This document summarizes a lecture on herpesviruses types 1, 2, and 3 given to third year medical students. The objectives are to understand the diseases caused by these viruses, diagnose and differentiate between them, and discuss control measures. Herpesviruses can cause infections like chickenpox, shingles, cold sores and genital herpes. They have similar virus structures but antigenic differences. Primary infection is followed by lifelong latency in neural tissues. Reactivation can cause recurrent lesions. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, virus isolation, PCR and serology. Treatment focuses on antivirals while prevention emphasizes avoiding contact with active lesions.
Chicken pox, also known as varicella, is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by a vesicular rash that may be accompanied by fever and malaise. The virus is usually spread through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. While chicken pox infections usually cause a mild, self-limiting disease in children, it can lead to more severe complications in adults and pregnant women. Recovery results in lifelong immunity against future chicken pox infections.
Post vaccination -Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome -Adultskomalicarol
This case report describes a 27-year-old healthcare worker who presented with fever, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain four weeks after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Laboratory tests showed elevated inflammatory markers. The patient was diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A), a rare but serious condition that can occur after COVID-19 vaccination or infection. He was treated with steroids and improved. This case highlights the need for physicians to consider MIS-A when evaluating adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination, as it can occur within 4-6 weeks of receiving the vaccine.
This document provides information about nursing management of patients with diphtheria. It begins with definitions of diphtheria as an acute bacterial disease involving mucous membranes caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Key points discussed include the epidemiology, mode of transmission, incubation period, susceptibility and resistance, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria. Nursing care focuses on isolation, administration of antitoxin and antibiotics, supportive care, health education and vaccination.
Infection control in dentistry / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The document discusses two systemic mycoses - Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides. Both are dimorphic fungi that exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissue. They are inhaled through spores and can cause asymptomatic pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Coccidioides is endemic to parts of the Americas while Paracoccidioides is found in parts of Latin America. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology of tissues or body fluids. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and itraconazole.
Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS Un...Shambaditya Goswami
The document provides an awareness talk on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It begins with an introduction that defines COVID-19 and discusses the current global pandemic. It then covers the current status of COVID-19 worldwide and in India, showing decreasing daily new case numbers. It also discusses treatment prospects, including several vaccines in clinical trials in India and evidence that remdesivir may shorten recovery time. General awareness topics like hand hygiene techniques and social distancing are also covered.
Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in chil...komalicarol
Starting with December 2019 the medical world has faced a
new challenge as a consequence of a new type of coronavirus-2019-nCoV, similar to several familiar strains that determine
a comparable symptomatology (SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS- Middle East severe acute respiratory syndrome), subsequently named SARS CoV-2, while the disease it
causes- COVID-19. The virus is of animal origin and through an
intermediate host (probably also a mammal) it suffered genetic
changes thus acquiring human cells receptors. In consequence,
SARS CoV-2 virus affects both children and even more frequently where it determines more severe clinical forms of disease. In
children, COVID-19 has various clinical forms, from asymptomatic ones to severe ones, complicated by multisystem inflammatory
syndrome (MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome – Child
or PIMS - TS (Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
temporally associated with COVID-19) that sometimes can lead
to death
Chicken pox, also known as varicella, is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by a vesicular rash that may be accompanied by fever and malaise. The virus is usually spread through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. While chicken pox infections usually cause a mild, self-limiting disease in children, it can lead to more severe complications in adults and pregnant women. Recovery results in lifelong immunity against future chicken pox infections.
Post vaccination -Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome -Adultskomalicarol
This case report describes a 27-year-old healthcare worker who presented with fever, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain four weeks after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Laboratory tests showed elevated inflammatory markers. The patient was diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A), a rare but serious condition that can occur after COVID-19 vaccination or infection. He was treated with steroids and improved. This case highlights the need for physicians to consider MIS-A when evaluating adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination, as it can occur within 4-6 weeks of receiving the vaccine.
This document provides information about nursing management of patients with diphtheria. It begins with definitions of diphtheria as an acute bacterial disease involving mucous membranes caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Key points discussed include the epidemiology, mode of transmission, incubation period, susceptibility and resistance, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria. Nursing care focuses on isolation, administration of antitoxin and antibiotics, supportive care, health education and vaccination.
