This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between cortisol levels and brain morphological abnormalities in schizophrenia. The study found:
1) No differences in hippocampal volume between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, but hippocampal volume decreased more sharply with age in patients.
2) Hippocampal volume correlated negatively with urinary cortisol levels.
3) Cortical thickness correlated negatively with both plasma cortisol and C-reactive protein levels.
4) Plasma cortisol correlated positively with C-reactive protein in patients but not controls.
Here is a copy of the presentation that I gave to MRC CBU at Cambridge University on the 5th July 2017, essentially a summary of a book chapter of mine to be published later this year. The focus of my presentation was on connections between #self, #other and our #connections with the environment.
The document proposes a study to examine the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The study would involve testing the HPA axis function of 500 CFS patients and 500 healthy controls using various tests at different times of day. The results would be analyzed to determine if CFS patients have altered HPA axis activity compared to controls. Finding a difference could help understand the pathogenesis and potential treatment of CFS.
This document summarizes a proposed bihemispheric autonomic model (BHAM) for understanding the effects of traumatic stress on health and behavior. The BHAM builds on evidence that the right and left hemispheres respectively regulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It suggests that traumatic stress can cause dominant asymmetry in brain regions controlling autonomic functions. Rightward asymmetry is linked to high sympathetic arousal, while leftward asymmetry relates to parasympathetic "freeze" responses. Returning to symmetrical brain activity is tied to improved autonomic regulation. Case studies show how noninvasive brainwave optimization supported decreased asymmetry, better heart rate variability, and symptom relief in individuals with trauma histories. The BHAM framework may advance
1) Dual process theory describes two modes of thinking: System 1 thinking is intuitive, quick, and based on pattern recognition. System 2 thinking is slow, analytical, and deliberate.
2) A 59-year-old man presented with chest pain and elevated cardiac troponin. Initial diagnosis was non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on System 1 thinking.
3) Further examination revealed new cardiac murmurs, neurological symptoms, and asymmetric blood pressure, inconsistent with NSTEMI. This triggered a transition to System 2 thinking and a new diagnosis of aortic dissection was made.
Paramedics use both intuitive and analytical thinking processes in clinical decision making. Errors often arise due to cognitive biases that influence thinking under pressure. Strategies can be applied to reduce errors, such as thoroughly investigating initial impressions, identifying red flags, ruling out worst-case scenarios, and using clinical decision tools. History taking is especially important, as it can lead to the right diagnosis 80% of the time.
The document summarizes 3 studies that examined the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. A meta-analysis of animal studies found that Aβ levels acutely increased following TBI. A study of cadaver brains found accelerated Aβ deposition in those diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy from TBI. A case-control study found greater Aβ deposition in the cerebellum of TBI patients compared to controls and Alzheimer's patients. However, the evidence is currently limited to bench research or small retrospective studies, so no causal link can be definitively drawn between TBI and long-term Aβ deposition in humans.
Here is a copy of the presentation that I gave to MRC CBU at Cambridge University on the 5th July 2017, essentially a summary of a book chapter of mine to be published later this year. The focus of my presentation was on connections between #self, #other and our #connections with the environment.
The document proposes a study to examine the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The study would involve testing the HPA axis function of 500 CFS patients and 500 healthy controls using various tests at different times of day. The results would be analyzed to determine if CFS patients have altered HPA axis activity compared to controls. Finding a difference could help understand the pathogenesis and potential treatment of CFS.
This document summarizes a proposed bihemispheric autonomic model (BHAM) for understanding the effects of traumatic stress on health and behavior. The BHAM builds on evidence that the right and left hemispheres respectively regulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It suggests that traumatic stress can cause dominant asymmetry in brain regions controlling autonomic functions. Rightward asymmetry is linked to high sympathetic arousal, while leftward asymmetry relates to parasympathetic "freeze" responses. Returning to symmetrical brain activity is tied to improved autonomic regulation. Case studies show how noninvasive brainwave optimization supported decreased asymmetry, better heart rate variability, and symptom relief in individuals with trauma histories. The BHAM framework may advance
1) Dual process theory describes two modes of thinking: System 1 thinking is intuitive, quick, and based on pattern recognition. System 2 thinking is slow, analytical, and deliberate.
