This document contains a student's homework assignment on international trade policy topics. It discusses reasons why policymakers prioritize domestic gains over international progress, the impact of import restrictions on consumers, the root causes of conflicts between industrialized and developing nations, differences between subsidies for high-tech and agriculture sectors, reasons manufacturers establish foreign plants, and criticisms of the World Bank and IMF.
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 13 political economy global trade 072013Stephen Ong
The document provides an overview of political economy and international trade. It discusses several topics, including the European Union and its institutions, emerging markets and risks, and international trade and World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. For each topic, it outlines key concepts, organizations, agreements, and case examples to illustrate the issues. The document is intended to cover these topics at a high level for educational purposes.
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresEvgeny Pustovalov
The document discusses key aspects of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). It outlines the different types of subsidies - prohibited, actionable, and non-actionable - and the rules governing each. Prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import substitution subsidies. Actionable subsidies are those that cause adverse effects like injury to domestic industry. Non-actionable subsidies are those that are non-specific. The agreement also provides special and differential treatment for developing countries in areas like de minimis subsidy levels and volume thresholds for countervailing investigations. Remedies under the agreement include withdrawal of subsidies or imposition of countervailing duties.
The presentation discusses the inward FDI into China and outward FDI from China;in addition, the presentation briefly introduces Chinese legal system.The presentation was originally deliverd to the delegation of the EMTM Program (Executive Master's in Technology Management — a multidisciplinary master's degree program offered by Penn Engineering and co-sponsored by Wharton )and the delegation members mostly come from USA companies, such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin ,Adobe Systems, Morgan Stanley ,Citigroup and so on.
This document discusses regional integration among developing countries from a social constructivist perspective. It first outlines the key ideas of social constructivism in international relations, namely that the international system exists through intersubjective ideas and can change as ideas change. It then uses the case study of regional integration to discuss how integration has four stages and aims to reduce discrimination, while cooperation involves concerted actions in areas of common interest. Regarding regional integration among developing countries, the document discusses how it was seen as promoting development but largely failed to increase intra-regional trade or serve as an alternative to trade with industrialized nations. It concludes that while regional integration encouraged some reforms, trade benefits were not achieved and a shift toward cooperation may be more effective.
This document discusses the political economy of regional integration in Africa. It analyzes the key drivers and constraints of regional organizations in promoting regional cooperation on the continent. It uses five lenses to examine these factors: foundational structures, institutions, actors and agencies, sectoral characteristics, and external factors. Some key observations are that member states may signal support for regional organizations even when implementation is low priority; implementation occurs when aligned with national interests; regional hegemons influence agendas; and donors have significant influence but provide fragmented support. It concludes by discussing options for regional organizations to consider ambitions realistically given path dependencies and political realities.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 13 political economy global trade 072013Stephen Ong
The document provides an overview of political economy and international trade. It discusses several topics, including the European Union and its institutions, emerging markets and risks, and international trade and World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. For each topic, it outlines key concepts, organizations, agreements, and case examples to illustrate the issues. The document is intended to cover these topics at a high level for educational purposes.
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing MeasuresEvgeny Pustovalov
The document discusses key aspects of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). It outlines the different types of subsidies - prohibited, actionable, and non-actionable - and the rules governing each. Prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import substitution subsidies. Actionable subsidies are those that cause adverse effects like injury to domestic industry. Non-actionable subsidies are those that are non-specific. The agreement also provides special and differential treatment for developing countries in areas like de minimis subsidy levels and volume thresholds for countervailing investigations. Remedies under the agreement include withdrawal of subsidies or imposition of countervailing duties.
The presentation discusses the inward FDI into China and outward FDI from China;in addition, the presentation briefly introduces Chinese legal system.The presentation was originally deliverd to the delegation of the EMTM Program (Executive Master's in Technology Management — a multidisciplinary master's degree program offered by Penn Engineering and co-sponsored by Wharton )and the delegation members mostly come from USA companies, such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin ,Adobe Systems, Morgan Stanley ,Citigroup and so on.
This document discusses regional integration among developing countries from a social constructivist perspective. It first outlines the key ideas of social constructivism in international relations, namely that the international system exists through intersubjective ideas and can change as ideas change. It then uses the case study of regional integration to discuss how integration has four stages and aims to reduce discrimination, while cooperation involves concerted actions in areas of common interest. Regarding regional integration among developing countries, the document discusses how it was seen as promoting development but largely failed to increase intra-regional trade or serve as an alternative to trade with industrialized nations. It concludes that while regional integration encouraged some reforms, trade benefits were not achieved and a shift toward cooperation may be more effective.
