Ibm spectrum archive ee v1.2.2 performance white_paper v1.1

© COPYRIGHT IBM CORPORATION, 2017
IBM® Systems
February, 2017
IBM® Spectrum Archive™ Enterprise Edition V1.2.2
Performance White Paper
Takeshi Ishimoto, Spectrum Archive Development & Architect, IBM Tokyo
Carla Corral, Spectrum Archive Performance, IBM Guadalajara
Pedro Ramos, Spectrum Archive Performance, IBM Guadalajara
Khanh V. Ngo, Spectrum Archive Development, IBM Tucson
Osamu Matsumiya, Spectrum Archive Development, IBM Tokyo

2© COPYRIGHT IBM CORPORATION, 2017
Contents
PREFACE.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. IBM SPECTRUM ARCHIVE....................................................................................................................................4
1.1. PRODUCT OVERVIEW.....................................................................................................................................4
1.2. REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE FOR SCALE-OUT................................................................................................ 5
2. TEST METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................................................................7
2.1. HARDWARE SETUP AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................ 7
2.1.1. PC SERVER......................................................................................................................................................8
2.1.2. TAPE HARDWARE.............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.3. DISK SUBSYSTEM AND IBM SPECTRUM SCALE SETTING..................................................................................8
2.1.4. SAN ZONING CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.5. SOFTWARE VERSIONS ....................................................................................................................................9
2.2. TEST PROCEDURES .........................................................................................................................................9
3. MIGRATION PERFORMANCE RESULTS.................................................................................................................... 11
3.1. PERFORMANCE RESULT WITH TS1150 TAPE DRIVE..................................................................................... 11
3.2. PERFORMANCE RESULT WITH LTO 7 TAPE DRIVE ..........................................................................................12
3.3. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN TS1150 AND LTO 7 DRIVES............................................................13
3.4. PERFORMANCE SCALABILITY BY NUMBER OF TAPE DRIVES ..........................................................................14
4. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................................16
APPENDIX - SERVER AND DISK STORAGE TUNING......................................................................................................17
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................................20

Preface
This white paper describes the I/O performance characteristics of IBM Spectrum Archive™ Enterprise
Edition Version 1.2.2 software (Spectrum Archive EE) based on IBMs in-house testing using IBM
TS1150 tape drives and IBM LTO Ultrium 7 (LTO 7) tape drives.
It summarizes the results of measuring the effective data rate under different workload conditions to
characterize the software’s horizontal scalability when additional servers and tape drives are added.
Specifically, the tests measure the throughput of the file migration operation from a disk based file
system to tape storage, with different file sizes and with several hardware configurations. The intent of
the paper is to provide recommendations to help customers plan to meet their data rate requirements
for new installations or for upgrading existing systems.
Chapter 1 describes the high level overview of Spectrum Archive EE functions and the scale-out
reference architecture. Chapter 2 describes the test environment and test procedures, and Chapter 3
shows the test results. Chapter 4 concludes with the summary of measurements and best practices.
DISCLAIMER
Performance measurements presented in this document are limited to the use of the same hardware
configuration. Performance can vary depending on the hardware used (servers, storage system, SAN) and
their configuration.
The following units of measurement are used in this white paper:
Binary Units Decimal Units
Metric Value Symbol Metric Value Symbol
Kibibyte 1024 KiB Kilobyte 1000 KB
Mebibyte 10242 MiB Megabyte 10002 MB
Gibibyte 10243
GiB Gigabyte 10003
GB
Tebibyte 10244 TiB Terabyte 10004 TB