2) A 59-year-old man presented with chest pain and elevated cardiac troponin. Initial diagnosis was non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on System 1 thinking.
3) Further examination revealed new cardiac murmurs, neurological symptoms, and asymmetric blood pressure, inconsistent with NSTEMI. This triggered a transition to System 2 thinking and a new diagnosis of aortic dissection was made.
Paramedics use both intuitive and analytical thinking processes in clinical decision making. Errors often arise due to cognitive biases that influence thinking under pressure. Strategies can be applied to reduce errors, such as thoroughly investigating initial impressions, identifying red flags, ruling out worst-case scenarios, and using clinical decision tools. History taking is especially important, as it can lead to the right diagnosis 80% of the time.
The document summarizes 3 studies that examined the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. A meta-analysis of animal studies found that Aβ levels acutely increased following TBI. A study of cadaver brains found accelerated Aβ deposition in those diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy from TBI. A case-control study found greater Aβ deposition in the cerebellum of TBI patients compared to controls and Alzheimer's patients. However, the evidence is currently limited to bench research or small retrospective studies, so no causal link can be definitively drawn between TBI and long-term Aβ deposition in humans.
A detailed description of how stress changes hormone levels and contributes to many chronic diseases we see today. Provided by Dr. Kirk Johnson of Johnson Chiropractic & Acupuncture P.A.
1) The study examined the interaction between endogenous cortisol and noradrenaline in the human amygdala using fMRI. 2) Healthy subjects viewed emotional and neutral pictures after receiving a beta-blocker or placebo, and their cortisol levels were measured. 3) Under placebo, increased amygdala activation was seen for emotional vs. neutral pictures in subjects with high cortisol levels compared to low levels, supporting the hypothesis that cortisol interacts with noradrenergic activation in the amygdala. 4) Beta-blockade disrupted this effect by lowering noradrenergic levels in the amygdala.
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) fue un compositor austriaco conocido como el "Padre de la sinfonía y el cuarteto de cuerda". Nació cerca de Viena en una familia católica de doce hermanos y recibió su única formación musical en la escuela coral de la catedral de San Esteban en Viena. Trabajó toda su vida para la familia aristocrática Esterházy y también realizó dos viajes a Londres donde compuso sus famosas Sinfonías de Londres.
O documento resume 10 lições aprendidas pelo autor ao transformar seu blog de um hobby em uma empresa profissional. As lições incluem assumir seus sonhos, tratar o blog como uma empresa desde o início, definir metas e planos, agir como um profissional, formalizar quando necessário, buscar parceiros, gerenciar seu tempo, criar uma equipe, usar a força da união entre blogs, e não esquecer sua paixão inicial.
1) The documentary focuses on The Rag Tag Misfits, a two-piece busking band from Liverpool who raised almost £1500 for local food banks from performances.
2) The filmmakers wanted to give insight into the life of a busker within a tight five minute timeframe, with sections on the band, busking, charity work, and a live performance.
3) While the documentary found its own flow, the filmmakers reflect that they lacked a solid backup plan and should have put more thought into planning and pre-production after their original idea fell through.
ITRO Business Profile 06-28-2016 - MASTER-V2Pamela Rhoades
Itronics operates a "zero waste" facility that converts hazardous waste into beneficial products like fertilizers, silver bullion, and glass. It uses integrated technologies to process photochemical liquids and industrial waste streams, removing toxins and producing GOLD'n GRO specialty liquid fertilizers and other saleable goods. This fully closes the loop on various waste streams. Itronics' flagship product is GOLD'n GRO fertilizer, which provides micronutrients that increase yields for farmers. The company seeks to expand its portfolio of "zero waste" technologies to increase production and better utilize its factory capacity.
