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Moral Coppelia
Combining Ratio and Affect in
Ethical Reasoning


Matthijs Pontier
Guy Widdershoven
Johan Hoorn
Outline of this presentation
•   Background
•   Domain
•   Moral reasoning system
•   Silicon Coppelia
•   Moral reasoning + Silicon Coppelia = Moral Coppelia
•   Results
•   Discussion
•   Future Work




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                     2
Background
• Machines interact more with people
• Machines are becoming more autonomous
• Rosalind Picard (1997): ‘‘The greater the freedom of
  a machine, the more it will need moral standards.’’
• We should manage that machines do not harm us or
  threaten our autonomy




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                    3
Domain: Medical Ethics

• Within SELEMCA, we develop caredroids
• Patients are in a vulnerable position. Moral behavior
  of robot is extremely important.
 We focus on Medical Ethics

• Conflicts between:
1. Beneficence
2. Non-maleficence
3. Autonomy
4. Justice

Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                     4
Previous Work:
Moral reasoning system
We developed a rational moral reasoning system that
is capable of balancing between conflicting moral goals.




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                      5
Limitations moral reasoning
• Only moral reasoning results in very cold decision-
  making, only in terms of rights and duties
• Wallack, Franklin & Allen (2010): “even agents who
  adhere to a deontological ethic or are utilitarians may
  require emotional intelligence as well as other ‘‘supra-
  rational’’ faculties, such as a sense of self and a
  theory of mind”
• Tronto (1993): “Care is only thought of as good care
  when it is personalized”




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                        6
Problem: Not Able to Simulate
Trolley Dilemma vs Footbridge Dilemma
• Greene et al. (2001) find that moral dilemmas vary
  systematically in the extent to which they engage
  emotional processing and that these variations in
  emotional engagement influence moral judgment.
• Their study was inspired by the difference between
  two variants of an ethical dilemma:
  Trolley dilemma (little emotional processing)
  Footbridge dilemma (much emotional
  processing)




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                  7
Solution: Add Emotional Processing

• Previously, we developed Silicon Coppelia, a
  model of emotional intelligence.
• This can also be projected in others, for
  Theory of Mind
• Learns from experience  Personalization

Connect Moral Reasoning to Silicon Coppelia
 • More human-like moral reasoning
 • Personalize moral decisions and
   communication about moral reasoning
Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012            8
Silicon Coppelia




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012   9
Affective Decision Making Module:
Moral and Affective Decision
•   ExpectedSatisfaction(Agent1, Action, Agent2) =
    weu * ExpectedUtility +
    wmor * Morality(action) +
    wpos * (1 - abs(positivity – biasInvolvement * Involvement)) +
    wneg* (1 - abs(negativity – biasDistance * Distance))




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                                10
Results

                                   Kill 1 to Save 5   Do Nothing
      Moral system
      Trolley                            X
      Footbridge                         X
      Moral Coppelia
      Trolley                            X
      Footbridge                                           X




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                              11
Discussion
• The introduction of affect in rational ethics is
  important when robots communicate with humans
  in a practical context that includes moral relations
  and decisions.

• Moreover, the combination of ratio and affect may be
  useful for applications in which human moral
  decision making behavior is simulated
  for example, when agent systems or robots provide
  healthcare support, or in entertainment settings


Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012                    12
Future Work

• More detailed model of Autonomy

• In applications, choose actions that:
   • Improve autonomy patient
   • Improve well-being patient
   • Do not harm patient
   • Distribute resources equally among patients

• Persuasive Technology. Moral dilemmas about:
   • Helping vs Manipulating

Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012              13
Applications




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012   14
Thank you!