Infection control in dentistry / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The document discusses two systemic mycoses - Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides. Both are dimorphic fungi that exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissue. They are inhaled through spores and can cause asymptomatic pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Coccidioides is endemic to parts of the Americas while Paracoccidioides is found in parts of Latin America. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology of tissues or body fluids. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and itraconazole.
Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS Un...Shambaditya Goswami
The document provides an awareness talk on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It begins with an introduction that defines COVID-19 and discusses the current global pandemic. It then covers the current status of COVID-19 worldwide and in India, showing decreasing daily new case numbers. It also discusses treatment prospects, including several vaccines in clinical trials in India and evidence that remdesivir may shorten recovery time. General awareness topics like hand hygiene techniques and social distancing are also covered.
Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in chil...komalicarol
Starting with December 2019 the medical world has faced a
new challenge as a consequence of a new type of coronavirus-2019-nCoV, similar to several familiar strains that determine
a comparable symptomatology (SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS- Middle East severe acute respiratory syndrome), subsequently named SARS CoV-2, while the disease it
causes- COVID-19. The virus is of animal origin and through an
intermediate host (probably also a mammal) it suffered genetic
changes thus acquiring human cells receptors. In consequence,
SARS CoV-2 virus affects both children and even more frequently where it determines more severe clinical forms of disease. In
children, COVID-19 has various clinical forms, from asymptomatic ones to severe ones, complicated by multisystem inflammatory
syndrome (MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome – Child
or PIMS - TS (Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
temporally associated with COVID-19) that sometimes can lead
to death
This document discusses Coronavirus (CoV), the virus that causes COVID-19. It provides details on the structure and genes of CoV. It then discusses methods for diagnosing COVID-19 such as CT scans, PCR tests, and serology tests that detect antibodies. It also summarizes safety measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 like hand washing, social distancing, and disinfecting surfaces. Rapid testing kits are highlighted as important for early detection. The conclusion emphasizes the need for sufficient testing, protective equipment, and maintaining social distance to control the spread of the disease.
Dr. Hiba Sabah Jasim gave a lecture on measles and rubella viruses at the University of Baghdad College of Medicine. She defined measles and rubella viruses and the MMR vaccine. Measles virus causes a highly contagious airborne disease, while rubella virus typically causes a mild rash and lymphadenopathy but can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Both viruses are treated supportively. The MMR vaccine helps prevent these diseases.
This document discusses disease transmission and pathways. It defines key terms like direct contact, reservoir, and infectious agent. Direct contact transmission occurs when pathogens pass directly from an infected person to a healthy person, such as through handshakes or kissing. Indirect contact involves an intermediate agent, like mosquitoes transmitting dengue fever. Diseases can be transmitted via vectors, food/water, airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing, contact with contaminated objects, animal bites, or from mother to fetus. Understanding disease transmission modes is important for epidemiology and infection control.
Rising Enemy fungal in middle east clinical patho.pdfEmad Zarief Kamel
Treating patients with confirmed fungal disease with effective antifungal agents is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Several investigations described a significant link between early reliable diagnosis and treatment of IFIs and improved outcomes of patients at risk
BCG vaccine a hope to control COVID-19 pandemic amid crisis.pdfHaythamSabaile1
This document discusses the potential use of the BCG vaccine to help control the COVID-19 pandemic. It suggests that BCG vaccination induces both humoral and adaptive immunity, activating nonspecific and cross-reactive immune responses that could help resist SARS-CoV-2. Some studies have found higher COVID-19 infectivity, case positivity, and mortality rates in countries that do not use BCG vaccination compared to those that do. The document provides an overview of the concepts underlying BCG vaccination and its nonspecific immunological effects and trained immunity, which may provide protection and utility against COVID-19.
