The document discusses research on assessing damage to historical parchment using various techniques including dynamic mechanical analysis, atomic force microscopy, micro-thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The research aims to improve damage assessment and provide a database of characterized samples. Accelerated aged samples and historical samples from various archives were studied. Different techniques provide markers of damage at various structural levels. Correlation was found between measurements and rankings of damage agree across techniques.
06 approaching multisensor inspection and robotic systems for dry cask storag...leann_mays
This document summarizes research on developing a multisensor robotic inspection system for dry cask storage containers used at nuclear power plant independent spent fuel storage installations. The system uses modular sensors delivered by a robotic arm to detect signs of stress corrosion cracking nondestructively. Upcoming milestones include benchmarking the eddy current array sensors and demonstrating the full inspection system. The goal is to enable inspections without removing cask lids to ensure continued safe extended storage of spent nuclear fuel.
This document summarizes pilot studies conducted to evaluate nanofiltration membranes for controlling disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Preliminary testing showed chloramination reduced THM levels by 82% and was a viable alternative. In phase I screening tests, the Trisep and Hydranautics membranes met criteria of concentrate TDS <1000 mg/L and >87% THM reduction. Phase II tests at 85% recovery found the Trisep membrane had the highest specific flux while the Hydranautics membrane had the highest THM rejection. The studies recommend selecting the Hydranautics membrane at 15 gfd and 85% recovery for full-scale implementation.
Luminescence of common materials application to national security spoonerLeishman Associates
This document discusses the application of luminescence techniques to national security issues. Specifically:
1. Luminescence can be used to detect radiation exposure in materials like bricks and salt, even after radiation sources have been removed. This allows reconstruction of "dirty bomb" sites and forensic analysis of cleaned facilities.
2. The Defence Science and Technology Organisation is working with the University of Adelaide to develop expertise in luminescence techniques. They are studying how different common materials like ceramics, glass and salt can reveal prior radiation exposure through luminescence signals.
3. Precise luminescence measurements of the absorbed radiation dose in opportunistic materials like those found at homes or carried by people may help with
Characterization of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Material Coated Piezoresistive MEMS/...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses characterization of a polyvinylpyrrolidone material coated piezoresistive nano cantilever for use in sensing applications.
2. Experiments were conducted using an OmniCant platform to analyze the interaction of acetone and ethyl acetate analytes with the coated nano cantilever surface.
3. The coated nano cantilever demonstrated a maximum resonance frequency response of 1200 kHz and changes in resistance up to 80kΩ in response to analytes, showing its potential for use in applications like hazardous material detection.
H. Frank Grainger II has over eight years of experience as an environmental professional specializing in air and water assessment and sampling, wetland delineation, and plant identification. He has worked for Arcadis since 2009 conducting various environmental monitoring, testing, and sampling projects for government agencies and industrial clients. Some of his responsibilities have included water and soil sampling, metrology quality assurance laboratory support, and characterizing potential cross-media transfers of materials like coal ash. He holds professional qualifications in metrology laboratory verification and various health and safety certifications.
This document provides guidance notes on leak location and repair. It begins with an introduction that explains the purpose is to introduce practitioners to identifying, locating and repairing leaks, known as active leakage control. It then covers factors that influence leakage such as infrastructure condition and pressure. The main components of real losses are defined as reported leaks, unreported leaks and background leakage. Typical flow rates and volumes of water lost from different types of leaks are shown. The guidance notes then explain that the largest volumes of real losses typically come from unreported leaks and background leakage, rather than large visible main bursts, making them the priority to locate and repair.
04 computational thermo mechanics of crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste ...leann_mays
This document summarizes the work of Dr. Steve Sun and his research group on computational modeling of thermo-mechanics in crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste disposal. Their work involves developing multi-scale and multi-physics models to predict the thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical responses of salt subjected to moisture and stress. At the grain-scale, they use crystal plasticity simulations. At the aggregate scale, they model effects like grain boundary fracture. They also use computational homogenization and machine learning to develop data-driven models to predict field-scale responses while accounting for phenomena at lower scales. Their goal is to predict long-term behavior of salt-based nuclear waste repositories from first principles using a hierarchical multi-scale
06 approaching multisensor inspection and robotic systems for dry cask storag...leann_mays
This document summarizes research on developing a multisensor robotic inspection system for dry cask storage containers used at nuclear power plant independent spent fuel storage installations. The system uses modular sensors delivered by a robotic arm to detect signs of stress corrosion cracking nondestructively. Upcoming milestones include benchmarking the eddy current array sensors and demonstrating the full inspection system. The goal is to enable inspections without removing cask lids to ensure continued safe extended storage of spent nuclear fuel.
This document summarizes pilot studies conducted to evaluate nanofiltration membranes for controlling disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Preliminary testing showed chloramination reduced THM levels by 82% and was a viable alternative. In phase I screening tests, the Trisep and Hydranautics membranes met criteria of concentrate TDS <1000 mg/L and >87% THM reduction. Phase II tests at 85% recovery found the Trisep membrane had the highest specific flux while the Hydranautics membrane had the highest THM rejection. The studies recommend selecting the Hydranautics membrane at 15 gfd and 85% recovery for full-scale implementation.