1. IBM Spectrum Archive
This chapter explains the overview of IBM Spectrum Archive Enterprise Edition and its architecture used
to cover the Blueprint (small, medium and large) configurations for performance.
1.1. Product Overview
Spectrum Archive EE provides seamless integration of a tape storage tier with a highly
available and scalable file system provided by IBM Spectrum Scale™. It performs the policy-
based migration of the file from disk storage to tape to free up disk space, and it also allows the
user to recall the data back from tape on demand or by an explicit prefetching technique. With the
full integration of disk and tape in transparent manner, the data owner can run any application
designed for disk while keeping the cold data on the low-cost tape storage tier.
Spectrum Archive EE runs on one or more Linux servers and it will make the cluster of
servers work as the gateway to tape storage. As in Figure 1.1, each server is configured with a
couple of dedicated tape drives and Spectrum Archive EE will automatically distribute the
I/O workload across the servers so that the aggregated performance will scale out by having more
servers.
Figure 1.1: Spectrum Archive EE System
IBM Spectrum Archive EE provides the following benefits (IBM, 2016):
 A low-cost storage tier in an IBM Spectrum Scale environment.
 An active archive or big data repository for long-term storage of data that requires
file system access to that content.
 File-based storage in the Linear Tape File System™ (LTFS) tape format that is open,
self-describing, portable, and interchangeable across platforms.
 Lowers capital expenditure and operational expenditure costs by using cost-effective
and energy-efficient tape media without dependencies on external server hardware or

software.
 Supports the highly scalable automated TS4500, TS3500, and TS3310 tape libraries.
 Allows the retention of data on tape media for long-term preservation (10+ years).
 Provides the portability of large amounts of data by bulk transfer of tape cartridges
between sites for disaster recovery and the initial synchronization of two Spectrum Scale
sites by using open-format, portable, self-describing tapes.
 Migration of data to newer tape or newer technology that is managed by IBM
Spectrum Scale.
 Provides ease of management for operational and active archive storage.
 Expand archive capacity simply by adding and provisioning media without impacting
the availability of data already in the pool.
With Spectrum Archive EE, you can perform the following management tasks on your
systems (IBM, 2016):
 Create and define tape cartridge pools for file migrations.
 Migrate files in the IBM Spectrum Scale namespace to the IBM Spectrum Archive tape tier.
 Recall files that were migrated to the IBM Spectrum Archive tape tier back into
IBM Spectrum Scale.
 Reconcile file inconsistencies between files in IBM Spectrum Scale and their equivalents
in IBM Spectrum Archive.
 Reclaim tape space that is occupied by non-referenced files and non-referenced
content that is present on the physical tapes.
 Export tape cartridges to remove them from IBM Spectrum Archive EE system.
 Import tape cartridges to add them to IBM Spectrum Archive EE system.
 Add tape cartridges to IBM Spectrum Archive EE system to expand the tape cartridge
pool with no disruption to your system.
 Obtain inventory, job, and scan status of IBM Spectrum Archive EE solution.
1.2. Reference Architecture for Scale-out
The reference architecture of Spectrum Archive EE provides a template of server hardware and
software configurations, and it is a blueprint to help the IT architect plan and configure the
servers for use with IBM Spectrum Archive EE. It also helps for planning future upgrade paths
for adding additional I/O bandwidth.
In this white paper, three different configuration classes are presented, with a couple of
model variations by the number of attached tape drives, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Configuration Options of Spectrum Archive EE for Performance Scale-out
 Small Configuration is an entry level configuration with a single server with two, three, or
four tape drives
 Medium Configuration is the dual node configuration using three or four tape drives per node.
 Large Configurations are based on a multi node configuration (four server nodes) and the
use of four or five tape drives per node.
IMPORTANT: This white paper only includes measurements for small and medium configurations.
The large configurations will be integrated in the future.
The configuration models are identified by naming convention of “xNyDzT” in this white paper,
where “x” is the number of servers in total, “y” is number of tape drives attached to each server,
and “z” is the total number of tape drives (z = x * y).
Configuration
Class
Configuration Name
xNyDzT
Number of
Nodes
(x)
Number of
Drives,
per Node
(y)
Number of
Drives in
Total
(z)
Small
1N2D2T 1 2 2
1N3D3T 1 3 3
1N4D4T 1 4 4
Medium
2N3D6T 2 3 6
2N4D8T 2 4 8
Large
4N4D16T 4 4 16
4N5D20T 4 5 20
Table 1.1: Blueprint Configurations for IBM Spectrum Archive EE

