Biological contamination is the dread of every person working with cell culture. When cultures become infected with microorganisms, or cross-contaminated by foreign cells, these cultures usually must be destroyed. Since the sources of culture contamination are ubiquitous as well as difficult to identify and eliminate, no cell culture laboratory remains unaffected by this concern. With the continuing increase in the use of cell culture for biological research, vaccine production, and production of therapeutic proteins for personalized medicine and emerging regenerative medicine applications, culture contamination remains a highly important issue. Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15–20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses short tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
Project Report on Monoclonal antibodies By VanshikaVanshikaBeniwal
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a kind of immunological instrument that has been employed in immunology, biotechnology, biochemistry, and applied biology for a protracted time.
Biological contamination is the dread of every person working with cell culture. When cultures become infected with microorganisms, or cross-contaminated by foreign cells, these cultures usually must be destroyed. Since the sources of culture contamination are ubiquitous as well as difficult to identify and eliminate, no cell culture laboratory remains unaffected by this concern. With the continuing increase in the use of cell culture for biological research, vaccine production, and production of therapeutic proteins for personalized medicine and emerging regenerative medicine applications, culture contamination remains a highly important issue. Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15–20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses short tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
Project Report on Monoclonal antibodies By VanshikaVanshikaBeniwal
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a kind of immunological instrument that has been employed in immunology, biotechnology, biochemistry, and applied biology for a protracted time.
أفضل 11 موقع لعمل اختبارات إلكترونية (Slide Decks).pdfqorrectdm
مع تطور التكنولوجيا، أصبحت أنظمة وأدوات الامتحانات الإلكترونية جزءاً أساسياً من التعليم الحديث. في هذا العرض، سنستعرض أفضل الأنظمة والأدوات التي تساعد المؤسسات التعليمية على تحسين عمليات الامتحان وتقديم تجربة تعليمية متميزة.
2. Assessment
Statements
Obj.
6.4.1
Dis0nguish
between
ven;la;on,
respira;on
and
gas
exchange.
2
6.4.2
Explain
the
need
for
a
ven;la;on
system.
3
6.4.3
Describe
the
features
of
alveoli
that
adapt
them
to
gas
exchange.
2
6.4.4
Draw
and
label
a
diagram
of
the
ven;la;on
system,
including
trachea,
lungs,
bronchi,
bronchioles
and
alveoli.
1
6.4.5
Explain
the
mechanism
of
ven;la;on
of
the
lungs,
in
terms
of
volume
and
pressure
changes
caused
by
the
internal
and
external
intercostal
muscles,
the
diaphragm
and
abdominal
muscles.
3
Assessment
statements
from:
Online
IB
Biology
Subject
Guide
3. Respira;on
-‐
3
Major
Stages
• Ven;la;on
– Movement
of
air
into
and
out
of
the
lungs
in
two
stages:
inspira;on
and
expira;on
– Controlled
by
movement
of
the
diaphragm
and
ribcage
4. Respira;on
-‐
3
Major
Stages
• Gas
Exchange
– Exchange
(diffusion)
of
oxygen
and
carbon
dioxide
to
and
from
the
blood
at
the
alveoli
and
the
respiring
;ssues
– Controlled
by
movement
of
the
diaphragm
and
ribcage
5. Respira;on
-‐
3
Major
Stages
• Cellular
Respira;on
– Produc;on
of
ATP
at
the
cellular
level
– Aerobic
respira;on:
using
oxygen
– Anaerobic
restora;on:
no
oxygen
• SO4
2-‐,
NO3
-‐,
S
or
fumurate
6. Respira;on
-‐
3
Major
Stages
• Ven;la;on
• Gas
Exchange
• Cellular
Respira;on
Respira0on
is
the
transport
of
oxygen
from
the
outside
air
to
the
cells
within
6ssues,
and
the
transport
of
carbon
dioxide
in
the
opposite
direc6on
8. Ven;la;on
System
• Smaller
organisms,
like
pro;sts
and
bacteria
– exchange
gases
directly
by
diffusion
• Larger
organisms,
like
fish
and
mammals
– ul;mately
use
diffusion
BUT
– require
habitat-‐dependent
adap;ons
to
exchange
gases
10. Why
do
we
need
ven;la;on
systems?
• We
are
large
organisms
– Oxygen
cannot
diffuse
into
all
our
cells
directly
from
the
air
– Waste
products
cannot
be
removed
directly
from
the
body
– Specialized
organ
systems
require
delivery
of
nutrients
and
removal
of
waste
11. Why
do
we
need
a
ven;la;on
system?
• We
are
land-‐borne
– Gases
need
moist
surfaces
in
order
to
diffuse
• Membranes
– Our
moist
membranes
are
the
lungs
12. Why
do
we
need
a
ven;la;on
system?
• The
ven;la;on
system
maintains
a
large
concentra0on
gradient
between
the
alveoli
and
the
blood
13. Why
do
we
need
a
ven;la;on
system?
1) Large
organisms
2) Land-‐borne
3) Concentra;on
gradient
16. Parts
of
the
Ven;la;on
System
• lungs
–
• trachea
–
• bronchi
–
• bronchioles
–
• alveoli
–
• diaphragm
–
17. Parts
of
the
Ven;la;on
System
• lungs
–
major
respira;on
organ
• trachea
–
the
windpipe
• bronchi
–
passages
of
airways
• bronchioles
–
smaller
branches
of
bronchi
• alveoli
–
“li_le
cavity”,
gas-‐exchange
surface
• diaphragm
–
sheet
of
skeletal
muscle
that
seperates
the
thoracic
cavity
from
the
abdominal
cavity;
major
role
in
respira;on