Luminescence of common materials application to national security spoonerLeishman Associates
This document discusses the application of luminescence techniques to national security issues. Specifically:
1. Luminescence can be used to detect radiation exposure in materials like bricks and salt, even after radiation sources have been removed. This allows reconstruction of "dirty bomb" sites and forensic analysis of cleaned facilities.
2. The Defence Science and Technology Organisation is working with the University of Adelaide to develop expertise in luminescence techniques. They are studying how different common materials like ceramics, glass and salt can reveal prior radiation exposure through luminescence signals.
3. Precise luminescence measurements of the absorbed radiation dose in opportunistic materials like those found at homes or carried by people may help with
Characterization of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Material Coated Piezoresistive MEMS/...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses characterization of a polyvinylpyrrolidone material coated piezoresistive nano cantilever for use in sensing applications.
2. Experiments were conducted using an OmniCant platform to analyze the interaction of acetone and ethyl acetate analytes with the coated nano cantilever surface.
3. The coated nano cantilever demonstrated a maximum resonance frequency response of 1200 kHz and changes in resistance up to 80kΩ in response to analytes, showing its potential for use in applications like hazardous material detection.
H. Frank Grainger II has over eight years of experience as an environmental professional specializing in air and water assessment and sampling, wetland delineation, and plant identification. He has worked for Arcadis since 2009 conducting various environmental monitoring, testing, and sampling projects for government agencies and industrial clients. Some of his responsibilities have included water and soil sampling, metrology quality assurance laboratory support, and characterizing potential cross-media transfers of materials like coal ash. He holds professional qualifications in metrology laboratory verification and various health and safety certifications.
This document provides guidance notes on leak location and repair. It begins with an introduction that explains the purpose is to introduce practitioners to identifying, locating and repairing leaks, known as active leakage control. It then covers factors that influence leakage such as infrastructure condition and pressure. The main components of real losses are defined as reported leaks, unreported leaks and background leakage. Typical flow rates and volumes of water lost from different types of leaks are shown. The guidance notes then explain that the largest volumes of real losses typically come from unreported leaks and background leakage, rather than large visible main bursts, making them the priority to locate and repair.
04 computational thermo mechanics of crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste ...leann_mays
This document summarizes the work of Dr. Steve Sun and his research group on computational modeling of thermo-mechanics in crystalline rock salt for nuclear waste disposal. Their work involves developing multi-scale and multi-physics models to predict the thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical responses of salt subjected to moisture and stress. At the grain-scale, they use crystal plasticity simulations. At the aggregate scale, they model effects like grain boundary fracture. They also use computational homogenization and machine learning to develop data-driven models to predict field-scale responses while accounting for phenomena at lower scales. Their goal is to predict long-term behavior of salt-based nuclear waste repositories from first principles using a hierarchical multi-scale
27a febex dp collaboration overview and related sfwst r and d activities zhen...leann_mays
The document summarizes research from the FEBEX-DP collaboration studying the full-scale FEBEX bentonite experiment located in Grimsel, Switzerland. It discusses characterization of the bentonite following dismantling of heater #2, including changes to density, water content, mineralogy, and pore water chemistry. THM and THMC models were developed and validated against experimental data to analyze thermal-hydrological-mechanical and chemical processes. Microstructural analysis using synchrotron X-ray microCT provided 3D characterization of the bentonite microstructure. Further work is focused on refining chemical models, analyzing gas evolution and microbial activity, and characterizing the bentonite-concrete interface.
EFFECT OF NANO SiO2 ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYLACTIC...IAEME Publication
Effect of nano SiO2(13.69nm)with different weight percentage (1, 3, 5wt %)on some mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) is investigated .PLA film with thickness 100µm was
prepared by solution casting method .Chemical and crystal structure of PLA and its composites with 5% nano SiO2 are characterized by FTIR and X-ray diffraction techniques .
El Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA - US/CSIC/JA) es una de las infraestructuras Científico y Técnicas Singulares – ICTS en España, abiertas al uso por parte de instituciones públicas y empresas. Se hará una presentación de las instalaciones disponibles en el Centro, dando una visión global de las aplicaciones. Nos centraremos más detenidamente en los laboratorios disponibles para llevar a cabo ensayos de irradiación tanto en materiales como en dispositivos electrónicos.
The document describes a study that deposited electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) on aluminium copper (AlCu) substrates using electrodeposition at different voltage windows and cycles to produce humidity sensors. ERGO was deposited at voltage windows of 0.3V to -0.2V and 0.3V to -0.6V, with 1, 2, or 3 cycles within each window. Raman spectroscopy showed the deposited ERGO had characteristic D, G, and 2D bands. Humidity sensing tests found the sample deposited at 0.3V to -0.6V for 2 cycles had the highest sensitivity of 67.63% due to its thicker nanoporous structure providing a larger surface area to absorb water
ORGANIC COATINGS FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS IN UNDERGROUND CHAM...Adriana de Araujo
Underground electrical transformers are frequently submitted to a very aggressive environment because of the stagnated water of underground chambers which is heated and contaminated. In Brazil, carbon steel structures of underground transformers are usually protected with coal tar epoxy paints in order to ensure their reliability. However, the use of this type of paints is being strongly restricted because coal tar contains complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which contain many toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances. Aiming at replacing coal tar based paints by an environmentally friendly one; several paints were selected in the local market and submitted to performance tests in order to compare them with coal tar based paint. In addition, anodes were evaluated to study the application of galvanic cathodic protection in areas of metal exposure due to coating flaws. This paper presents and discusses the obtained results.