Smallpox was once a deadly disease but was eradicated through a global vaccination campaign led by the WHO, with the last known case occurring in India in 1975. While smallpox stocks are still held in some countries, supportive care is the only treatment available. Chickenpox, caused by the varicella virus, presents with a rash and is highly contagious, though vaccination provides protection. Complications can occasionally occur from both diseases. Mumps, caused by a paramyxovirus, is characterized by swelling of the parotid glands and is most common in children aged 5-9 years.
This document discusses SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. It defines coronaviruses and describes past outbreaks of SARS and MERS. It explains that SARS-CoV-2 was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic. The document outlines SARS-CoV-2's structure, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides recommendations for prevention including hand washing, social distancing and correct mask usage.
Systemic mycoses can result from inhalation of fungal spores that then differentiate into yeast or other forms in the lungs. This document focuses on four specific systemic mycoses: Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Paracoccidioides. Coccidioides causes valley fever through inhalation of spores in dry soil in the southwestern US and Central/South America. Paracoccidioides causes a similar disease through inhalation in parts of Central/South America. Both fungi exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissues. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to disseminated disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and ser
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
This document provides information about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses that MERS-CoV was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and is caused by a novel coronavirus. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. While most cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia, some patients were infected after travel to the Middle East. The virus likely jumps between animals like bats and camels to humans. Recommendations are provided to prevent spread, including handwashing, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and seeking medical care for fever or respiratory symptoms within 14 days of travel to the Middle East.
Epidemiology and control measures for CHICKENPOX {Varicella} AB Rajar
It is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster(v-z) virus.
It is worldwide in distribution and occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms.
The document summarizes COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2. It describes the origin in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms range from mild to severe respiratory illness and death. Diagnosis is via PCR testing of nasal swabs. The virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for cell entry and may cause a cytokine storm. Management involves social distancing, hand washing, testing/isolation of cases and supportive care, as no vaccine yet exists. Experimental treatments under investigation target the virus itself or hyper-inflammation.
This document discusses various viral infections that can affect the eye. It begins by defining viruses and their structure. It then discusses specific viruses like adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and moluscum contagiosum. For each virus, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical features, signs, investigations, and treatment. Key points covered include how adenovirus is a common cause of viral conjunctivitis, herpes simplex virus can cause recurrent infections leading to corneal scarring, and moluscum contagiosum presents as skin lesions that can spread to the eye. The document provides an overview of important viral eye infections.
Viral infections / 4th stage students / Dr. Alaa AwnALAA AWN
Viruses are infectious agents that contain genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. They cannot replicate without infecting a host cell. There are two main classifications of viral infections - by the type of genetic material (DNA or RNA viruses) and by the organ or host infected. Common viral infections in humans include those caused by herpes viruses like HSV-1 and VZV, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis viruses.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
This is a PowerPoint on the Marburg virus, which is a disease similar to Ebola. I very briefly talk about what the disease is, some of the key facts about the structure and death rate, some outbreak history, prevention and treatment and the social-economical impacts that have been caused.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
This document discusses Coronavirus (CoV), the virus that causes COVID-19. It provides details on the structure and genes of CoV. It then discusses methods for diagnosing COVID-19 such as CT scans, PCR tests, and serology tests that detect antibodies. It also summarizes safety measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 like hand washing, social distancing, and disinfecting surfaces. Rapid testing kits are highlighted as important for early detection. The conclusion emphasizes the need for sufficient testing, protective equipment, and maintaining social distance to control the spread of the disease.
Dr. Hiba Sabah Jasim gave a lecture on measles and rubella viruses at the University of Baghdad College of Medicine. She defined measles and rubella viruses and the MMR vaccine. Measles virus causes a highly contagious airborne disease, while rubella virus typically causes a mild rash and lymphadenopathy but can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Both viruses are treated supportively. The MMR vaccine helps prevent these diseases.
This document discusses disease transmission and pathways. It defines key terms like direct contact, reservoir, and infectious agent. Direct contact transmission occurs when pathogens pass directly from an infected person to a healthy person, such as through handshakes or kissing. Indirect contact involves an intermediate agent, like mosquitoes transmitting dengue fever. Diseases can be transmitted via vectors, food/water, airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing, contact with contaminated objects, animal bites, or from mother to fetus. Understanding disease transmission modes is important for epidemiology and infection control.