This document discusses the political economy of regional integration in Africa. It analyzes the key drivers and constraints of regional organizations in promoting regional cooperation on the continent. It uses five lenses to examine these factors: foundational structures, institutions, actors and agencies, sectoral characteristics, and external factors. Some key observations are that member states may signal support for regional organizations even when implementation is low priority; implementation occurs when aligned with national interests; regional hegemons influence agendas; and donors have significant influence but provide fragmented support. It concludes by discussing options for regional organizations to consider ambitions realistically given path dependencies and political realities.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
This document summarizes US laws and regulations around import competition and unfair trade. It discusses:
1) Temporary tariffs and quotas that can be imposed under safeguard provisions to protect domestic industries from surges in imports that cause injury.
2) Antidumping laws that impose duties on imports sold at unfairly low prices to drive out competition. Dumping margins are calculated as the price difference between domestic and export prices.
3) Countervailing duties that can be imposed to offset foreign government subsidies provided to their exporters, which distort trade. Prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import substitution subsidies.
Presentation to the C5 Export Controls Forum, 20-21 May 2014 Brussels. Explores 5 main areas for reform of EU export controls, taking into account the recent European Commission Communication on reforming Dual Use controls
The document summarizes discussions from the 15th Annual ELFA/IMN Investors Conference about developing strategies in an uncertain economic environment. There was a theme of uncertainty due to geopolitical issues like terrorism, the US election, and China's economic transition. Panelists discussed increasing costs of funds, a sluggish ABS market, and the need to develop strategies to deal with uncertainty and rising interest rates. However, others expressed optimism in the industry's resilience and ability to grow steadily despite challenges. New entrants in areas like marketplace lending and alternative financing were noted as ways the industry is adapting to changes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL ANTI BRIBERY LAWS Eric Meijer
"The effects of the UK Bribery Act 2010 and other anti-bribery and corruption legislation are starting to make themselves felt. Purchasers of goods and services are imposing ever more stringent requirements on their suppliers. More and more often suppliers are required to have an Anti-Bribery Management System (“ABMS”) in place. Such a management system requires suppliers to train their personnel regarding bribery and corruption, to have proper procedures in place to prevent bribery and corruption, to undertake a due diligence of their business partners and to monitor and review the effectiveness of an ABMS on a regular basis. Some purchasers also require project specific ABMS’s to be in place to regulate the specific risks of the geographical region in which a project will be carried out. Suppliers that wish to comply with anti-bribery legislation should employ an anti-bribery officer. Unsurprisingly, demand from the market for anti-bribery compliance services is now rising fast”.
AU Permanent Mission in Brussels
Workshop - Assessing the Progress and Challenges in the Implementation of Addis Ababa Agenda for Action (AAAA)
Wednesday, 21 September, 2016
Luckystar Miyandazi & Faten Aggad
ECDPM
Regional integration involves neighboring states cooperating through common rules and institutions to deepen economic, political, and social cooperation. The goals of regional integration include building peace through interdependence, consolidating development models, and creating common strategies in global governance. Barriers include divergent political agendas, lack of long-term commitment, and insufficient regional infrastructure. Factors that can foster integration are the presence of a regional hegemon to provide leadership and stability, building a shared regional identity, and establishing strong regional institutions to oversee cooperation.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: What implications for the global trade framework?
Trade and Investment in Extractive Industries
The E15 First Expert Group Workshop
Isabelle Ramdoo
ECDPM
13 March 2015
1) The document discusses a political economy framework called PERIA that can be used to analyze regional integration in Africa. It identifies 10 key observations from applying this framework.
2) One observation is that foundational factors like colonial history, geography and economic structures shape regional organizations and integration challenges. Institutions also often prioritize form over function.
3) Actors like national leaders, regional hegemons, private sectors influence regional agendas and implementation based on their interests. Certain sectors see more political will for integration depending on the costs and benefits to leaders.
4) External factors like foreign aid and trade deals also impact the incentive environment for integration. Critical events can open opportunities for progress or blockage. The
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) and India's involvement with the WTO. It discusses how the WTO was formed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its key objectives of promoting multilateral trade and free trade. It describes India as a founding member of GATT and its participation in the WTO. While India supports participating in a rules-based global trade system, it has some concerns about imbalances that negatively impact developing countries. The document also outlines India's commitments and progress related to the WTO as well as arguments in favor of WTO membership.
The document discusses India's participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides background on the formation of the WTO from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Key points include:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize and supervise international trade through agreements like reducing tariffs and subsidies.
- India's commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture include binding tariffs on agricultural products and processed foods, reducing non-product specific domestic subsidies, and reserving the right to use export subsidies.
- The WTO impacts different sectors of the Indian economy in both opportunities like increased exports, and threats like more
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sectorIsabelle Ramdoo
The E15 Initiative Expert Group on Trade and Investment in the Extractive Sector commissioned a paper on local content requirements. This presentation outlines the key elements of the Paper and unpacks the key characteristics of local content requirements.