Os transformadores elétricos subterrâneos estão frequentemente expostos à corrosão intensa decorrente da estagnação de água aquecida e contaminada das câmaras subterrâneas. No Brasil, as estruturas de aço-carbono do transformador subterrâneo são usualmente protegidas com pintura de epóxi alcatrão de hulha que contém substâncias tóxicas e potencialmente cancerígenas. Com o objetivo de substituir as tintas à base de alcatrão de hulha por tintas ecologicamente corretas, tintas disponíveis no mercado nacional foram selecionadas e submetidas a ensaios de desempenho para a sua comparação com a tinta de alcatrão de hulha. Além disso, anodos foram avaliados para o estudo da aplicação de proteção catódica galvânica do metal exposto em áreas de falhas do revestimento. Este artigo apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos.
ARAUJO, A.; PANOSSIAN, Z; ALMEIDA, N.L; MARTINS, M.C.; JUNIOR, S.D.A. Organic coatings for corrosion protection of transformers in underground chambers. In: NACE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPO, 2012, Salt Lake City, Proceedings... Salt Lake City: NACE 2012.
Screening for Ceramic and Leaded Contaminants in Glass Recycling Streams Usin...Olympus IMS
HHXRF can effectively screen for ceramic contamination in glass recycling streams. Testing showed HHXRF can accurately quantify ceramic identifier elements like Zr, Sr, and Ti in samples, and detect these elements even in small 1mm fragments. While quantitative analysis requires more time, qualitative screening for ceramic elements' presence or absence could remove ceramic materials from cullet streams. This technique has been applied in industrial in-line XRF systems that can process over 28 tons of cullet per hour for sorting.
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Rain is one of the main importance issues for atmospheric corrosion problem. Effects of rainfall on corrosion behaviors of carbon steels were investigated using artificial rainfall equipment. Three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring (ACM) sensors, which consist of Fe-Ag, Zn-Ag, and Al-Ag galvanic couples, were used to illustrate the correlation between the sensors output, Corrosion Rate (CR), and chemical concentration in the rain. The effects of ionic species on the corrosion behaviors were observed by using NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, and KNO3 as rainfall solutions. The result revealed that the rainfall rate was insensitive to ACM sensors outputs and CRs. In contrast, the chemical species and their concentrations in the rainfall solution significantly affected the ACM outputs and CRs. The corrosivity of the cations (Na+ and K+) is negligible compared to the anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-).For a given number of molar concentration, the CRs resulted from the corrosivity of SO4-2anions were higher than that of Cl- and NO3- anions, respectively. According to the empirical data, the CRs is increased and then reach a steady state as the molar concentration is continuously increased. This research also indicates that the ACM sensors outputs of Fe-Ag and Zn-Ag couples are capable of estimating corrosivity of the atmosphere, while the ACM sensor of Al-Agcouple can be used to determine not only the time of wetness but also the typeofchemical species in the environment. The research methods discussed in this paper proves that the CRs are dependent on the atmospheric composition and can be forecasted through ACM sensors.
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
1. The document investigates the effects of different ionic species in artificial rainfall solutions on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel.
2. Testing was conducted using an artificial rainfall chamber and three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring sensors to measure corrosion rates and sensor outputs under different conditions.
3. The results showed that the corrosion rate and sensor outputs were highly dependent on the chemical species and concentrations in the rainfall solutions. Sulfate ions caused the highest corrosion rates, followed by chloride and nitrate ions. Higher concentrations generally led to higher corrosion rates until a steady state was reached.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
The document summarizes recent research at the Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI). It describes how CCI conducts research through consultation with clients, project proposals, and dissemination of results. It then provides an overview of CCI's research framework and lists current research projects in areas like collections, metals, paper, adhesives, and paintings. The document also discusses new research in 2008 and areas of special interest, including the development of portable analytical labs.
This study analyzed the corrosion of different diameter rebar (12mm and 8mm) in reinforced concrete samples subjected to 231 days of cyclic immersion and drying in simulated marine environment. The 12mm rebar experienced greater mass loss and corrosion rates 61% higher than the 8mm rebar within 182 days. The time to corrosion initiation was predicted using a chloride diffusion model and half-cell potential testing, while time to propagation was estimated using the Maaddawy model. However, the Maaddawy model did not fully account for the higher diffusion rates in immersion cycles, leading to uncertainties. The results suggest using smaller diameter rebar like 8mm for secondary reinforcements and reducing spacing between stirrups to prolong the service
Study of columnar growth polycrystalline (sn, cr) co doped in2 o3 films depos...EROMOR
The document describes a study of (Sn, Cr) co-doped In2O3 polycrystalline films deposited by sputtering at different deposition times. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were crystalline with the main In2O3 phase present in all samples. Additional Cr3O4 and CrO2 phases were detected in thicker and thinner films respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the films had a columnar growth structure with good homogeneity. Optical measurements determined an optical band gap of ~3 eV, lower than the expected value of 3.75 eV for bulk In2O3. The films showed a response to acetone gas, indicating potential for gas sensing applications.