Rising Enemy fungal in middle east clinical patho.pdfEmad Zarief Kamel
Treating patients with confirmed fungal disease with effective antifungal agents is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Several investigations described a significant link between early reliable diagnosis and treatment of IFIs and improved outcomes of patients at risk
BCG vaccine a hope to control COVID-19 pandemic amid crisis.pdfHaythamSabaile1
This document discusses the potential use of the BCG vaccine to help control the COVID-19 pandemic. It suggests that BCG vaccination induces both humoral and adaptive immunity, activating nonspecific and cross-reactive immune responses that could help resist SARS-CoV-2. Some studies have found higher COVID-19 infectivity, case positivity, and mortality rates in countries that do not use BCG vaccination compared to those that do. The document provides an overview of the concepts underlying BCG vaccination and its nonspecific immunological effects and trained immunity, which may provide protection and utility against COVID-19.
Smallpox was once a deadly disease but was eradicated through a global vaccination campaign led by the WHO, with the last known case occurring in India in 1975. While smallpox stocks are still held in some countries, supportive care is the only treatment available. Chickenpox, caused by the varicella virus, presents with a rash and is highly contagious, though vaccination provides protection. Complications can occasionally occur from both diseases. Mumps, caused by a paramyxovirus, is characterized by swelling of the parotid glands and is most common in children aged 5-9 years.
This document discusses SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. It defines coronaviruses and describes past outbreaks of SARS and MERS. It explains that SARS-CoV-2 was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic. The document outlines SARS-CoV-2's structure, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides recommendations for prevention including hand washing, social distancing and correct mask usage.
Systemic mycoses can result from inhalation of fungal spores that then differentiate into yeast or other forms in the lungs. This document focuses on four specific systemic mycoses: Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Paracoccidioides. Coccidioides causes valley fever through inhalation of spores in dry soil in the southwestern US and Central/South America. Paracoccidioides causes a similar disease through inhalation in parts of Central/South America. Both fungi exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissues. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to disseminated disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and ser
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
This document provides information about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It discusses that MERS-CoV was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and is caused by a novel coronavirus. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. While most cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia, some patients were infected after travel to the Middle East. The virus likely jumps between animals like bats and camels to humans. Recommendations are provided to prevent spread, including handwashing, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and seeking medical care for fever or respiratory symptoms within 14 days of travel to the Middle East.
Epidemiology and control measures for CHICKENPOX {Varicella} AB Rajar
It is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster(v-z) virus.
It is worldwide in distribution and occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms.
The document summarizes COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2. It describes the origin in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms range from mild to severe respiratory illness and death. Diagnosis is via PCR testing of nasal swabs. The virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for cell entry and may cause a cytokine storm. Management involves social distancing, hand washing, testing/isolation of cases and supportive care, as no vaccine yet exists. Experimental treatments under investigation target the virus itself or hyper-inflammation.
This document discusses various viral infections that can affect the eye. It begins by defining viruses and their structure. It then discusses specific viruses like adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and moluscum contagiosum. For each virus, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical features, signs, investigations, and treatment. Key points covered include how adenovirus is a common cause of viral conjunctivitis, herpes simplex virus can cause recurrent infections leading to corneal scarring, and moluscum contagiosum presents as skin lesions that can spread to the eye. The document provides an overview of important viral eye infections.
Viral infections / 4th stage students / Dr. Alaa AwnALAA AWN
Viruses are infectious agents that contain genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. They cannot replicate without infecting a host cell. There are two main classifications of viral infections - by the type of genetic material (DNA or RNA viruses) and by the organ or host infected. Common viral infections in humans include those caused by herpes viruses like HSV-1 and VZV, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis viruses.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
This is a PowerPoint on the Marburg virus, which is a disease similar to Ebola. I very briefly talk about what the disease is, some of the key facts about the structure and death rate, some outbreak history, prevention and treatment and the social-economical impacts that have been caused.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
District Residency Programme (DRP) for PGs in India.pptx
ID2-MB-6-Herpes 1,2,3.pdf
1. University of Baghdad
College of Medicine
2022-2023
Title: HERPESVIRUSES Type 1, 2, 3
Grade: Third
Module: Infectious Diseases
Speaker: PROFESSOR
DR. SAAD HASAN MOHAMMED ALI
Ph.D. VIROLOGY
Date: March 8th, 2023
2. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
OBJECTIVES
1.. To know the range of human diseases caused by Herpes
viruses types 1 / 2 / 3 and their virological and
immunological diagnostic facilities and control measures.