Provisions of wto favouring developed nationsjyotish99
The document discusses how some WTO provisions favor developed nations over developing countries. Specifically:
1. TRIPS, TRIMS, and GATS provisions strengthen intellectual property protections, limit investment restrictions, and push for services liberalization in ways that benefit foreign corporations over developing economies.
2. Developed countries face fewer restrictions on subsidies and market access than developing countries under these agreements.
3. India has concerns that some developed countries have not fully met obligations while pushing India to rapidly open its markets and reduce tariffs. This negatively impacts farmers and domestic industries.
4. Reforms are needed to make international institutions like the WTO work better for poor and developing nations not just industrialized countries.
UN financing for developing negotiations: what outcomes should be agreed in a...Dr Lendy Spires
1. The document outlines recommendations for reforms to the international financial and trade systems to be discussed at the Third UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in 2015.
2. Key recommendations include establishing a new intergovernmental body on international tax cooperation, recognizing capital controls as a policy tool for countries, and reviewing trade agreements to identify limitations on developing countries.
3. Other recommendations are setting binding timetables for developed countries to meet their 0.7% GNI ODA commitment, implementing a financial transaction tax to fund development, and establishing a framework for sovereign debt restructuring.
This document provides an overview of the Sida publication series "Trade briefs" which discusses various trade and development issues. The series contains 8 publications that describe different trade topics, their importance from a development perspective, and issues related to trade-related technical assistance. This document specifically summarizes the 7th publication in the series which examines the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and how it can benefit and challenge developing countries when resolving trade disputes.
1) The document discusses the need for improved policy coordination in several areas including the WTO Doha Round negotiations, climate change measures, and international development aid.
2) In the WTO, a lack of leadership from the US and tensions over agricultural subsidies have stalled negotiations, but a proposal for China and the US to make concessions could provide an opportunity.
3) There is a risk of emerging climate protectionism as countries consider border carbon taxes, which developing countries view as unfair, so monitoring tools are needed.
4) The fragmented international development aid system needs restructuring to be more effective and predictable, and agreements are needed with new donors like China on transparent approaches.
1. whether the Bank of Ethiopia had been dissolved or had otherwise ceased to exist, and if not, whether it had authorised the bringing of the action.
Decision: It was held that The Bank of Ethiopia had been dissolved by the Italian decree it had the authority to bring such action.
Reasoning: The government of Italy was a de facto government in entire control of the territory occupied and therefore having complete governmental control over that territory. sefei f dofi3e8 edfhe8f fe9f djfhe 9 efej9 4 odifmc xsie.A lawyer needs to research and try various strategy to get the best outcome for his client which can be different than a general explanation of the law. Therefore, it is advised to get an experienced lawyer if there is any specific problem to deal with, you can also Advocate Rayhanul Islam is the founder and Editor in Chief of Law Help BD. He is also a researcher. Critical thinking is his main focus. He is on a quest to bring positive change to the legal sector of Bangladesh. He promotes legal knowledge and human rights concept to the root level.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a textbook on international business. It discusses the forces driving globalization, including advances in technology, liberalized trade policies, and increased cooperation between countries. It also examines why companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, and minimize risk. While globalization offers economic benefits, it also faces criticisms such as threats to national sovereignty and growing income inequality. The chapter concludes by noting how international business differs from domestic business due to varying political, legal, cultural, economic and competitive environments around the world.
The document discusses several key issues related to the WTO and its impact on India and Indian farmers. It notes that TRIPS extended patent periods to 20 years, benefiting large pharmaceutical companies. However, this may not optimally balance innovation incentives with access to medicines. It also summarizes debates around the effects of regional trade agreements and the Doha Round negotiations, which have struggled to make progress on reducing agricultural subsidies and opening markets. The document raises concerns that WTO policies have contributed to the debt burden and suicides of some Indian farmers due to loss of livelihoods.
International trade and domestic political influences.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This document provides an overview of international trade and political influences on trade policy. It discusses how governments intervene in international markets through various trade policies like tariffs, subsidies, quotas, and administrative policies. While economists generally support free trade, governments are influenced by domestic interest groups and intervene to protect important industries. The document outlines the political and economic arguments for government intervention and trade barriers. It also traces the development of the current World Trade Organization and discusses some of the challenges it faces in further liberalizing global trade.