The document discusses the development of sealed resistive plate chambers (sRPCs) as a more flexible alternative to gas ionization detectors that do not require a gas system. Several prototype sRPCs were constructed and two were tested with radioactive sources, though two failed on the first day with little response. Signals from the functioning chambers increased over time, and high voltage had to be decreased to avoid streamers but with reduced gain. Further testing is needed to evaluate resolution, efficiency, isolation, and alternative gas mixtures to better understand aging effects in sRPCs.
The document discusses the development of sealed resistive plate chambers (sRPCs) as a more flexible alternative to gas ionization detectors that do not require a gas system. Several prototype sRPCs were constructed and two were tested with radioactive sources, finding that signals and current increased over time but that high voltage had to be reduced to avoid streamers at the cost of gain. Further work is needed to characterize the resolution and efficiency of sRPCs over time and to improve their construction and evaluate different gas mixtures to reduce aging effects.
This study examined the degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) medical implants over time. PLA specimens were submerged in saline solution at body temperature to simulate degradation in the body. The degradation process occurred in four stages: (1) initial water diffusion with little property change, (2) constant degradation rate controlled by water concentration, (3) autocatalytic degradation resulting in property decline, and (4) mass loss and specimen disintegration. Testing methods measured properties like molecular weight, mass change, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and glass transition temperature to characterize each degradation stage. The goal was to better understand PLA degradation to inform development of resorbable medical implants.
This document discusses using functional nanoporous materials for heavy metal sequestration. It describes Self-Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports (SAMMS) which use high surface area nanoporous substrates coated with tailored organic monolayers for selectively binding heavy metals and radionuclides. SAMMS provides high capacity, fast sorption kinetics, and chemical specificity that can be modified for different targets through the monolayer interface. New classes of functional nanoporous materials like mesoporous metal phosphates and carbons also show promise for heavy metal capture.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Screening of Ceramic and Leaded Contaminants in Glass Recycling Streams using...Olympus IMS
HHXRF can effectively screen for ceramic contamination in glass recycling streams. It can identify ceramic elements like Zr, Zn, Sr, and Ba even in small fragments. While accurate quantification requires more testing time, qualitative screening via XRF can identify ceramic materials for removal. This technique translates well to inline systems used in material recovery facilities to process tens of tons of cullet per hour and remove ceramic contamination.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
The document describes a numerical model being developed to simulate the template-based chemical vapor deposition (TB-CVD) process for manufacturing carbon nanotubes. The model aims to predict carbon deposition rates for different furnace temperatures, gas flow rates, and process times. It will be developed using computational fluid dynamics software to simulate gas flow behavior and chemical reactions during the TB-CVD process. Validation will involve comparing simulation temperature profiles and deposition rates to experimental data from a nano-bio interface laboratory.
The Florence National Central Library, immediately after the ’66 flood, started to pay a special attention to the materials used for its restoration projects. The reason is that such a disaster promoted a world wide intervention, becoming the first informal important international symposium in paper conservation. Nowadays, the Florence National Central Library still retains such a role, promoting the study of new methodologies and testing new restoration materials.
In US, Hanji hand made paper is known and find large application in the field of restoration, but in Europe it is seldom used for applications in conservation’s workshops. The characteristics of
dimensional stability, absence of grain direction -due to the fact that the fibers are directed in a more varied way-, the good mechanical strength and folding endurance of the Hanji hand made
Korean paper, lead to believe that this may be a valid alternative to parchment for the construction of new bindings and for temporary or permanent applications into paper conservation practices.
On the occasion of the 130th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and Italy, the Consulate General of Republic of Korea in Italy generously sponsored the participation of ten
professional conservators with at least five years of experience in the project "The use of Hanji hand made, Korean mulberry paper, in the Paper conservation workshop". The project ended with two days of workshop at the Trivulziana Public Library, where conservators of library and documentary heritage and the Coordinators of the project shared ideas, evaluations and comments; the feelings among the participants were the need to create a network of skills, the desire to increase communication among colleagues, the desire to exchange observations, experiences, and solutions updates the technical and scientific. Thus, the outcome of the project was a strong will to contribute, all together, to the innovation of the Italian book and paper conservation field. Therefore, the so called “Group 130” is extremely pleased to participate to the Icon Book & Paper Group Conference to be held in London (8-10th april 2015). In the light of project’s experience, the Group contribution will focus on the “Use of the Korean mulberry Hanji hand made paper in book and paper conservation. When a traditional material meets new techniques”.
https://www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/biblioteca/laboratorio-di-restauro-conservazione-libri-manoscritti/
The prevention of conflict damage to archive and library materialsAlessandro Sidoti
Presentation about the prevention of conflict damage to libraries and archives.
https://www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/biblioteca/laboratorio-di-restauro-conservazione-libri-manoscritti/
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27a febex dp collaboration overview and related sfwst r and d activities zhen...leann_mays
The document summarizes research from the FEBEX-DP collaboration studying the full-scale FEBEX bentonite experiment located in Grimsel, Switzerland. It discusses characterization of the bentonite following dismantling of heater #2, including changes to density, water content, mineralogy, and pore water chemistry. THM and THMC models were developed and validated against experimental data to analyze thermal-hydrological-mechanical and chemical processes. Microstructural analysis using synchrotron X-ray microCT provided 3D characterization of the bentonite microstructure. Further work is focused on refining chemical models, analyzing gas evolution and microbial activity, and characterizing the bentonite-concrete interface.