2. Test Methodology
This chapter explains the hardware and software specifications and setup details used to get the best
performances.
2.1. Hardware Setup and Recommendations
All performance results in this document were obtained using:
- Two single-socket x86-processor servers, running IBM Spectrum Scale and IBM
Spectrum Archive EE
- Eight tape drives in the tape library, and at least the same number of tape cartridges
- Shared SAN disk storage for IBM Spectrum Scale
- Fiber Channel adapter and SAN switch for the connection to external SAN disk
storage and tape drives
The models and types of selected hardware components are shown in Figure 2.1.
Beside the number of servers and number of tape drives, several other factors could affect the
final performance: the server performance; tape drive type; disk storage hardware and IBM
Spectrum Scale setup; and interconnect speed. It is beyond the scope of this white paper to
attempt to present a complete picture of the relative performance characteristics of all
possible hardware/software configurations. However, the Appendix in this document provides
some tuning tips, based on the hardware characteristics of these test measurements.
Figure 2.1: IBM Spectrum Archive EE hardware components

2.1.1.PC server
It is recommended to use latest PC server with single CPU socket and with 3 PCIe slots.
The performance tests in this white paper use IBM System x3850 X5 servers. It is the fifth
generation of the Enterprise X-Architecture that enables optimal performance for databases,
enterprise applications, and virtualized environments. In order to improve the performance for
IBM Spectrum Archive EE under the Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture, the
tuning recommendations described in the Appendix were used.
2.1.2.Tape Hardware
IBM Spectrum Archive supports the latest tape storage technology for maximum cost efficiency
and performance:
IBM TS1150 Enterprise Tape Drive
- Native data rate performance of up to 360 MB/sec (non-compressible data)
- With JD tape cartridge, it can store 10 TB (non-compressible data) or 30 TB (with 3:1
data compression)
IBM LTO 7 Tape Drive
- Native data rate performance of up to 300 MB/sec (non-compressible data)
- With LTO 7 tape cartridge, it can store 6 TB (non-compressible data) or 15 TB (with
2.5:1 data compression)
The selection of tape technology between the two tape drive types should be made by many
factors, such as reliability, cost, requirement of using industry standard tape media, but from the
performance perspective, IBM TS1150 should provide a better result.
The performance test was conducted by having two logical libraries in an IBM TS4500 tape
library; one for TS1150 tape drives and the other for LTO 7 tape drives, because a single logical
library cannot mix drive types.
In Chapter 3, this white paper provides the test results for both TS1150 and LTO 7 tape drives
using the same test cases, for comparison.
2.1.3.Disk Subsystem and IBM Spectrum Scale setting
General performance tuning tips can be applied for the selection of disk storage and its
configuration. The Appendix describes how IBM Storwize V7000 in the test system was
configured.
The following IBM Spectrum Scale mmchconfig command setup parameters were used for
performance testing configuration on a single node and multi node.
>mmchconfig nsdBufSpace=50,nsdMaxWorkerThreads=1024,nsdMinWorkerThreads=1024,nsd
MultiQueue=64,nsdMultiQueueType=1,nsdSmallThreadRatio=1,nsdThreadsPerQueue=48,num
aMemoryInterleave=yes,maxStatCache=0,ignorePrefetchLUNCount=yes,logPingPongSector
=no,scatterBufferSize=256k -N all

2.1.4.SAN Zoning Considerations
The SAN is primarily responsible for managing data traffic between server and storage devices;
tape and disk. Zoning plays a key role to improve the performance to avoid the contention and
congestion.
As shown in diagram A.2 in the Appendix, it is recommended to:
 Isolate the SAN zones for disk and tape
 Assign dedicatedly an HBA port to smaller number of tapes to avoid the overload of ports
The test showed different results by HBA from different manufacturers, and the final test was
conducted using 8Gbps FC adapter from QLogic (Note that the maximum link speed of a tape
drive is 8Gbps).
2.1.5.Software Versions
This test was conducted with following code levels:
Software Version
IBM Spectrum Archive EE 1.2.2.0
IBM Spectrum Scale 4.2.1
IBM Tape Device Driver lin_tape-3.0.10
OS Version
Linux Version RHEL 7.2
Linux Kernel 3.10.0-327.el7
Firmware Level
IBM TS4500 Library Code 1.3.0.4
IBM TS1150 Drive Code D3I4_68E
IBM LTO 7 Full Height Drive Code LTO7_G9Q0
IBM Storwize V7000 code 7.7.1.2
2.2. Test Procedures
The performance tests in this white paper focus on measuring the data rate (MB/sec) of file
migration from disk to tape under variety of file sizes, and will evaluate how the performance will
change with different number of servers and different number of tape drives.
The performance tests measure the maximum capabilities of IBM Spectrum Archive EE with
the least amount of overhead.
The migration test was conducted by running the following steps:
1. Create the uniform size of files on disk
2. Run mmapplypolicy command manually to find the files matching with the policy criteria, and
to pass the list of candidates to Spectrum Archive command (“ltfsee MIGRATE” command)
mmapplypolicy command will invoke multiple instances of ltfsee MIGRATE command,
depending on the length of file list and optional arguments of mmapplypolicy command. And,
once all migration completes, mmapplypolicy will return to the command prompt
3. Measure the elapsed time for step 2