Este documento describe los componentes y programación de un robot móvil educativo. El robot tiene un sistema mecánico con motores, ruedas y piezas plásticas, un sistema eléctrico con batería y cables, y un sistema de control con un procesador Brick. La programación incluye tres ejercicios donde el robot gira, avanza y se detiene según instrucciones para girar, avanzar y cambiar de color. El robot utiliza la tecnología EV3 de Lego Mindstorms con algunas modificaciones debido a su batería recargable
Jumpstart Sales & Marketing Inc. specializes in guerrilla marketing campaigns that require direct consumer contact. They have over 20 years of experience successfully implementing projects like product launches, merchandising programs, and events. Their services include hiring, training, supervising, and managing teams to conduct various marketing activities and achieve sales targets within tight timelines. They have worked with many large companies on both national and regional projects across Canada.
This document outlines a film project about Parr Street Studios in Liverpool, UK. The film will document the famous recording studio and interview engineers about how it was saved from demolition. It will be uploaded to online platforms like YouTube to gain a local following. Stylistically, it will use two cameras, one for interviews and one for close-ups, to give an experimental style. It aims to find out how the studio has influenced Liverpool and how the transition to digital recording has affected procedures. Inspiration comes from music documentaries by Dave Grohl and D.A. Pennebaker.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las bases de datos orientadas a objetos. Explica el surgimiento del modelo orientado a objetos debido a las limitaciones del modelo relacional para ciertas aplicaciones. Describe conceptos básicos como objetos, clases, herencia y encapsulamiento. También analiza ventajas y desventajas de los sistemas de gestión de bases de datos orientadas a objetos y presenta el estándar ODMG.
Este documento describe los elementos que componen un geosistema. Un geosistema incluye elementos naturales como la geósfera, hidrósfera, atmósfera, flora y fauna, así como elementos culturales creados por los seres humanos como la tecnósfera (construcciones y tecnología) y la sociósfera (instituciones sociales). El documento explica que el geosistema está formado por el paisaje natural y el paisaje cultural, y define cada uno de estos componentes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of English grammar. It begins with definitions of grammar and the 8 parts of speech. It then discusses what grammar is, explaining that grammar reflects the system and structure of a language at a given time rather than fixed rules. While studying grammar can help learn a foreign language more quickly, it is not necessary to study grammar to learn one's native language. The document encourages thinking of grammar as something positive that can help one understand and use a language.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
O documento fornece instruções passo-a-passo para a abertura de um aparelho celular LG DM 510, descrevendo a remoção da antena, dos parafusos na parte traseira e a separação dos gabinetes frontal e traseiro. Também menciona cuidados com componentes internos e o uso de equipamentos antiestáticos durante o processo.
1) Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period who is widely considered the founder of modern political science.
2) He observed the political turmoil in Italy during his time, which was divided between several powers and regularly threatened by foreign powers.
3) Machiavelli's works like The Prince were informed by his experiences as a diplomat and aimed to provide leaders with pragmatic advice on how to maintain their power and strengthen their states.
Este documento presenta los objetivos y planificación de dos talleres JEC ("Yo me Expreso" y "Yo Descubro") para estudiantes de 1o y 2o básicos en el Colegio Metodista William Taylor en Alto Hospicio, Chile. Los talleres buscan desarrollar habilidades de expresión oral, artística, científica y resolución de problemas a través de actividades prácticas como experimentos y proyectos de expresión. El documento describe las asignaturas apoyadas, actividades planeadas y calendario de implementación para cada taller durante
O documento descreve a estrutura interna e componentes de três aparelhos celulares: o LG DM 510, o LG BD 4000 e o Samsung Fashion N-105. Ele explica que cada aparelho é composto de placas lógicas e de rádio frequência, e destaca os principais componentes de cada setor dessas placas.
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period in the 15th-16th centuries. He wrote The Prince in 1513 in an attempt to gain favor with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The Prince advocates for amoral and pragmatic political methods, advising rulers that the ends justify the means and that appearing morally good is more important than actually being good. It became infamous for seeming to promote deception, ruthlessness, and other immoral tactics to gain and maintain political power.
The document discusses monitoring brain water content and edema. It describes:
1) How water transport in the brain is regulated and how edema can develop.