EFFECT OF NANO SiO2 ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYLACTIC...IAEME Publication
Effect of nano SiO2(13.69nm)with different weight percentage (1, 3, 5wt %)on some mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) is investigated .PLA film with thickness 100µm was
prepared by solution casting method .Chemical and crystal structure of PLA and its composites with 5% nano SiO2 are characterized by FTIR and X-ray diffraction techniques .
El Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA - US/CSIC/JA) es una de las infraestructuras Científico y Técnicas Singulares – ICTS en España, abiertas al uso por parte de instituciones públicas y empresas. Se hará una presentación de las instalaciones disponibles en el Centro, dando una visión global de las aplicaciones. Nos centraremos más detenidamente en los laboratorios disponibles para llevar a cabo ensayos de irradiación tanto en materiales como en dispositivos electrónicos.
The document describes a study that deposited electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) on aluminium copper (AlCu) substrates using electrodeposition at different voltage windows and cycles to produce humidity sensors. ERGO was deposited at voltage windows of 0.3V to -0.2V and 0.3V to -0.6V, with 1, 2, or 3 cycles within each window. Raman spectroscopy showed the deposited ERGO had characteristic D, G, and 2D bands. Humidity sensing tests found the sample deposited at 0.3V to -0.6V for 2 cycles had the highest sensitivity of 67.63% due to its thicker nanoporous structure providing a larger surface area to absorb water
ORGANIC COATINGS FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS IN UNDERGROUND CHAM...Adriana de Araujo
Underground electrical transformers are frequently submitted to a very aggressive environment because of the stagnated water of underground chambers which is heated and contaminated. In Brazil, carbon steel structures of underground transformers are usually protected with coal tar epoxy paints in order to ensure their reliability. However, the use of this type of paints is being strongly restricted because coal tar contains complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which contain many toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances. Aiming at replacing coal tar based paints by an environmentally friendly one; several paints were selected in the local market and submitted to performance tests in order to compare them with coal tar based paint. In addition, anodes were evaluated to study the application of galvanic cathodic protection in areas of metal exposure due to coating flaws. This paper presents and discusses the obtained results.
Os transformadores elétricos subterrâneos estão frequentemente expostos à corrosão intensa decorrente da estagnação de água aquecida e contaminada das câmaras subterrâneas. No Brasil, as estruturas de aço-carbono do transformador subterrâneo são usualmente protegidas com pintura de epóxi alcatrão de hulha que contém substâncias tóxicas e potencialmente cancerígenas. Com o objetivo de substituir as tintas à base de alcatrão de hulha por tintas ecologicamente corretas, tintas disponíveis no mercado nacional foram selecionadas e submetidas a ensaios de desempenho para a sua comparação com a tinta de alcatrão de hulha. Além disso, anodos foram avaliados para o estudo da aplicação de proteção catódica galvânica do metal exposto em áreas de falhas do revestimento. Este artigo apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos.
ARAUJO, A.; PANOSSIAN, Z; ALMEIDA, N.L; MARTINS, M.C.; JUNIOR, S.D.A. Organic coatings for corrosion protection of transformers in underground chambers. In: NACE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPO, 2012, Salt Lake City, Proceedings... Salt Lake City: NACE 2012.
Screening for Ceramic and Leaded Contaminants in Glass Recycling Streams Usin...Olympus IMS
HHXRF can effectively screen for ceramic contamination in glass recycling streams. Testing showed HHXRF can accurately quantify ceramic identifier elements like Zr, Sr, and Ti in samples, and detect these elements even in small 1mm fragments. While quantitative analysis requires more time, qualitative screening for ceramic elements' presence or absence could remove ceramic materials from cullet streams. This technique has been applied in industrial in-line XRF systems that can process over 28 tons of cullet per hour for sorting.
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Rain is one of the main importance issues for atmospheric corrosion problem. Effects of rainfall on corrosion behaviors of carbon steels were investigated using artificial rainfall equipment. Three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring (ACM) sensors, which consist of Fe-Ag, Zn-Ag, and Al-Ag galvanic couples, were used to illustrate the correlation between the sensors output, Corrosion Rate (CR), and chemical concentration in the rain. The effects of ionic species on the corrosion behaviors were observed by using NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, and KNO3 as rainfall solutions. The result revealed that the rainfall rate was insensitive to ACM sensors outputs and CRs. In contrast, the chemical species and their concentrations in the rainfall solution significantly affected the ACM outputs and CRs. The corrosivity of the cations (Na+ and K+) is negligible compared to the anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-).For a given number of molar concentration, the CRs resulted from the corrosivity of SO4-2anions were higher than that of Cl- and NO3- anions, respectively. According to the empirical data, the CRs is increased and then reach a steady state as the molar concentration is continuously increased. This research also indicates that the ACM sensors outputs of Fe-Ag and Zn-Ag couples are capable of estimating corrosivity of the atmosphere, while the ACM sensor of Al-Agcouple can be used to determine not only the time of wetness but also the typeofchemical species in the environment. The research methods discussed in this paper proves that the CRs are dependent on the atmospheric composition and can be forecasted through ACM sensors.