Ethiopia and World Trade Organization in Light of Privatization, Liberalizati...Andualem192
This document discusses Ethiopia's process of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins by providing an overview of the WTO, including its establishment in 1995 and broader scope compared to its predecessor GATT. It then outlines the 6-step process for a country to become a WTO member, including submitting an application and memorandum, negotiating bilateral trade agreements, and final approval. Key reasons for countries to join include market access, cost effectiveness, fair dispute resolution, and assurance of consistent treatment. The responsibilities of WTO members and various trade policies and strategies that countries can adopt are also reviewed. Finally, it discusses Ethiopia's nearly 20-year process of accession to the WTO with the goal of liberalizing its economy
This chapter discusses the political economy of international trade and how governments intervene in markets. It provides examples of common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and local content requirements. Both political and economic arguments for and against government intervention are presented. The emergence of the World Trade Organization and its role in facilitating trade liberalization on a global scale is also summarized.
The Doha Round was launched in 2001 in Doha, Qatar to further lower trade barriers beyond the Uruguay Round. Its key objectives were reducing barriers to agricultural and manufacturing trade as well as expanding trade in services and intellectual property regulations. However, negotiations faced many challenges around agriculture subsidies and access for developing countries, intellectual property and public health issues, and special treatment for developing nations. The round ultimately did not reach a consensus and collapsed in 2015 without a final agreement.
This document summarizes US laws and regulations around import competition and unfair trade. It discusses:
1) Temporary tariffs and quotas that can be imposed under safeguard provisions to protect domestic industries from surges in imports that cause injury.
2) Antidumping laws that impose duties on imports sold at unfairly low prices to drive out competition. Dumping margins are calculated as the price difference between domestic and export prices.
3) Countervailing duties that can be imposed to offset foreign government subsidies provided to their exporters, which distort trade. Prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import substitution subsidies.
Presentation to the C5 Export Controls Forum, 20-21 May 2014 Brussels. Explores 5 main areas for reform of EU export controls, taking into account the recent European Commission Communication on reforming Dual Use controls
The document summarizes discussions from the 15th Annual ELFA/IMN Investors Conference about developing strategies in an uncertain economic environment. There was a theme of uncertainty due to geopolitical issues like terrorism, the US election, and China's economic transition. Panelists discussed increasing costs of funds, a sluggish ABS market, and the need to develop strategies to deal with uncertainty and rising interest rates. However, others expressed optimism in the industry's resilience and ability to grow steadily despite challenges. New entrants in areas like marketplace lending and alternative financing were noted as ways the industry is adapting to changes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL ANTI BRIBERY LAWS Eric Meijer
"The effects of the UK Bribery Act 2010 and other anti-bribery and corruption legislation are starting to make themselves felt. Purchasers of goods and services are imposing ever more stringent requirements on their suppliers. More and more often suppliers are required to have an Anti-Bribery Management System (“ABMS”) in place. Such a management system requires suppliers to train their personnel regarding bribery and corruption, to have proper procedures in place to prevent bribery and corruption, to undertake a due diligence of their business partners and to monitor and review the effectiveness of an ABMS on a regular basis. Some purchasers also require project specific ABMS’s to be in place to regulate the specific risks of the geographical region in which a project will be carried out. Suppliers that wish to comply with anti-bribery legislation should employ an anti-bribery officer. Unsurprisingly, demand from the market for anti-bribery compliance services is now rising fast”.
AU Permanent Mission in Brussels
Workshop - Assessing the Progress and Challenges in the Implementation of Addis Ababa Agenda for Action (AAAA)
Wednesday, 21 September, 2016
Luckystar Miyandazi & Faten Aggad
ECDPM
Regional integration involves neighboring states cooperating through common rules and institutions to deepen economic, political, and social cooperation. The goals of regional integration include building peace through interdependence, consolidating development models, and creating common strategies in global governance. Barriers include divergent political agendas, lack of long-term commitment, and insufficient regional infrastructure. Factors that can foster integration are the presence of a regional hegemon to provide leadership and stability, building a shared regional identity, and establishing strong regional institutions to oversee cooperation.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: What implications for the global trade framework?
Trade and Investment in Extractive Industries
The E15 First Expert Group Workshop
Isabelle Ramdoo
ECDPM
13 March 2015
1) The document discusses a political economy framework called PERIA that can be used to analyze regional integration in Africa. It identifies 10 key observations from applying this framework.
2) One observation is that foundational factors like colonial history, geography and economic structures shape regional organizations and integration challenges. Institutions also often prioritize form over function.
3) Actors like national leaders, regional hegemons, private sectors influence regional agendas and implementation based on their interests. Certain sectors see more political will for integration depending on the costs and benefits to leaders.
4) External factors like foreign aid and trade deals also impact the incentive environment for integration. Critical events can open opportunities for progress or blockage. The
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) and India's involvement with the WTO. It discusses how the WTO was formed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its key objectives of promoting multilateral trade and free trade. It describes India as a founding member of GATT and its participation in the WTO. While India supports participating in a rules-based global trade system, it has some concerns about imbalances that negatively impact developing countries. The document also outlines India's commitments and progress related to the WTO as well as arguments in favor of WTO membership.