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3, 3 times.
5. Dividing the amount of data transferred by the best elapsed time gives the
aggregated performance
The test uses the following parameters:
 Migration Source
- File size: select one file size from 5MiB, 10MiB, 100MiB, 1GiB and 10GiB, and create the files
of same size.
- File contains the non-compressible random data, generated from /dev/random
- Amount of data prepared on disk: For each test run, step 1 creates the files equal to the
100 GiB per drive. For example of 10MiB files, test with 4 drives will create 40960 files
(= 4 * 100GiB/10MiB = 4 * 10240) at the beginning.
 Migration Target
- Number of file replica: 1 (specifies one tape pool in Policy)
- The tape is empty at the 1st run
- Target tapes are loaded on to the tape drive (there will be no movement of tape library
robot during the test)
 Command and Policy Options used
- “mmapplypolicy filesystem -P policy_file -B 10000 -m 2*T”, where T is the total number of
tape drives in the system
 -B specifies how many files are passed for each invocation of the EXEC script. If the number
of files exceeds the value that is specified by -B parameter, mmapplypolicy starts the external
program multiple times.
 -m parameter specifies the number of threads that are created and dispatched within
each mmapplypolicy process during the policy execution phase.
- The policy file contains, “SIZE 10485760” after OPTS statement
 SIZE parameter limits the total number of bytes, in KB, in all of the files named in each list
of files passed to EXEC 'script'. 10485760 is equivalent to 10GiB.
<< Portion of Policy File >>
RULE EXTERNAL POOL 'ltfs'
EXEC
'/opt/ibm/ltfsee/bin/ltfsee'
OPTS '-p perftest@library1'
SIZE 10485760
See the Knowledge Center of IBM Spectrum Archive EE and IBM Spectrum Scale for more
information of mmapplypolicy parameters for performance optimization.
Test Parameters

File Size 5MiB 10MiB 100MiB 1GiB 10GiB
Number of files per drive 20480 10240 1024 100 10
-B parameter 10000
-m parameter
2 * T (where, T is total number of tape drives in the
system)
SIZE parameter 10485760

3. Migration Performance Results
This chapter contains the IBM Spectrum Archive EE v1.2.2 performance measurements as a result of the
testing with TS1150 and LTO7 tape drives; their scalability; and comparisons between them.
3.1. Performance result with TS1150 tape drive
Table 3.1 shows the aggregated transfer rate of file migration with IBM TS1150 tape drives and
IBM 3592 JD tape cartridges. As shown in the upper right corner, IBM Spectrum Archive EE
migrates the 10 GiB files at 2.3GB/s with 8 tape drives. Given that each tape drive is capable of
transferring the data at 360 MB/s for non-compressible data used in this test, the result is
equivalent to 80% of tape drive’s capability.
Table 3.1: Aggregated Migration Rate - TS1150 Tape Drive (in
MB/s)
The graph in Figure 3.1 plots the test results and presents the projected performance curve for
each hardware configuration. The X axis is the file size in logarithmic scale, and Y axis is the
transfer rate in MB/s.
Figure 3.1: Migration scaling performance for TS1150