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
1. The document investigates the effects of different ionic species in artificial rainfall solutions on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel.
2. Testing was conducted using an artificial rainfall chamber and three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring sensors to measure corrosion rates and sensor outputs under different conditions.
3. The results showed that the corrosion rate and sensor outputs were highly dependent on the chemical species and concentrations in the rainfall solutions. Sulfate ions caused the highest corrosion rates, followed by chloride and nitrate ions. Higher concentrations generally led to higher corrosion rates until a steady state was reached.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
The document summarizes recent research at the Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI). It describes how CCI conducts research through consultation with clients, project proposals, and dissemination of results. It then provides an overview of CCI's research framework and lists current research projects in areas like collections, metals, paper, adhesives, and paintings. The document also discusses new research in 2008 and areas of special interest, including the development of portable analytical labs.
This study analyzed the corrosion of different diameter rebar (12mm and 8mm) in reinforced concrete samples subjected to 231 days of cyclic immersion and drying in simulated marine environment. The 12mm rebar experienced greater mass loss and corrosion rates 61% higher than the 8mm rebar within 182 days. The time to corrosion initiation was predicted using a chloride diffusion model and half-cell potential testing, while time to propagation was estimated using the Maaddawy model. However, the Maaddawy model did not fully account for the higher diffusion rates in immersion cycles, leading to uncertainties. The results suggest using smaller diameter rebar like 8mm for secondary reinforcements and reducing spacing between stirrups to prolong the service
Study of columnar growth polycrystalline (sn, cr) co doped in2 o3 films depos...EROMOR
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The document describes a numerical model being developed to simulate the template-based chemical vapor deposition (TB-CVD) process for manufacturing carbon nanotubes. The model aims to predict carbon deposition rates for different furnace temperatures, gas flow rates, and process times. It will be developed using computational fluid dynamics software to simulate gas flow behavior and chemical reactions during the TB-CVD process. Validation will involve comparing simulation temperature profiles and deposition rates to experimental data from a nano-bio interface laboratory.
Similar to Idapcopenhagen2005 Mo 230805 Amended Triton 23 10 06c2 13 11 2006b 23 11 07c Amended Irug Tmg Amended 01 05 08 Turin 04 09 Am Final (20)
The Florence National Central Library, immediately after the ’66 flood, started to pay a special attention to the materials used for its restoration projects. The reason is that such a disaster promoted a world wide intervention, becoming the first informal important international symposium in paper conservation. Nowadays, the Florence National Central Library still retains such a role, promoting the study of new methodologies and testing new restoration materials.
In US, Hanji hand made paper is known and find large application in the field of restoration, but in Europe it is seldom used for applications in conservation’s workshops. The characteristics of
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Idapcopenhagen2005 Mo 230805 Amended Triton 23 10 06c2 13 11 2006b 23 11 07c Amended Irug Tmg Amended 01 05 08 Turin 04 09 Am Final
1. CRP 2008 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF PARCHMENTS International Seminar & Workshop Turin, 3-5 September 2008, Italy Mechanical and Spectroscopic Analysis with Scanning Probe Microscopy for Damage Assessment of Historical and Accelerated aged collagen-based archival materials Marianne Odlyha Birkbeck College,Thermal Methods and Conservation Science,University of London
2. Background EC project “Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment” IDAP, EVK4-CT-2001-00061. The aim of the project was to improve damage assessment and provide a database of well characterised historical and accelerated aged parchment samples together with procedures to assess damage at various levels according to the hierarchical structure of collagen. http://www.idap-parchment.dk/
3. Samples IDAP project Accelerated aged samples (a) RH and T (40-80%RH and 40-80 ° C) (b) inorganic pollutants and (c) acetic acid vapour. Historical samples School of Conservation and Royal Danish Library, Copenhagen,Denmark, National Archives,Scotland, Archivio di Stato, Florence, Italy, Municipal Archive, Segovia, Spain. OPERA project State Archives of Turin and Genoa
4. Study of state of collagen in parchment Manuscripts and bookbindings Macroscopic level Microscopic level Nanoscopic level Molecular level www.idap-parchment.dk Mesoscopic level
5. Studies for IDAP Project at Birkbeck determined of damage indicators (order to disorder) at bulk nano molecular level Mechanical: has provided damage indicators in terms of collagen polymer and its response to moisture (%D,shrinkage, stiffness, and viscoelasticity). Information on side chains of collagen (polar/apolar) Thermogravimetric: measurement of fillers (inert & CaCO3). Broadening of temperature range over which weight loss occurs indicator of denaturation Solid state 13 C NMR: evidence of gelatinisation (only a few samples were in this category),and presence of lipids. ATR/FTIR: Amide I loss of ordered helical structure (some correlation with AA analysis), and changes in cross-linking. Micro-thermal analysis shows broadening of degradation processes. Ranking of damage is possible. Atomic Force Microscopy: possible to measure collagen D-spacing . Used to rank damage.