2) Methods for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP), which may rise with increased brain water, including invasive ICP monitors and non-invasive techniques like ultrasound of the optic nerve sheath.
3) Other potential indicators of increased brain water like brain tissue oxygen (PbrO2), which may fall as edema impairs oxygen diffusion, and microdialysis measures of lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P).
4) Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can help define edema types but cannot
A detailed description of how stress changes hormone levels and contributes to many chronic diseases we see today. Provided by Dr. Kirk Johnson of Johnson Chiropractic & Acupuncture P.A.
1) The study examined the interaction between endogenous cortisol and noradrenaline in the human amygdala using fMRI. 2) Healthy subjects viewed emotional and neutral pictures after receiving a beta-blocker or placebo, and their cortisol levels were measured. 3) Under placebo, increased amygdala activation was seen for emotional vs. neutral pictures in subjects with high cortisol levels compared to low levels, supporting the hypothesis that cortisol interacts with noradrenergic activation in the amygdala. 4) Beta-blockade disrupted this effect by lowering noradrenergic levels in the amygdala.
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) fue un compositor austriaco conocido como el "Padre de la sinfonía y el cuarteto de cuerda". Nació cerca de Viena en una familia católica de doce hermanos y recibió su única formación musical en la escuela coral de la catedral de San Esteban en Viena. Trabajó toda su vida para la familia aristocrática Esterházy y también realizó dos viajes a Londres donde compuso sus famosas Sinfonías de Londres.
O documento resume 10 lições aprendidas pelo autor ao transformar seu blog de um hobby em uma empresa profissional. As lições incluem assumir seus sonhos, tratar o blog como uma empresa desde o início, definir metas e planos, agir como um profissional, formalizar quando necessário, buscar parceiros, gerenciar seu tempo, criar uma equipe, usar a força da união entre blogs, e não esquecer sua paixão inicial.
1) The documentary focuses on The Rag Tag Misfits, a two-piece busking band from Liverpool who raised almost £1500 for local food banks from performances.
2) The filmmakers wanted to give insight into the life of a busker within a tight five minute timeframe, with sections on the band, busking, charity work, and a live performance.
3) While the documentary found its own flow, the filmmakers reflect that they lacked a solid backup plan and should have put more thought into planning and pre-production after their original idea fell through.
ITRO Business Profile 06-28-2016 - MASTER-V2Pamela Rhoades
Itronics operates a "zero waste" facility that converts hazardous waste into beneficial products like fertilizers, silver bullion, and glass. It uses integrated technologies to process photochemical liquids and industrial waste streams, removing toxins and producing GOLD'n GRO specialty liquid fertilizers and other saleable goods. This fully closes the loop on various waste streams. Itronics' flagship product is GOLD'n GRO fertilizer, which provides micronutrients that increase yields for farmers. The company seeks to expand its portfolio of "zero waste" technologies to increase production and better utilize its factory capacity.
Este documento describe los componentes y programación de un robot móvil educativo. El robot tiene un sistema mecánico con motores, ruedas y piezas plásticas, un sistema eléctrico con batería y cables, y un sistema de control con un procesador Brick. La programación incluye tres ejercicios donde el robot gira, avanza y se detiene según instrucciones para girar, avanzar y cambiar de color. El robot utiliza la tecnología EV3 de Lego Mindstorms con algunas modificaciones debido a su batería recargable
Jumpstart Sales & Marketing Inc. specializes in guerrilla marketing campaigns that require direct consumer contact. They have over 20 years of experience successfully implementing projects like product launches, merchandising programs, and events. Their services include hiring, training, supervising, and managing teams to conduct various marketing activities and achieve sales targets within tight timelines. They have worked with many large companies on both national and regional projects across Canada.