2.. To study the clinical criteria of Chicken Pox ( as a
common contagious disease in Iraq) and how to be
clinically differentiated from the serious counterpart
disease…Small Pox .
3.. To study the immunological criteria of Varicella-Zoster
Virus and how to applied these criteria in its control
measures
6. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Subfamily
(Herpesvirinae)
Latent
Infections
Genus
Official Name
("Human -
Herpesvirus")
Common
Name
Alpha Neurons Simplex
1 Herpes simplex
virus type 1
2 Herpes simplex
virus type 2
Varicello
3 Varicella-zoster
virus
Beta Glands, kidneys Cytomegalo
5 Cytomegalo
virus
Lymphoid tissue Roseolo
6 Human herpesvirus
6
7 Human herpesvirus
7
Gamma Lymphoid tissue Lymphocrypto
4 Epstein-Barr virus
Rhadino
8
Kaposi sarcoma-associated
herpesvirus
Herpesviridae
7. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Important Properties of Herpesviruses
DNA homology:
1-HSV 1 & 2 = (50%)
2- HHV 6 &7=(30-
50%)
8. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
All= Morphologically Identical
Different herpes
viruses cannot be
distinguished by
electron microscopy
Herpes virus particles from human vesicle
fluid (X 140,000). (JAWETZ 2019)
9. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
All =Same Characteristic Disease:
Primary Infection
LatentInfection
Reactivated Infection
10. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES
Pathogenesis
11. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Primary infections occur in childhood or adolescence…….
…..followed by establishment of latent virus in the cerebral or
spinal ganglia…….
……Later activation causes recurrent herpes simplex or zoster.
= Recurrences are rare for zoster.
Latent infections by Herpes viruses:
Examples =
Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster
viruses.
14. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
14
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) :
Clinical Presentation
Primary Infection
Prodromal phase:
Tingling/itching of skin
Appearance of painful vesicles
in clusters on an erythematous
base
Vesicles ulcerate then crust
over and heal within 7-14 days
Viral shedding continues for up
to 2-3 weeks
Recurrent Disease
After primary infection,
virus migrates to sacral
ganglion and lies dormant
Reactivation occurs due to
various triggers
Reoccurrence is usually
milder and shorter in
duration
15. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Replication Cycle of Herpes Viruses
in General
Attachment =
-
1
Cellular Receptors = Heparan Sulphate
Fusion
-
2
Release of viral DNA
Uncoating
-
3
4- Transcription of Alpha genes Alpha –proteins
(Cellular Preparation)
5-Transcription Beta genes Beta- proteins =
(ENZYMES).
.
Viral DNA
Viral DNA replication
-
6
7- Transcription Gamma genes Gamma – proteins=
=
Empty Capsids
Structural Proteins=
16. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Replication cycle(Continued…)
8- Packaging DNA into capsids .
10- Accumulation of viral glycoproteins on the
nuclear membrane .
11- Get Envelope from nuclear membrane .
12- VIRUSES Geat out the cell
}
Endoplasmic Reticulum
{
through
18. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Oro-pharyngeal dis
= ( HSV 1+2)
Primary infection {children }:
•
Fever + sore throat
+ vesicular & ulcerative lesions(buccal/ gingival ).
Primary infection : (adults):
*Acute pharyngitis & Acute tonsillitis ..
Recurrent lesions :
* Border of lip
1
19. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Oral Herpes
*Transmission is possible when lesions not
present due to viral shedding
20. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Oral Herpes/Cold Sores
Transmitted by kissing and brushing against the lesion.
They may also be transmitted by using a cup, eating
utensil,
lip gloss, toothbrush or even a face towel.