6. Measurement Technique and Markers of Damage Technique : Controlled environment Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Function : Measures the effect of controlled changes in RH on the mechanical properties (modulus, extension) of parchment. Typical sample size 5mms free length, 4-5mms wide and 0.15-0.4 mms thick Direction where known head to tail Samples were clamped in a DMA analyser and subjected to an increase in RH (1%/min) from 10-80%RH at constant T
7. Typical result obtained on sample of parchment (goat unaged) Experimental details: sample was subjected to increase in RH from 20% to 80%RH. It was kept at 80%RH for 30mins and then decreased at 1%/min Plot of Elastic Modulus (stiffness) vs time (dark blue) and RH vs time (Yellow) Modulus T mins RH
8. ASGE_29_1 (1489) back cover flap samples were pre-dried in desiccator OPERA project samples : Bookbindings of the Series “ Diversorum ” from the “Secret Archives” Collection. State Archives of Genoa. Modulus vs RH Extension vs RH
9. OPERA Project THE PARCHMENT ROLLS OF CHATELAIN’S FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS (CASTELLANIE) State Archives of Turin ASTO 4-1: 1467-1469 (goat) sewing border on the recto part; ~a: (22 x 0.4) cm + b: (20 x 0.6) cm seems to be in good condition (a: thin; b: thin, soft, white) Modulus vs RH Extension vs RH
10. Bookbindings of the Series “ Manuali del Senato ” State Archives of Genoa. ASGE_2_2 (end of XIVth-beginning of XVth ) - seems to have suffered water damage - re-used in 1557 Modulus vs RH Extension vs RH
11. IDAP project database Effect of RH on mechanical properties of historical samples Displacement (%) vs Time (min) /RH (%) (a) Reference sample, (b) National Archives of Scotland (SC118) (c ) Archivio di Stato Florence (SC173:1) (d) School of Conservation,Copenhagen (S17:1) (e) (School of Conservation,Copenhagen (SC75:2)
12. % variation IDAP report Damage classification of historical parchments according to DMA-RH IDAP project Damage categories School of Conservation Copenhagen National ArchivesScotland Archivio di Stato Florence 1: Not damaged 0 - 20% SC69:4, SC56:1, SC38:1 SC116 N/A 2: Slightly Damaged 20 - 44% SC56:2, SC59:1, SC82:3 SC114, SC115, SC118, SC120 SC164, SC165:1&2 SC175:1 3:Considerably Damaged 44 - 70% SC17:1 , SC38SC58:1, SC77:1,SC72SC32, SC73: SC117, SC119, SC122 SC168, SC173:1 , SC175:2 4: Severely Damaged 70 - 100% SC16, SC18, SC31:1, SC35,SC59:2SC73:1 SC75 N/A SC163, SC172, SC173:2
13. Factors which influence the effect of RH on the mechanical properties Parchment manufacture : length of time in water bath, chemicals used, effectiveness of fat removal, amount of tension applied in parchment making. State of degradation of parchment : with increased age or increased exposure to environmental extremes, there may be more extensive oxidation of proteins, oxygen-induced cross-linking, increased gelatinization, and an increase in lower molecular weight fractions due to hydrolysis. These modifications may affect the tensile properties of the parchment. Extensive chain-scission and denaturation are associated with extreme brittleness of parchment. E.F.Hansen et al “The Effects of Relative Humidity on some physical properties of modern vellum” JAIC (1992) 31 No.3 325-342
14. SC69:4 (black) control CR31 (pink) SO 2 4 weeks 16weeks exposure to NO 2 gave similar result to CR31 Lower values of displacement /extension (%) occurred for the aged samples where collagen was damaged. Controlled Environment Dynamic Mechanical Analysis IDAP Unaged (black) and accelerated aged (pink) parchment (D%) vs time (mins)/ RH (%)
15. In the IDAP report ranking of the samples is given according to maximum and minimum values of slope (%D vs time). Sample set from database is shown below. Note variation in values for reference samples The effect of denaturation on RH response was studied by thermally denaturing a sample (heat to 220 º C). Value for the slope 15-40mins (1 st column) was minimum (c.0.007).
16. Samples OPERA project (Table) Samples IDAP project a) Reference sample, (b) National Archives of Scotland (c ) Archivio di Stato Florence (d) School of Conservation,Copenhagen (e) (School of Conservation,Copenhagen ASGE_11_2 lipid containing
18. “ Damage Assessment of Collagen in historical parchment with scanning probe techniques” J de Groot Ph.D thesis Birkbeck University of London Atomic force microscopy AFM (Unaged parchment) Thermally denatured parchment after heating to 220ºC Atomic Force Microscopy Human skin collagen has an average cross-banding periodicity D of 64 ± 5 nm
19. Change in D-spacing with Temperature Values 30-170 º C Thermal Analysis of parchments D.Fessas,M.Signorelli,A.Schiraldi,C.J.Kennedy,T.J.Wess Value at 220 º C J de Groot Ph.D thesis
20. Intstrumental Technique Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) A tip is scanned over the surface forming an image of the surface
21.