The document discusses India's participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides background on the formation of the WTO from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Key points include:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize and supervise international trade through agreements like reducing tariffs and subsidies.
- India's commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture include binding tariffs on agricultural products and processed foods, reducing non-product specific domestic subsidies, and reserving the right to use export subsidies.
- The WTO impacts different sectors of the Indian economy in both opportunities like increased exports, and threats like more
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sectorIsabelle Ramdoo
The E15 Initiative Expert Group on Trade and Investment in the Extractive Sector commissioned a paper on local content requirements. This presentation outlines the key elements of the Paper and unpacks the key characteristics of local content requirements.
Provisions of wto favouring developed nationsjyotish99
The document discusses how some WTO provisions favor developed nations over developing countries. Specifically:
1. TRIPS, TRIMS, and GATS provisions strengthen intellectual property protections, limit investment restrictions, and push for services liberalization in ways that benefit foreign corporations over developing economies.
2. Developed countries face fewer restrictions on subsidies and market access than developing countries under these agreements.
3. India has concerns that some developed countries have not fully met obligations while pushing India to rapidly open its markets and reduce tariffs. This negatively impacts farmers and domestic industries.
4. Reforms are needed to make international institutions like the WTO work better for poor and developing nations not just industrialized countries.
UN financing for developing negotiations: what outcomes should be agreed in a...Dr Lendy Spires
1. The document outlines recommendations for reforms to the international financial and trade systems to be discussed at the Third UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in 2015.
2. Key recommendations include establishing a new intergovernmental body on international tax cooperation, recognizing capital controls as a policy tool for countries, and reviewing trade agreements to identify limitations on developing countries.
3. Other recommendations are setting binding timetables for developed countries to meet their 0.7% GNI ODA commitment, implementing a financial transaction tax to fund development, and establishing a framework for sovereign debt restructuring.
This document provides an overview of the Sida publication series "Trade briefs" which discusses various trade and development issues. The series contains 8 publications that describe different trade topics, their importance from a development perspective, and issues related to trade-related technical assistance. This document specifically summarizes the 7th publication in the series which examines the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and how it can benefit and challenge developing countries when resolving trade disputes.
1) The document discusses the need for improved policy coordination in several areas including the WTO Doha Round negotiations, climate change measures, and international development aid.
2) In the WTO, a lack of leadership from the US and tensions over agricultural subsidies have stalled negotiations, but a proposal for China and the US to make concessions could provide an opportunity.
3) There is a risk of emerging climate protectionism as countries consider border carbon taxes, which developing countries view as unfair, so monitoring tools are needed.
4) The fragmented international development aid system needs restructuring to be more effective and predictable, and agreements are needed with new donors like China on transparent approaches.
1. whether the Bank of Ethiopia had been dissolved or had otherwise ceased to exist, and if not, whether it had authorised the bringing of the action.
Decision: It was held that The Bank of Ethiopia had been dissolved by the Italian decree it had the authority to bring such action.
Reasoning: The government of Italy was a de facto government in entire control of the territory occupied and therefore having complete governmental control over that territory. sefei f dofi3e8 edfhe8f fe9f djfhe 9 efej9 4 odifmc xsie.A lawyer needs to research and try various strategy to get the best outcome for his client which can be different than a general explanation of the law. Therefore, it is advised to get an experienced lawyer if there is any specific problem to deal with, you can also Advocate Rayhanul Islam is the founder and Editor in Chief of Law Help BD. He is also a researcher. Critical thinking is his main focus. He is on a quest to bring positive change to the legal sector of Bangladesh. He promotes legal knowledge and human rights concept to the root level.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a textbook on international business. It discusses the forces driving globalization, including advances in technology, liberalized trade policies, and increased cooperation between countries. It also examines why companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, and minimize risk. While globalization offers economic benefits, it also faces criticisms such as threats to national sovereignty and growing income inequality. The chapter concludes by noting how international business differs from domestic business due to varying political, legal, cultural, economic and competitive environments around the world.
The document discusses several key issues related to the WTO and its impact on India and Indian farmers. It notes that TRIPS extended patent periods to 20 years, benefiting large pharmaceutical companies. However, this may not optimally balance innovation incentives with access to medicines. It also summarizes debates around the effects of regional trade agreements and the Doha Round negotiations, which have struggled to make progress on reducing agricultural subsidies and opening markets. The document raises concerns that WTO policies have contributed to the debt burden and suicides of some Indian farmers due to loss of livelihoods.