Also transmitted to other parts of body (eye, fingers).
Life - Long Diseases
21. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Ophthalmic Herpes =
Kerato- conjunctivitis
blindness
=HSV 1
1- Corneal ulcers .
2- Vesicles lesions on Eye Lids .
2
3 Genital Herpes =
=HSV2 usually :
• Vesicular & Ulcerative lesions=
• { penis , cervix , vulva, vagina , perineum ) .
22. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
22
Genital Herpes Simplex in Females
Credit: Jean R. Anderson, MD
23. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Genital Herpes
Simplex
Sores
Source: Diepgen TL, Yihune G et al. Dermatology Online Atlas
24. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Cutaneous Herpes infection=HSV 1+ 2
A-Traumatic Herpes (Only in abrasions )
Herpetic Whitlow=Fingers of dentists
+ hospital personal
B- Skin infections : :
{Burns ( Fatal ) + Eczema}.
4
25. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Herpetic whitlow Painful, coalescing
vesicles with surrounding
erythema on fingers
history revealed that the patient regularly bit his
nails
Positive results on direct fluorescent antibody tests and viral
cultures from digital lesions confirmed type 1 HSV infection
26. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Eczema Herpeticum
A rare but Severe Cutaneous Herpes infection that generally occurs at sites of skin
, burns, long term usage
atopic dermatitis
damage produced by, for example,
eczema
or
topical steroids
of
27. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
5
Most common cause of sporadic
fatal encephalitis .
28. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Neonatal Herpes
Intra-uterine
During birth ( 75%)
After birth .
Mortality 50%.
Almost always= Symptomatic.
6
75% HSV 2 25% HSV 1
29. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Neonatal Herpes
3
Categories
Localized lesion
( skin ,eye , mouth)
Encephalitis
+- skin infection
Disseminated disease
+ death
(=pneumonitis or DIC)
30. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Severe infections in Immuno-
compromised patients
HSV1+2
Spread= to respiratory esophageal intestinal
tissue & other organs .
Most cases= Reactivated
Infections.
7
31. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
METHODS TO DIFFERENTIATE
BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES
32. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
CLINICAL LESIONS According To
Anatomical Land mark of Waist ???
ABOVE WAIST=TYPE 1
BELOW WAIST=TYPE 2
Waist
HSV 1
HSV 2
1
33. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Egg inoculation=Pocks size.
DNA Finger Printing=
فايروسات مه وىع لكل الىىوي الحمض بصمة
Different Bands Size of The Two Types of HSV- DNA = by doing Restriction Enzymes analysis.
Different Serological Reactions??
No Histopathological discrimination.
No CELL CULTURE discrimination
No ELECTROM MICROSCOPICAL discrimination
5
2
3
4
6
7
34. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
The giant cells is best illustrated by the Tzanck smear= reveals multinucleated
giant cells in a smear taken from the painful vesicles .
4 herpesviruses= HSV types 1 and 2, VZV, and CMV induce the formation of
multinucleated giant cells, which can be seen microscopically in the
lesions.
Arrow points to a multinucleated giant cell with approximately eight
nuclei
35. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
HSV: Diagnosis
1- Clinical presentation
2-Viral culture for Isolation & identification.
3-Typing of HSV-Antigens & Nucleic acid by:
A - Monoclonal Abs B- Restriction Enzymes analysis.
4- DNA detection (PCR and ISH)
5- Serology ( IgM IgG Specific for HSV 1&2 )
6- Tzanck smear/Giemsa smear
7- Skin biopsy
36. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Immunity HSV 1 & 2
Passively from the mother to baby ( 1st 6 m).
Primary infection ( 6m – 2 years )
Anti HSV 1 Abs = child hood & until adolescents
Anti HSV 2 Abs = during adolescence & sexual activity
Abs Do not prevent re-infection
or reactivation ::::::: but modify infection .
CMI Controlre-infection & reactivation .
38. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Treatment of HSV-1 or HSV-2 :
Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Vidarabine
Proved effective against HSV Infections
All are inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis.
Suppress clinical manifestations
Shorten time to healing
Reduce recurrences of genital herpes.
