national belonging in the contemporary US
society," (Suzanne Oboler, "It must be a fake! Racial
ideologies, identities, and the question of rights" in
Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, race, and
rights, 2000, pg.127)
· For Latinos the adaptation process is complicated by US's long
history of discrimination against and exclusion of their
community.
· The word Latino tends to group together a diverse cultural
group. It is an artificially constructed group and the term itself
implies an erasure of this diversity, and homogenizes creating
an illusion of unity, common history, language, ideologies, and
practices. It implies that Latinos are a social group that
originated in Latin America.
· Iris Young defines social groups as "a collective of persons
differentiated from others by cultural forms, practices, special
needs or capacities, structure of power, or privilege… [This is]
less some set of attributes its members share than the relation in
which they stand to others," ("Structure, difference and
Hispanic/Latino claims of justice," in Hispanics/Latinos in the

6. United States, 2000, pg. 153)
How a group member identify themselves affects the ways in
which they relate to larger collectivities, such as their racial
group in the US.
Identity then, as Judith Howard defines pertains to "a group
[that] is constituted not only when all members share the same
characteristics with one another, but also when the members
stand in a particular relationship to nonmember," ("Social
Psychology of Identities" in Annual Review of Sociology 26
(2000) 367-93).
This is a relational understanding of identity that attempts to
bridge the individual level and contextual aspects of identity
formation.
It acknowledges the cognitive aspects of identity while also
situating identity processes in their social context in order to
see people as a whole, and in the process recognizing that our
everyday lives and experiences within a particular culture in
which we operate shape our senses of who we are and what we
can become.
· For Latinos the sense of 'who we are' and 'what we could
become' is profoundly influenced by the experiences of
crossing, and not being able to cross, multiple borders, and we
must situate our specific experiences at the intersection of
power, collective identities, place, and history.
· We must focus on structure, agency, and power to understand
that the process of accommodation occurs in a stigmatized
context, and how the exercise of power is a key aspect of
stigma.
· Stigma is imposed on the individual and differentiates from
discrimination in the forms they are experienced:
· Discrimination refers to denial of benefits, concrete negative
experiences
· Stigma refers to imposed characterizations, based on real or
imagined attributes that convey a social identity and which is
devalued in a particular social context. Stigmas are often based
on essentialist ideas of behavior.

7. · Power is key in stigmatization.
· "Stigmatization is entirely contingent on access to social,
economic and political power that allows the identification of
differentness, the construction of stereotypes, the separation of
labeled persons into distinct categories, and the full execution
of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, and discrimination," (Link
and Phelan, "Conceptualizing Stigma" Annual Review of
Sociology 27 (2001), pg. 367).
· Identity Politics and the Politics of Identity
From: “Identity Politics and the Politics of Identities,” by
Jonathan D. Hill and Thomas M. Wilson, editors, in Identities:
Global Studies in Culture and Power, volume 10, number 1,
January-March 2003
· Identity politics refers to “how culture and identity, variously
perceived to be traditional, modern, radical , local, regional,
religious, gender, class, and ethnic, are articulated, constructed,
invented and commodified as the means to achieve political
ends” (2).
· “…Discourse and action within public arenas of political and
civil society, wherein culture is used to subvert, support,
protect, and attack, adn where identity cannot be understood
without some recourse to wider theorizing and comparisons of
the institutions, practices, and ideologies of national states,
governments, political parties, transnational corporations,
nongovernmental organizations, and international and
supranational organizations like the United Nations and the
European Union” (2).
· Identity Politics “refers mainly to the top-down processes
whereby various political, economic, and other social entities
attempt to mold collective identities based on ethnicity, race,
language, and place into relatively fixed and ‘naturalized’
frames for understanding political action and the body politic”
(2)
· Politics of identity refers to “issues of personal and group
power, found within and across all social and political
institutions and collectivities, where people sometimes choose,

8. and sometimes are forced, to interact to each other in part on
the basis of their shared, or divergent, notions of their
identities” (2).
· “…Can take place in any social setting, and are often best and
first recognized in domains of the private, subaltern, the
subversive, where culture may be the best way or means to
express one’s loss or triumph, whereas identity politics, depend
on a great deal on institutions and applicaiton of economic and
political power, within and sometimes across generally accepted
administrative boundaries” (2).
· Politics of identity speaks of “bottom up process through
which local people challenge, subvert, or negotiate culture and
identity and contest structures of power and wealth that
constrain their social lives” (2).
· Identity politics: “formal, structural, and public politics,
practiced by governments, parties, and corporate institutions, in
the political arenas of cities, regions, and states” (2).
· Politics of identity: “political practices and values that are
based on subscription or ascription to various and often
overlapping social and political identities” (3).
· Latino, Hispanic, Spanish
· Unifying or erasing identity?
· Spanish refers to a language brought by the Spaniards, those
born in Spain and first colonizers of this land. It is unifying in
terms of colonial and European roots and identity, but the
variants that came from the European arrival and encounter with
the natives, generating terms such as Criollo, Ladino, Mestizo
to signify a specific lineage (whether you are linked to Europe,
and economic privilege and access, or not).
· These markers classified each group according to their past
histories vertically. The hybrid individual carries within
themselves a marker, the stigma that subjugated an entire group
qualifying and quantifying in terms of a few practices, starting
with language.
· Spanish restaurants, television, radio, music, language,
people… these are identifiers, or identity markers in the larger

9. US cultural context and ascribed to the entire group of people
who originated in Latin American and US Southwest.