International trade and domestic political influences.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This document provides an overview of international trade and political influences on trade policy. It discusses how governments intervene in international markets through various trade policies like tariffs, subsidies, quotas, and administrative policies. While economists generally support free trade, governments are influenced by domestic interest groups and intervene to protect important industries. The document outlines the political and economic arguments for government intervention and trade barriers. It also traces the development of the current World Trade Organization and discusses some of the challenges it faces in further liberalizing global trade.
Ethiopia and World Trade Organization in Light of Privatization, Liberalizati...Andualem192
This document discusses Ethiopia's process of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins by providing an overview of the WTO, including its establishment in 1995 and broader scope compared to its predecessor GATT. It then outlines the 6-step process for a country to become a WTO member, including submitting an application and memorandum, negotiating bilateral trade agreements, and final approval. Key reasons for countries to join include market access, cost effectiveness, fair dispute resolution, and assurance of consistent treatment. The responsibilities of WTO members and various trade policies and strategies that countries can adopt are also reviewed. Finally, it discusses Ethiopia's nearly 20-year process of accession to the WTO with the goal of liberalizing its economy
This chapter discusses the political economy of international trade and how governments intervene in markets. It provides examples of common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and local content requirements. Both political and economic arguments for and against government intervention are presented. The emergence of the World Trade Organization and its role in facilitating trade liberalization on a global scale is also summarized.
The Doha Round was launched in 2001 in Doha, Qatar to further lower trade barriers beyond the Uruguay Round. Its key objectives were reducing barriers to agricultural and manufacturing trade as well as expanding trade in services and intellectual property regulations. However, negotiations faced many challenges around agriculture subsidies and access for developing countries, intellectual property and public health issues, and special treatment for developing nations. The round ultimately did not reach a consensus and collapsed in 2015 without a final agreement.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management.
It first discusses the importance of environment scanning for international businesses and the factors that need to be scanned, such as economic, political, legal, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
It then discusses greenfield investment, describing it as constructing new facilities from the ground up. Greenfield investments are beneficial for developing countries like India as they create new production capacity and jobs.
Finally, it discusses different types of regional integration, including preferential trading agreements, free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets, explaining how regional integration can help grow trade between countries.
The document summarizes the historical evolution of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that GATT was created in 1947 as a provisional agreement but became the foundation of global trade rules. The WTO was established in 1995 after the Uruguay Round negotiations to provide more structure and enforceable rules for international trade. The key principles of GATT including non-discrimination, reciprocity, enforceable commitments and transparency formed the basis for trade negotiations and dispute settlement under the WTO.
MGMT 4710
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
CHAPTER 1. GLOBALIZATION
I. INTRODUCTION
As individuals and organizations have expanded their operations across wider geographical areas, global events and competition are affecting almost all firms—large or small. Currently, over 20 percent of world production is sold outside of its country of origin, restrictions on imports continue to decline, the foreign ownership of assets as a percent of world production continues to increase, and world trade continues to grow more rapidly than world production.
Globalization refers to the broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different nations. International business involves all commercial transactions, including sales, investments, and transportation—private and governmental—between parties of two or more countries.
II. THE FORCES DRIVING GLOBALIZATION
Several factors contribute to the trend toward increased globalization:
1. Increase in and Expansion of Technology:
Vast improvements in transportation and communications technology—including the Internet—have significantly increased the effectiveness and efficiency of international business operations.
2. Liberalization of Cross-Border Trade and Resource Movement
Over time, most governments have been lowering restrictions on trade and foreign investments. It is believed that international competition makes domestic producers more efficient, and gives citizens greater consumer choices and lower prices.
3. Development of Services That Support International Business
Services provided by national and multinational institutions greatly facilitate the conduct and reduce the risks of doing business internationally.
4. Growing Consumer Pressures
Because of innovations in transportation and communications technology, consumers are well-informed about and often able to access foreign products. This has forced competitors to respond to the needs of consumers from all over the world
5.
Increased Global Competition
The pressures of increased foreign competition often persuade firms to expand internationally in order to gain access to foreign opportunities and to improve their overall operational flexibility and competitiveness.
6. Changing Political Situations
The transformation of the political and economic policies of Eastern Europe and East Asia (China and Vietnam in particular) has led to vast increases in trade between these countries and the rest of the world.
7. Expanded Cross-National Cooperation
Governments have increasingly entered into cross-national treaties and agreements in order to gain reciprocal advantages for their own firms, to jointly address problems that one country cannot solve alone, and to deal with areas of concern that lie outside the territory of all countries.
III.
PROBLEMS WITH GLOBALIZATION
Anti-globalization forces have protested both peacefully and violently as they press for legislation and other means to stop or slow the globalization process. The issu ...
International Marketing Environment/trade barriers/ regional blocks/country r...viveksangwan007
This document discusses international marketing environments and country risk assessments. It provides information on:
- Factors that make up the international marketing environment like economic, social, cultural, legal and geographical forces.