22. A novel algorithm was developed that can estimate the intactness of the periodic banding in the entire image This algorithm uses the Fourier Transform that converts an image into a two dimensional (2D) spatial frequency image (J de Groot Ph.D thesis). Estimate intactness of the periodic D-banding (IDAP report )
23. A 2 weeks B 4 weeks C 8weeks D 16 weeks Effect of SO 2 ageing on model parchment (AFM) CR31 CR33
24. AFM- Peak Area measure of intactness of periodic banding vs Ts (shrinkage T) (Larsen et al., 2006) for selected historical samples Ref SC81:5(red) SC162 13 th cent Segovia SC175:2 (Florence)
26. AFM - basic operation 4 quadrant photodetector laser 3 element piezo crystal array in scanner head sample silicon cantilever, length 0.1 - 1 mm Ultra-sharp tip, radius ca. 10 nm Force feedback loop x y z
27. Historical sample (13 th cent) SC162 (IDAP database) Municipal Archive in Segovia-Spain- Concession of rights and privileges by Alfonso X Visual categorisation of damage Slightly damaged IDAP database Sample SC162 Ts= 55.9°C From ATR / FTIR damage category (2) grain side. From AFM damage category also (2) (J de Groot) Fibre network x 100 transmission
32. Accelerated aged CR05 (light 170Klux 32 hrs) and CR33 16 weeks SO2 Derivative Power mW/C vs T
33. Damage markers and Ts for accelerated aged parchment samples measured with micro-TA. Values indicated with * differed significantly different from the unaged control samples IDAP Quantification of parchment damage by micro-TA SO 2 aged and RH,T aged (80C 40%RH)
34. ATR-FTIR of parchment sample (unaged) and after thermal denaturation (220 ° C) Unheated Heated to 220 ° C AFM images
35. ATR/FT-IR spectra of both flesh (dot) and grain (full) sides of SC73.1&2 18 th cent calf Visual slightly damaged Ts=50.8 and 44.5 ° C Historical samples IDAP data base e.g 18 th century bookbinding SC73:1 Ranking of damage made on basis of change in shape of Amide 1 (ratio 1660:1630) C. Theodorakopoulos and M.Odlyha “Studies on Archival Parchment by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy” Studies in Conservation (paper submitted)
36. ATR/FT-IR spectra at two locations of the same sample: SC175:1 (dash) and SC175:2 (full). In SC175:1 the amide I peak is at (a) and this is moved to (b) in SC175:2 and broadened to (c), in SC175:2 lipid (d) and carbonate (e) are present. SC175:1 SC175:2 Ts = 35.9C Historical bookbinding SC175:1 and 2
37. IDAP report SC169, SC172, SC173:1 , SC175:2 SC122, SC120 SC17:2, SC75:2 >20% 4: Very Damaged N/A SC114, S124, SC125 SC56:1,SC24, SC18 ,SC38:1,SC72:1,SC72:2,SC75:1, SC73:2 12 - 20% 3: Considerably Damaged SC164, SC165:1 SC166, SC168, SC173:2, SC175:1 SC116, SC118, SC119 SC17:1, SC31:1, SC32, SC58:2, SC59:1, SC70:1, SC76:1,SC77, SC16, SC35, SC58:1, SC38:2 5 - 12% 2: Slightly Damaged SC163, SC165:2 SC115, SC117, SC123 SC59:2, SC69:2, SC70:2, SC76:1 0 - 5% 1: Not damaged Archivio di Stato Florence National Archives, Scotland School of Conservation, Copenhagen % Change 1660:1630 Damage categories Damage classification of historical parchments according to ATR-FTIR
39. Opera project samples ASGE11-2 lipid containing (13C SSNMR) shows high damage C.Ghioni, J.C.Hiller, C.Kennedy, A.E.Aliev, M.Odlyha, M.Boulton and T.J.Wess “Evidence of a distinct lipid fraction in historical parchments: a potential role in degradation” J Lipid Res 46 (2005) 2726-2734
40. Conclusions Damage and differences in damage were observed in samples from different archives, and from within the same archive for samples with differences in lipid and inorganic content, and whether they had been previously used as manuscripts or bookbindings. Correlation between periodic D spacing (determined from AFM) and the mechanical properties of parchment such as its stiffness and readiness to take up moisture was observed. Previous water damage influences this response. The database obtained in IDAP allows comparison of damage ranking by AFM and micro-TA data with e.g Ts determination, and then ATR-FTIR and mechanical. Visual assessment of damage can be misleading. Future work could include optimising values (RH) for storage and display of 30% RH has been suggested as the optimum condition for an object for which the long-term preservation of the intact collagen is of greatest concern. Also optimising RH used in conservation treatment.
41. Acknowledgements Coauthors C.Theodorakopoulos (ATR/FTIR), J de Groot, L.Bozec and Prof M.Horton (AFM and micro-TA) The authors are grateful to the European Commission DG-RTD 5 th Framework “City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage“ for funding the IDAP project (contract no. EVK4-CT-2001-00061). Coordinator (Dr. Rene Larsen) and fellow participants in IDAP and Coordinator of OPERA project (Prof G.Della Gatta and Dr.R.Larsen) Controlled environment DMA Dr.G.Foster, Smithers Rapra, and Dr.J.Duncan Triton Technology We also thank Victoria Smith for arranging sampling in Spain and Spanish translation of IDAP web page