However, HSV remains latent in sensory ganglia.
39. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Prevention of HSV-1 or
HSV-2 :
2…Chemoprophylaxis: Valacyclovir and Famciclovir
A… Suppression of recurrent lesions+ frequency of recurrences
B…. Reduces shedding of the virus + transmission
3… Operations:
- Cesarean section: who, at term, have genital lesions or positive viral cultures
- Circumcision: reduces the risk of infection by HSV-2
1…Avoiding contact:
with the vesicular lesion or ulcer
Still…………. No Approved Vaccines
against
HSV-1 or HSV-2
41. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV)
Structurally and morphologically:
similar to other
Herpes viruses
but antigenically is different.
It has a single serotype.
Disease:
The same virus causes both varicella and zoster.
Varicella (chickenpox) is the primary disease; zoster (shingles)
is the recurrent form.
Humans= Natural hosts.
42. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
1.Varicella Virus:
Cause Chicken pox
(((((((((المائي الجدري ))))))) (((((()))))ابىخريان
Highly contagious disease
Mild in children
Severe in adults and immuno- compromized patients.
*Complications:
1.Encephalitis
2.Pneumonia
44. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
2. Zoster Virus:
= vesicles appear with severe
pain in the area of skin or mucosa supplied
by one or more groups of sensory nerves
and ganglia and is often unilateral=
=
(((((
جهىم ورد مه حزمة أو الىاري الحزام
))))))))
45. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Herpes Zoster
(Shingles)
Trunk
Head
Neck
are most commonly affected sites
46. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Complications of Zoster Virus
1…..The most common complication =Post-herpetic neuralgia—
protracted pain =for months= especially common after ophthalmic zoster.
2…. Visceral disease=especially pneumonia= in
elderly adults = deaths occur in immunosuppressed patients with zoster (<1% of
patients).
3….Varicella -zoster disease of central nervous
system, most frequently meningitis, can present with
or without a typical zoster rash.
47. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Herpes zoster in the distribution of thoracic and abdominal nerves
52. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Pathogenesis of primary infection with varicella-zoster
virus:
1.Entry :
A. Upper respiratory tract
B. Conjunctiva
2.Transmission:
A. Airborne droplet
B. Direct contact
3. Incubation period= 10 to 21 days.
4.Secondary viremia= transport of virus to skin and respiratory
mucosal sites
5. Replication in epidermal cells = characteristic rash (chickenpox).
6. VZV-specific immunity= required to terminate viral replication.
7. VZV gains access to ganglia cells= (Trigeminal + dorsal root)
establishes latency.
54. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Clinical Comparison
Between Chickenpox and
Smallpox
55. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Clinical differentiation
of chicken pox from small pox.
Causative agent Chicken pox (VZV) Small pox (Pox v.)
Severity of disease Mild Severe (mortality 1% -40 %)
Incubation period Usually 13-17 d.
(limits 10- 21d.)
Usually 11-12 d.
(limits 7- 21d.)
Distribution of rash
( density of rashes) Toward the center of body ( chest
abdomen & back)
Toward periphery of the body (head &
extremities )
Stage of rash type of rash on
time of clinical exam
Rash are seen with different
mixed stages ( papular +
vesicular rash)
All the rash at same stage &
commonly are deep set vesicular or
pustular
62. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
1. Isolation of VZV
2.ELECTRON Microscopic Exam:
Herpes V. particles
3. Light Microscopic Exam:
(Tzanck smear)=
Tissues Stained with Hematoxyline and
Eosin Multinucleated Giant cells
63. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
RAPID TESTS for VZV
4. Direct Ag Detection:
Labeled fluorescent Abs to VZV Ag. Exam. by
fluorescent microscope .
5.PCR or Nucleic Acid Hybridization:
Preferred for diagnosis of VZV encephalitis.
However, VZV DNA may be NOT detectable in CSF
at early presentation inclusion of CSF VZV- IgM
antibodies== to improve sensitivity of diagnosis.
6. Serological Testing=
1. Fluorescent Antibody Test
2. Elisa
64. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Immunity to VZV
Varicella and zoster viruses are
identical: But… the two diseases
being the result of differing host
responses.