- Types of country risks multinational companies face like political, exchange rate, economic and transfer risks. These risks vary between countries.
- Methods used to assess country risk including macro assessments of entire countries and micro assessments of risks related to specific business activities. Checklists, expert opinions, quantitative analysis and site visits can be used.
Enhancing the Development Effectiveness of the Post-2015 Global Partnership f...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses weaknesses in the current global governance system that have contributed to an uneven impact of globalization. Specifically, it notes that the existing rules and structures favor powerful developed countries and transnational corporations. This limits policy space for developing countries and can lead to outcomes that are prejudicial to developing world interests, for example by restricting the policy tools available for industrialization. The global trade regime also reflects developed country priorities and subjects developing countries to disciplines that provide few benefits in exchange for high costs of compliance. Foreign investment and participation in global value chains does not automatically benefit developing nations due to trade and investment rules that limit gains and technology transfer. Overall, reform is needed to create a system of global governance that is fairer and more supportive
The World Trade Organization (WTO) governs international trade agreements and helps resolve disputes between member nations. It is made up of member country governments that make major decisions. The WTO Secretariat coordinates activities and employs experts to ensure negotiations progress smoothly. The WTO aims to lower trade barriers, open markets, and establish clear trade rules through agreements covering goods, services, and intellectual property. It also provides support and capacity building to help developing countries implement agreements and handle disputes.
1. Monika Singh
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Homework 1
1. Why would policy-makers sacrifice major international progress of minor
domestic policy gains? In terms. Prepare arguments for and against
protecting domestic industries.
- International benefits may hard to measure. Some foreign governments
are notoriously unreliable in their promises and some are likely to fall
making their agreements dubious or useless.
- The voters may not be as able to understand international gains as easily
as they do domestic gain.
- The domestic gains may be more immediate and the international gains
farther in the future.
- The international gains may more beneficial to special interests whereas
the domestic gains aid a larger group.
2. Discuss the impact of import restrictions on consumers in both home country
and international markets.
- Direct financial transfers - grants to consumers, grants to producers, low-interest
or preferential loans and government loan guarantees.
- Better tax treatment - tax credits, tax rebates, exemptions on royalties,
duties or tariffs, reduced tax rates, deferred tax liabilities and accelerated
depreciation on energy supply equipment.
- Trade restrictions - tariffs, tariff-rate import quotas and non-tariff trade
barriers.
- Energy-related services provided directly by government at less than full
cost - government-provided energy infrastructure, public research and
development.
- Regulation of the energy sector - demand guarantees, mandated
deployment rates, price controls, environmental regulations and market-access
restrictions.
3. Consider the conflict between industrialized and developing nations. What are
its root causes and how might international trade policies alleviate them?
- Developing countries experienced various difficulties and had increasing
conflicts with developed countries on different issues like anti-dumping,
intellectual property rights protection, market opening in services and in
the financial industries and restrictions on subsidies.
4. In the high-technology sector, governments have provided extensive
subsidies to aircraft manufacturers like Boeing and Airbus. The USA has even
filed a complaint in the WTO against Airbus and vice versa. Do you think
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subsidies to high-technology sectors are different from subsidy to agricultural
sectors
- Yes, in aspect of agriculture. These subsidies have been a source of
distress for developing countries. Although farmers from the effects of the
weather and swings in world prices they may have a comparative
advantage in agricultural production, they have difficulty competing on the
world market against subsidized prices. Developing countries, therefore,
have also subsidized their agricultural sectors, further distorting the
market and creating the protectionist stand-off that has polarized
negotiations on the issue. Reasons that countries may instate export
subsidies in the agriculture sector include make sure that enough food is
produced to meet the country’s needs; shielding; or preserving rural
society.
5. Consider why manufacturer may wish to set up plants in foreign countries.
How do their foreign operations enhance their performance in both their own
country and the host nations? Research specific examples to support your
arguments
- They are and have been used by developed and developing countries
together with other policy instruments, such as trade policy, screening
mechanisms and incentives, to enhance various development objectives.
There are divergent views as regards the effectiveness of performance
requirements to achieve this end. While some experts regard them as an
essential instrument in a country’s FDI policy package, others tend to
argue that their impact on investments is at best limited and at worst
costly and counter-productive.
ON THE WEB
1. The WTO Dispute Settlement Gateway (at. www.wto.org) provides access to
all the decision made by the Dispute Settlement Body. One-page summaries
of each decision are also available. Report on the process of dispute
resolution in the WTO and its success or failure, using examples from some of
the individual decisions.