This document outlines a film project about Parr Street Studios in Liverpool, UK. The film will document the famous recording studio and interview engineers about how it was saved from demolition. It will be uploaded to online platforms like YouTube to gain a local following. Stylistically, it will use two cameras, one for interviews and one for close-ups, to give an experimental style. It aims to find out how the studio has influenced Liverpool and how the transition to digital recording has affected procedures. Inspiration comes from music documentaries by Dave Grohl and D.A. Pennebaker.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las bases de datos orientadas a objetos. Explica el surgimiento del modelo orientado a objetos debido a las limitaciones del modelo relacional para ciertas aplicaciones. Describe conceptos básicos como objetos, clases, herencia y encapsulamiento. También analiza ventajas y desventajas de los sistemas de gestión de bases de datos orientadas a objetos y presenta el estándar ODMG.
Este documento describe los elementos que componen un geosistema. Un geosistema incluye elementos naturales como la geósfera, hidrósfera, atmósfera, flora y fauna, así como elementos culturales creados por los seres humanos como la tecnósfera (construcciones y tecnología) y la sociósfera (instituciones sociales). El documento explica que el geosistema está formado por el paisaje natural y el paisaje cultural, y define cada uno de estos componentes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of English grammar. It begins with definitions of grammar and the 8 parts of speech. It then discusses what grammar is, explaining that grammar reflects the system and structure of a language at a given time rather than fixed rules. While studying grammar can help learn a foreign language more quickly, it is not necessary to study grammar to learn one's native language. The document encourages thinking of grammar as something positive that can help one understand and use a language.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
O documento fornece instruções passo-a-passo para a abertura de um aparelho celular LG DM 510, descrevendo a remoção da antena, dos parafusos na parte traseira e a separação dos gabinetes frontal e traseiro. Também menciona cuidados com componentes internos e o uso de equipamentos antiestáticos durante o processo.
1) Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period who is widely considered the founder of modern political science.
2) He observed the political turmoil in Italy during his time, which was divided between several powers and regularly threatened by foreign powers.
3) Machiavelli's works like The Prince were informed by his experiences as a diplomat and aimed to provide leaders with pragmatic advice on how to maintain their power and strengthen their states.
Este documento presenta los objetivos y planificación de dos talleres JEC ("Yo me Expreso" y "Yo Descubro") para estudiantes de 1o y 2o básicos en el Colegio Metodista William Taylor en Alto Hospicio, Chile. Los talleres buscan desarrollar habilidades de expresión oral, artística, científica y resolución de problemas a través de actividades prácticas como experimentos y proyectos de expresión. El documento describe las asignaturas apoyadas, actividades planeadas y calendario de implementación para cada taller durante
O documento descreve a estrutura interna e componentes de três aparelhos celulares: o LG DM 510, o LG BD 4000 e o Samsung Fashion N-105. Ele explica que cada aparelho é composto de placas lógicas e de rádio frequência, e destaca os principais componentes de cada setor dessas placas.
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period in the 15th-16th centuries. He wrote The Prince in 1513 in an attempt to gain favor with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The Prince advocates for amoral and pragmatic political methods, advising rulers that the ends justify the means and that appearing morally good is more important than actually being good. It became infamous for seeming to promote deception, ruthlessness, and other immoral tactics to gain and maintain political power.
The document discusses monitoring brain water content and edema. It describes:
1) How water transport in the brain is regulated and how edema can develop.
2) Methods for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP), which may rise with increased brain water, including invasive ICP monitors and non-invasive techniques like ultrasound of the optic nerve sheath.
3) Other potential indicators of increased brain water like brain tissue oxygen (PbrO2), which may fall as edema impairs oxygen diffusion, and microdialysis measures of lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P).
4) Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can help define edema types but cannot
Corticolimbic anatomic characteristics predetermine risk for chronic pain.Paul Coelho, MD
1) The study longitudinally tracked brain properties in subacute back pain patients for 3 years to determine if certain brain characteristics predisposed patients to developing chronic pain or recovering.
2) They found that higher incidence of white matter and functional connections within the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex–amygdala–accumbens circuit, as well as smaller amygdala volume, were independent risk factors that accounted for 60% of the variance in determining if a patient's pain would become chronic.
3) Opioid gene polymorphisms and negative mood contributed indirectly to the risk of chronic pain through their effects on these corticolimbic anatomical factors.