Previous infection with varicella
=confer lifelong immunity to
varicella.
Herpes zoster= occurs in the
presence of neutralizing antibody
to varicella.
65. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Immunity to VZV
The VZV-specific cell mediated immunity is important in
Containment of VZV and recovery from both varicella and
zoster.
Appearance of local interferon may also contribute to
recovery.
Varicella-zoster virus, similar to other herpesviruses,
encodes means of evading host immune responses.
1… Down regulates major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigen
expression
2…Down regulates the interferon expression pathway
66. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Immunity to VZV
Infected Person
-
New Non
Person
st infected
1
st Person Same
1
Latent Infection
= Reactivated
into
Shingles
VERY
RARE
Shingles
recur
Infection
=
Chicken
Pox
First
Infection=
Chicken
Pox
67. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
• No clear Explanation Why Reactivation of latent vzv infection
• due to (waning of immunity)that allow viral replication in these ganglions
Varicella-Zoster Virus has 2 consecutive clinical forms that are
rarely or even not possible to recur in the same patient.
68. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Treatment
Effective therapy
for Varicella:
Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Famciclovir
Foscarnet.
Ganciclovir
1… Prevent the development
of systemic
disease in varicella-infected
immunosuppressed patients
2….Halt the progression of
herpes zoster in adults.
69. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Treating of Patients with
zoster:
1…Accelerate healing of the
lesions
2… No cure of latent state
3… Reduce the incidence of
post-zoster neuralgia.
70. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
No antiviral therapy is necessary for
immunocompetent children.
Immunocompetent adults with moderate or
severe chickenpox or zoster often are treated
with acyclovir =reduce the duration + severity of symptoms.
Immunocompromised children and adults
with chickenpox, zoster, or disseminated
disease= should be treated with acyclovir.
71. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Prevention and Control
Varicella-zoster immune globulin
(VariZIG)
= high VZV antibody titer = prevent
illness is now available for post-
exposure prophylaxis of high-risk
patients who lack serologic evidence of
immunity.
72. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Treatment of VZV :
Acyclovir
Famciclovir
Valacyclovir
Foscarnet= Acyclovir-resistant
strains of VZV
73. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
A live attenuated varicella vaccine =
In 1995=
A single dose = highly effective protection from
varicella: in children= (80–85% effective) but in
adults(70%).
In 2006=
Two doses = 98% effective prevention of
varicella disease in children.
Duration of protective Antibodies = least 20 years.
74. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Vaccine
Licensed in USA in 2006.
14 times more potent version than varicella vaccine.
Effective in older adults = reducing both
1…frequency of outbreaks of zoster
2…severity of disease
Recommended :
Chronic medical conditions
Persons older than 60 years of age.
75. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Prevention of VZV:
1..Vaccines
2..Immunoprophylaxsis
3..Drugs
76. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
Two vaccines against VZV=
BOTH= live, attenuated VZV, but the zoster vaccine contains 14 times more virus
than the varicella vaccine
BOTH = should not be given to immuno-compromised people + pregnant
women
1.. Varicella vaccine= to prevent varicella= Varivax= Two doses.
recommended for children between the ages of 1 and 12 years 2.. Zoster
vaccine= to prevent zoster= Zostavax= one dose.
A…Recommended for people older than 60 years and who have had varicella.
B… effective in preventing the symptoms of zoster, but does not eradicate the latent state of VZV.
Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG)=
Contains a high titer of antibody to the virus, is also used for such prophylaxis.
Acyclovir= useful in preventing varicella and dissemination of zoster in immunocompromised
people exposed to the virus.
77. University of Baghdad/ College of Medicine 2022-2023
THE SUMMARY
1.. Herpes simplex viruses type 1&2 are associated with a
range of human diseases that are difficult to be clearly
attributed to any type of them.
2.. Chicken Pox as a common contagious disease in Iraq can
be diagnosed and differentiated from Small Pox on clinical
as well as virological criteria.
3..Varicella-Zoster Virus has 2 consecutive
clinical forms that are rarely or even not
possible to recur in the same patient.