•   Matthijs Pontier
•   m.a.pontier@vu.nl
•   http://camera-vu.nl/matthijs
•   http://www.linkedin.com/in/matthijspontier
•   http://crispplatform.nl/projects/selemca




Cartagena, 15-11-2012   IBERAMIA 2012            15

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Moral Coppélia - Combining Ratio with Affect in Ethical Reasoning - Slides IBERAMIA 2012

  • 1. Moral Coppelia Combining Ratio and Affect in Ethical Reasoning Matthijs Pontier Guy Widdershoven Johan Hoorn
  • 2. Outline of this presentation • Background • Domain • Moral reasoning system • Silicon Coppelia • Moral reasoning + Silicon Coppelia = Moral Coppelia • Results • Discussion • Future Work Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 2
  • 3. Background • Machines interact more with people • Machines are becoming more autonomous • Rosalind Picard (1997): ‘‘The greater the freedom of a machine, the more it will need moral standards.’’ • We should manage that machines do not harm us or threaten our autonomy Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 3
  • 4. Domain: Medical Ethics • Within SELEMCA, we develop caredroids • Patients are in a vulnerable position. Moral behavior of robot is extremely important.  We focus on Medical Ethics • Conflicts between: 1. Beneficence 2. Non-maleficence 3. Autonomy 4. Justice Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 4
  • 5. Previous Work: Moral reasoning system We developed a rational moral reasoning system that is capable of balancing between conflicting moral goals. Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 5
  • 6. Limitations moral reasoning • Only moral reasoning results in very cold decision- making, only in terms of rights and duties • Wallack, Franklin & Allen (2010): “even agents who adhere to a deontological ethic or are utilitarians may require emotional intelligence as well as other ‘‘supra- rational’’ faculties, such as a sense of self and a theory of mind” • Tronto (1993): “Care is only thought of as good care when it is personalized” Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 6
  • 7. Problem: Not Able to Simulate Trolley Dilemma vs Footbridge Dilemma • Greene et al. (2001) find that moral dilemmas vary systematically in the extent to which they engage emotional processing and that these variations in emotional engagement influence moral judgment. • Their study was inspired by the difference between two variants of an ethical dilemma: Trolley dilemma (little emotional processing) Footbridge dilemma (much emotional processing) Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 7
  • 8. Solution: Add Emotional Processing • Previously, we developed Silicon Coppelia, a model of emotional intelligence. • This can also be projected in others, for Theory of Mind • Learns from experience  Personalization Connect Moral Reasoning to Silicon Coppelia • More human-like moral reasoning • Personalize moral decisions and communication about moral reasoning Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 8
  • 10. Affective Decision Making Module: Moral and Affective Decision • ExpectedSatisfaction(Agent1, Action, Agent2) = weu * ExpectedUtility + wmor * Morality(action) + wpos * (1 - abs(positivity – biasInvolvement * Involvement)) + wneg* (1 - abs(negativity – biasDistance * Distance)) Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 10
  • 11. Results Kill 1 to Save 5 Do Nothing Moral system Trolley X Footbridge X Moral Coppelia Trolley X Footbridge X Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 11
  • 12. Discussion • The introduction of affect in rational ethics is important when robots communicate with humans in a practical context that includes moral relations and decisions. • Moreover, the combination of ratio and affect may be useful for applications in which human moral decision making behavior is simulated for example, when agent systems or robots provide healthcare support, or in entertainment settings Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 12
  • 13. Future Work • More detailed model of Autonomy • In applications, choose actions that: • Improve autonomy patient • Improve well-being patient • Do not harm patient • Distribute resources equally among patients • Persuasive Technology. Moral dilemmas about: • Helping vs Manipulating Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 13
  • 15. Thank you! • Matthijs Pontier • m.a.pontier@vu.nl • http://camera-vu.nl/matthijs • http://www.linkedin.com/in/matthijspontier • http://crispplatform.nl/projects/selemca Cartagena, 15-11-2012 IBERAMIA 2012 15

Editor's Notes

  1. Care-droids = care-agents, care-robots, assist care-deliverers and patients
  2. Silicon Coppelia  emotional intelligence, theory of mind, personalization (through adaptation / learning from interaction)
  3. Moral Reasoning system alone could not simulate difference trolley dilemma and footbridge dilemma. Moral Reasoning system combined with Silicon Coppélia could simulate these human moral decision making processes
  4. 1: Robot tries to convince elder to exercise 2: Entertainment  Bad can also be interesting.
  5. Mental integrity, Physical integrity, Privacy, Capability to make autonomous decision: Cognitive Functioning, Adequate Information, Reflection