Identify and discuss in a page or two TWO of the following questions. 1)  What was the Treaty of Westphalia? In what ways did it define the European concept of state sovereignty How many political units did Europe have before 1500?  How many did it have by 1800? How can we explain this radical reduction in the number of states in Europe? Which modern international relations theory reflect this historical episode of inter-state anarchy, similar that of the Italian state system of the Renaissance or the classic Greek city states of the Hellenic era? 2)  How does the modern state system of International relations differ from the earlier Chinese “Middle Kingdom”, the Islamic  Califate  or Mongol “world systems” that were based in the empires of the Mid-East, Central and Far East Asia?  Or the European system of multiple overlapping forms of authority that we call Feudalism? What peculiarity of the European “world” allowed it to modernize first and then impose its version of  the territorial state and capitalism on the rest of the world?  When did the European States (and their overseas offspring) achieve true global dominance over their Eurasian rivals and how long did that dominance really last? Why should care what the Chinese or  Islamists  remember about their earlier primacies? 3)  What do we mean by  globalization ?  Is this term relevant mainly to migration of people, jobs, and industry, or does it have a cultural dimension as well?  What are some of the impacts on national societies? How does economic  globalization  threaten the power of the nation state? How does the  neo  –liberal  globalization  of the early 21 st  century differ from liberal capitalism of the 19 th  under British “hegemony?” How does it differ from the national state capitalisms of the “short” twentieth century? What kind of transnational actors benefit the most from periods of liberal capitalism? Which approach – realist, liberal or  marxist  - explains it best? 4)  What do we mean by a  “Balance of power ” in a  multipolar  system? Why did it fail to contain the French State when they confronted it with the democratic  notion of “popular sovereignty?”  Why was Napoleonic France a revolutionary power in the European State System? Which power ultimately replaced it as the “problem state” in 19 th  century Europe? And in 20 th  century Europe? How can the “security dilemma”created by “balance of power diplomacy” help us to understand the outbreak of World War One?  How does the current crisis of the Russian invasion of Eastern Ukraine and annexation of Crimea resemble earlier “security dilemmas” and threaten an escalation of tensions between the NATO/EU member states and Putin's Russia? 5)   What do we mean by the term conservative? What do we mean by “reactionary?” To what degree can we say that modern conservatism in the US is “a house divided?” Does ”conservative” denote one ideological position or several competing ones? How many kinds of American Conservat.

1. Identify and discuss in a page or two TWO of the following
questions.
1) What was the Treaty of Westphalia? In what ways did it
define the European concept of state sovereignty How many
political units did Europe have before 1500? How many did it
have by 1800? How can we explain this radical reduction in the
number of states in Europe? Which modern international
relations theory reflect this historical episode of inter-state
anarchy, similar that of the Italian state system of the
Renaissance or the classic Greek city states of the Hellenic era?
2) How does the modern state system of International relations
differ from the earlier Chinese “Middle Kingdom”, the Islamic
Califate
or Mongol “world systems” that were based in the empires of
the Mid-East, Central and Far East Asia? Or the European
system of multiple overlapping forms of authority that we call
Feudalism? What peculiarity of the European “world” allowed it
to modernize first and then impose its version of the territorial
state and capitalism on the rest of the world? When did the
European States (and their overseas offspring) achieve true
global dominance over their Eurasian rivals and how long did
that dominance really last? Why should care what the Chinese
or
Islamists
remember about their earlier primacies?
3) What do we mean by
globalization
? Is this term relevant mainly to migration of people, jobs, and
industry, or does it have a cultural dimension as well? What are
some of the impacts on national societies? How does economic
globalization

2. threaten the power of the nation state? How does the
neo
–liberal
globalization
of the early 21
st
century differ from liberal capitalism of the 19
th
under British “hegemony?” How does it differ from the
national state capitalisms of the “short” twentieth century?
What kind of transnational actors benefit the most from periods
of liberal capitalism? Which approach – realist, liberal or
marxist
- explains it best?
4) What do we mean by a “Balance of power ” in a
multipolar
system? Why did it fail to contain the French State when they
confronted it with the democratic notion of “popular
sovereignty?” Why was Napoleonic France a revolutionary
power in the European State System? Which power ultimately
replaced it as the “problem state” in 19
th
century Europe? And in 20
th
century Europe? How can the “security dilemma”created by
“balance of power diplomacy” help us to understand the
outbreak of World War One? How does the current crisis of the
Russian invasion of Eastern Ukraine and annexation of Crimea
resemble earlier “security dilemmas” and threaten an escalation
of tensions between the NATO/EU member states and Putin's
Russia?
5) What do we mean by the term conservative? What do we
mean by “reactionary?” To what degree can we say that modern

3. conservatism in the US is “a house divided?” Does
”conservative” denote one ideological position or several
competing ones? How many kinds of American Conservatives
are there? Where does the Tea Party fit on the American
political spectrum? And within the Tea Party where would you
locate someone like Rand Paul and then Michele
Backmann
? What are to make of Donald Trump? Is he a "movement
conservative" or a White populist? What's the difference? How
do British conservatives differ from their American Republican
counterparts? How much has Cameron government cut Britain’s
generous Welfare State benefits? Which of the two of these
parties is the more socially “liberal?” Which one is more
committed to draconian “austerity” policies?
6) What was the world's population in 1850? And in 1930?
How long did it take world population to hit three billion? And
when did it hit Seven? When can we expect to hit Nine Billion?
Where will that population growth occur. What is the world's
most populous nation today? What nation will be number one in
2050? And where will the United States rank as the West's most
populous nation? What fertility rate do we need to achieve in
order to keep the world population under 11 Billion by the end
of the century?