3.2. Performance result with LTO 7 tape drive
Table 3.2 shows the aggregated transfer rate of file migration with IBM LTO 7 tape drives with LTO
7 tape cartridges. As shown in the upper right corner, IBM Spectrum Archive EE migrates the
10GiB files at 1.9GB/s with 8 tape drives. Given that each LTO 7 tape drive is capable of
transferring the data at 300 MB/s for non-compressible data used in this test, the result is
equivalent to 80% of the tape drive’s capability.
Table 3.2: Aggregated Migration Rate – LTO 7 tape drive (in MB/s)
The graph in Figure 3.2 plots the test results and presents the projected performance curve for
each hardware configuration. The X axis is the file size in logarithmic scale, and Y axis is the
transfer rate in MB/s.
Figure 3.2: Migration scaling performance for LTO 7

3.3. Performance comparison between TS1150 and LTO 7 drives
The graph in Figure 3.3 compares the test results between ones with IBM TS1150 presented in
Figure 3.1, and ones with LTO 7 tape drives in Figure 3.2. TS1150 tape drive performs better than
LTO 7 tape drive in all the tested range, while the difference is very minor in the smaller files.
Figure 3.3: Migration scaling performance TS1150 and LTO 7 (Comparison)

3.4. Performance scalability by number of tape drives
Table 3.3 has the same test results as Table 3.1, but the results are now presented as the
performance number per drive, rather than aggregated performance. This table shows that the
expected performance per drive will be slightly lower as more drives are added to the system.
Table 3.3: Migration performance by TS1150 tape drive (in MB/s)
Figure 3.4 illustrates the performance scalability for each file size, and the lines show how the
performance will improve by adding more drives for a given file size. In this graph, scaling
factor index is defined as “2” for the result of a 2 drive configuration, and the others are calculated
as the relative performance index. In the perfect linear scalability, the index of an 8 drive
configuration will be “8”, where the actual result ranges from 7.4 to 6.2, for the TS1150 tape drives.
Figure 3.4: Migration scaling performance for TS1150 configuration

Table 3.4 is performance for migration transfer rate per LTO 7 tape drive.
Table 3.4: Performance per drive LTO 7 (in MB/s)
Figure 3.5 is the equivalent version of Figure 3.4 but for LTO 7 tape drives, and it shows a
similar trend.
Figure 3.5: Migration scaling performance LTO 7 configurations

4. Conclusions
IBM Spectrum Archive EE lowers the cost of storage infrastructure by integrating the large
capacity and economical tape tier seamlessly with IBM Spectrum Scale under a single
namespace. IBM Spectrum Archive EE has the ability to provision tape drives and nodes in the
tape tier. This makes it easier to meet the requirements to expand storage capacity, increase I/O
bandwidth, and optimize data availability with minimal downtime.
The test results in this white paper demonstrate that the addition of tape drives on single node
and multi node configurations produces a higher sustained data rate based on its high native
data rate. IBM Spectrum Archive EE shows an optimal performance for large files (10
GiB) in all configurations. The measurements also reflect that increasing the number of
nodes and drives per node improve the performance. The performance for small size files is
also improved by the addition of drives and nodes, however this incremental benefit remains
small even with the addition of drives. It should be also noted that the performance
measurement results are based on the hardware configuration, and they could be improved
by the use of faster disk storage solution (SSD or Flash) which might be tested for a future
revision of this white paper.
This white paper reflects the benefit for IBM Spectrum Archive EE in terms of performance,
and time required to migrate data from any Spectrum Scale tier to a Spectrum Archive tape
tier.
The results also show that IBM Spectrum Scale can serve the high throughput requirements
and low latency access cost benefits when it is optimized for IBM Spectrum Archive EE
which reads the data for the files being migrated in a streaming manner and updates the file
system metadata for stubbing.