Key facts back to top
Short title:
Complainant: European Union
Respondent: Russian Federation
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Third Parties: Australia; China; India; Japan; Korea, Republic of;
Norway; Chinese Taipei; United States; Brazil;
South Africa
Agreements
cited:
(as cited in
request for
consultations)
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS):
Art. 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3,5.4, 5.5, 5.6
, 5.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7, 8, Annex B, Annex C
GATT 1994: Art. I:1, III:4, XI:1
Request for
Consultations
received:
8 April 2014
Summary of the dispute to date back to top
The summary below was up-to-date at 30 October 2014
Consultations
Complaint by the European Union
On 8 April 2014, the European Union requested consultations with
Russia concerning certain measures adopted by Russia affecting the
importation of live pigs and their genetic material, pork, pork
products and certain other commodities from the European Union,
purportedly because of concerns related to cases of African Swine
Fever.
The European Union claims that the measures at issue are
inconsistent with:
Articles 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7,
6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7, 8, Annex B, and Annex C of the SPS
Agreement; and
Articles I: 1, III: 4 and XI: 1 of the GATT 1994.
On 27 June 2014, the European Union requested the establishment
of a panel. At its meeting on 10 July 2014, the DSB deferred the
establishment of a panel.
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Panel and Appellate Body proceedings
At its meeting on 22 July 2014, the DSB established a panel.
Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Norway, Chinese Taipei and
the United States reserved their third-party rights. Subsequently,
Brazil and South Africa reserved their third-party rights. On 13
October 2014, the European Union requested the Director-General
to compose the panel. On 23 October 2014, the Director-General
composed the panel.
2. Go to the World Bank website (www.worldbank.org) and International
Monetary Fund website (www.imf.org) to obtain an overview of these
institutions’ purpose and programs. Search for criticism of bank and IMF
programs on other websites and prepare a two-page report on key issues.
- Criticism of the World Bank and the IMF encompasses a whole range of
issues but they generally center around concern about the approaches
adopted by the World Bank and the IMF in formulating their policies, and
the way they are governed. This includes the social and economic impact
these policies have on the population of countries who avail themselves of
financial assistance from these two institutions, and accountability for
these impacts.
- Critics of the World Bank and the IMF are concerned about the
‘conditionality’s’ imposed on borrower countries. The World Bank and the
IMF often attach loan conditionalities based on what is termed the
‘Washington Consensus’, focusing on liberalization—of trade, investment
and the financial sector—, deregulation and privatization of nationalized
industries. Often the conditionality’s are attached without due regard for
the borrower countries’ individual circumstances and the prescriptive
recommendations by the World Bank and IMF fail to resolve the economic
problems within the countries.
(Ref: http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2005/08/art-320869/)
Questions
1. Why do many countries negotiate trade agreement outside the World Trade
Organization?
- The conclusion of preferential trade agreements can create an incentive
for even further discrimination, which eventually will hurt all trading
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partners. Countries outside an agreement will try to conclude agreements
with one of those that are inside to avoid exclusion.
- Bilateral agreements cannot solve systemic issues such as rules of origin,
antidumping, agricultural and fisheries subsidies. These issues simply
cannot be handled at the bilateral level. Take for instance, negotiations to
eliminate or reduce trade distorting agricultural subsidies, or fisheries
subsidies.
- The proliferation of regional trade agreements can greatly complicate the
trading environment, creating a web of incoherent rules. Take rules of
origin: an increasing number of WTO Members are party to ten or more
regional trade agreements, most of which for a given Member contain
agreement-specific rules of origin which are necessary to ensure that the
preferences go to your partner and not to others.
- To many small and weak developing countries, entering into a bilateral
agreement with a powerful big country means less leverage and a weaker
negotiating position as compared that in the multilateral talks.
2. Is the increase in bilateral and regional trade agreements a threat to the
effectiveness of the WTO? Justify your answer.
- Bilateral and regional agreements can have a positive, “domino effect”,
encouraging the pace of multilateral cooperation (and vice versa), and
where regional and multilateral agreements are becoming coherent, not
conflicting, approaches to managing a more complex and integrated world
trading order.
3. Why has the agricultural sector traditionally been a major stumbling block in
WTO negotiations?
- WTO has been trying to reduce these policies over some years now.
However, political pressures from some of the rich developed countries
have always ensured that sufficient leeway is given to developed countries
in reduction of subsidies. Even in this round of negotiations and in spite of
steep subsidy reduction commitments, the maximum subsidy limit
imposed by WTO on either EU or USA, is much more than these countries
plans to spend on their farmers. However, if sector specific commitments
on cotton subsidies were discussed, it was possible that it would have
required USA to cut down on the money they are spending on cotton
farmers now. Therefore, many feel that to avoid such a politically sensitive
issue in an election year, the SSM issue has been used by the USA to
derail the negotiations.