The document discusses the history and evolution of information and communications technology (ICT) and computer assisted language learning (CALL). It notes that ICT goes beyond computers and the internet, and its role in development has grown in importance. The World Summit on the Information Society emphasized ICT's relevance in the global domain. CALL started with behaviorist drills in the 1950-70s, added communication in the 1970-80s, and now uses multimedia and the internet through integrative approaches.

2.  Information and communications
technology is viewed as both a means
and an end for development. With
roughly two-third of the world economy
based on services, and the rise of India,
Philippines, and other nations as global IT
players.

3.  ICT is much more than computers and
the internet or even telephony, even
though the digital divide and issues of
internet governance were much of the
focus of WSIS

4.  The World Summit on the Information
Society (WSIS) Phase I brought to the
forefront the role of ICT for development.
Organized by the United Nations in
conjunction with the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), this
Summit emphasized the growing
relevance of ICT in the global domain.

5.  In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that
computing power would double every
18 months. This was based not on theory
but on empirical extrapolation, and
‘’Moore’s Law’’ has essentially been
validated for decades since.

6.  Recently, computers have become so
widespread in schools and homes and
their uses have expanded so
dramatically that the majority of
language teachers must now begin to
think about the implications of
computers for language learning.

7.  The first phase of CALL, conceived in the
1950s and implemented in the 1960s and '70s,
was based on the then-dominant behaviourist
theories of learning. Programs of this phase
entailed repetitive language drills and can be
referred to as "drill and practice"

8.  The second phase of CALL was based on the
communicative approach to teaching which
became prominent in the 1970s and 80s.
Proponents of this approach felt that the drill
and practice programs of the previous
decade did not allow enough authentic
communication to be of much value.

9.  Integrative approaches to CALL are based on two important
technological developments of the last decade - multimedia
computers and the Internet. Multimedia technology -
exemplified today by the CD-ROM - allows a variety of media
(text, graphics, sound, animation, and video) to be accessed
on a single machine. What makes multimedia even more
powerful is that it also entails hypermedia. That means that
the multimedia resources are all linked together and that
learners can navigate their own path simply by pointing and
clicking a mouse.

10.  Michael Shamos (2002) Information and
Communications Technology (ICT)
Retrieved September,2002 from
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rtongia/ICT4SD_
Ch_2--ICT.pdf
 Mark Warschauer (2012) Computer
Assisted Language Learning:
an Introduction (CALL) Retrieved 27
February, 2012 from
http://www.ict4lt.org/en/warschauer.htm