Appendix - Server and Disk Storage Tuning
Server Optimization for NUMA architecture
“This architecture allows to control de time to access to the memory which varies with
data location to be accessed. If data resides in local memory, access is fast. If data resides in
remote memory, access is slower. The advantage of the NUMA architecture as a
hierarchical shared memory scheme is its potential to improve average case access time
through the introduction of fast, local memory.
In the NUMA shared memory architecture, each processor has its own local memory
module that it can access directly with a distinctive performance advantage. At the same
time, it can also access any memory module belonging to another processor using a shared
bus (or some other type of interconnect) as seen in the diagram below:
Figure A.1: NUMA Architecture
Thread migration from one core to another poses a problem for the NUMA shared
memory architecture because of the way it disassociates a thread from its local memory
allocations. That is, a thread may allocate memory on node 1 at startup as it runs on a
core within the node 1 package. But when the thread is later migrated to a core on node
2, the data stored earlier becomes remote and memory access time significantly increases.”
(Intel, 2011)
The numaMemoryInterleave parameter of Spectrum Scale is used on a NUMA based
systems to improve the file system performance. It is enabled for this performance testing
propose due the servers are using NUMA configuration.
Disk Storage Optimization
When designing a GPFS file system on Storwize V7000 storage for optimum performance
there are two basic operating modes that match different usage types.
 General IO workloads: By default Storwize creates LUNS (vdisks) over multiple arrays to
utilize the available storage
 Optimal Sequential Performance: The Storwize V7000 use a Redundant Array of
Independent Disks (RAID), this is a method of configuring member drives to create high
availability and high performance systems. Storwize V7000 for sequential IO with GPFS

use RAID5 or RAID 6 arrays. There are two type of RAID configuration; a distributed array
and non-distributed array configuration. (IBM, IBM Storwize V7000 with GPFS, 2015)
RAID Array Type
Performance testing for this paper uses Distributed RAID 5 arrays due the performance of
the pool is more uniform because all of the available drives are used for every volume
extent and they can tolerate the failure of one member drive. These arrays stripe data
over the member drives with one parity strip on every stripe.
“Distributed RAID arrays can support 4 - 128 drives and they also contain rebuild areas that
are used to maintain redundancy after a drive fails. As a result, the distributed configuration
dramatically reduces rebuild times and decreases the exposure volumes have to the extra
load of recovering redundancy.
Distributed arrays remove the need for separate drives that are idle until a failure
occurs. Instead of allocating one or more drives as spares, the spare capacity is distributed
over specific rebuild areas across all the member drives. After the failed drive is replaced,
data is copied back to the drive from the distributed spare capacity. Unlike "hot spare"
drives, read/write requests are processed on other parts of the drive that are not being used
as rebuild areas. The number of rebuild areas is based on the width of the array. The size of
the rebuild area determines how many times the distributed array can recover failed drives
without risking becoming degraded.” (IBM, Distributed array properties, s.f.)
DRAID: Distributed array (DRAID) is used for IBM Spectrum Archive EE configuration, it
allows a RAID5 or RAID6 array to be distributed over a larger set of drives and you can
actually have the spare drive performing reads and writes for your host IO.
RAID Strip Size and File System Block Size
The Drive Assignment configuration was tuning using the total number of drives (48 drives)
in a v7000 distributed array (Array width). A stripe (redundancy unit), is the smallest amount
of data that can be addressed. It is best to use a GPFS block size that is a multiple of the
V7000 stripe size. The V7000 has two strip size options: 128KiB and 256KiB, and 256 KiB
was used for this performance propose.
To optimize the Storwize V7000 for sequential IO with GPFS, a GPFS file system with 2
MiB block size (2048 KiB) was created. The RAID strip size, by default V7000 will use 256
KiB RAID strips. If you have a large sequential workload, then you may want to look at your
host I/O size. For this performance propose is recommended to create a 10 disk RAID5
array (8+P+Q) with a strip default size of 256 KiB. That would give an 8*256 KiB =
2048 KiB stripe size, which matches the filesystem block size. The strip width for RAID 5 is
= 10(Number of Disk) – 1 = 9.
SAN Connection
The Storwize V7000 nodes must always be connected to SAN switches only. Multiple
connections are permitted from redundant storage systems to improve data bandwidth
performance. Use an additional Zone (figure X.X: Zone1) to dedicate the traffic between
FC ports from all nodes; and all Storwize V7000 ports together for best performance and
availability

Figure A.2: IBM Spectrum Archive EE configuration
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Joaquin Quiroz, Vernon Miller, Bruce McNutt, and Larry Coyne for
their support, reviews, comments, and feedback.

References
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February 2017
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Ibm spectrum archive ee v1.2.2 performance white_paper v1.1

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