This document provides a review of recent research on brain abnormalities in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It summarizes findings from structural/functional neuroimaging, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological studies of first-episode schizophrenia and OCD. The review finds that structural abnormalities are present even in early schizophrenia, including deficits in the medial temporal, superior temporal, and frontal regions. Neuropsychological deficits are also present in early schizophrenia across domains. Studies of OCD find abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex and frontostriatal circuit, as well as neuropsychological impairments. Both disorders show abnormalities in event-related potentials.
The document provides an overview of the biology of mental illness by summarizing research on the neurobiology, genetics, and treatment of disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Key findings discussed include evidence that these conditions involve disruptions in brain structure and function, as well as influences from genetic and environmental factors. The document also traces historical conceptions of these illnesses and notes shifts towards more biologically-based diagnostic models and treatments targeting neural circuits and systems.
The document discusses the relationship between the brain and heart from both an Islamic and medical perspective. It provides evidence that the health of the heart affects the mind and brain, and vice versa, with conditions in one often linked to conditions in the other. Factors like emotions, isolation, and psychological/social factors can impact heart health, while the brain's prefrontal cortex regulates cognitive control and coordination of thoughts/actions.
Neurosarcoidosis is a rare condition where sarcoidosis affects the nervous system. It can be difficult to diagnose as it often presents with non-specific neurological symptoms. Diagnosis requires a combination of CSF analysis, MRI imaging showing characteristic abnormalities, and biopsy evidence of granulomas. A multidisciplinary team approach is needed to manage this complex condition.
Properties of the brain's emotional learning circuitry predict the transition to chronic pain. In a longitudinal study, individuals with acute back pain were scanned over a year-long period. The strength of functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens at the initial scan predicted whether the individual would transition to chronic pain with over 80% accuracy. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms driving pain chronicity, with the goal of developing novel therapies to prevent the transition to chronic pain.
1179journal.publications.chestnet.org Th e PathophysSantosConleyha
The document discusses the pathophysiology of insomnia across multiple levels of analysis, with a focus on hyperarousal as a central theme. It summarizes current knowledge on insomnia's genetic, molecular, cellular, and neurological underpinnings. The document proposes a model integrating evidence that insomnia may involve heightened physiological, cognitive, and emotional arousal that interferes with disengagement from the environment and the ability to fall asleep. Understanding insomnia's pathophysiology could provide insights into how and why it develops and is maintained.
Brief Report: OSA Evaluations for the Anaesthesiologist, Surgeon, Surgery Centresemualkaira
This short report presents a scope of the medical condition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Current methods for assessment and
diagnosis of OSA are presented. Complications and potential death
from untreated OSA places the anesthesiologist, surgeon and surgical center in a risk situation. Factors related to the risk factors
and points toward resolution are presented.
The document discusses traumatic brain injury (TBI), including its definition, classification, mechanisms of injury, management, and oxygenation monitoring. It defines TBI as a brain disorder caused by external mechanical trauma, causing physical, cognitive and psychosocial impairments temporarily or permanently. Management involves monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) to prevent secondary ischemic brain injuries. Oxygenation monitoring techniques like brain tissue oxygen tension are also discussed to help determine optimal CPP thresholds for patients with TBI.
PAGE Running head SCHIZOPHRENIA 1SchizophreniaVernessa.docxkarlhennesey
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Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA
1
Schizophrenia
Vernessa Combs
PSY350: Physiological Psychology
December 10, 2019
Schizophrenia
The topic selected was schizophrenia. This is a severe and chronic mental disorder affecting the way humans think, feel and behave. Although this mental disorder is not very common, it has disabling symptoms.
Schizophrenia has continuously been viewed as a disorder that occurs in neurodevelopment. It is associated with a microdeletion syndrome of a chromosome. Neurons migrate to the pial surface from the brain's ventricular zone. "Migration of the neuron cell body is mediated via microtubule-based transport organized by the centrosome. First, the centrosome moves up the microtubule, followed by the nucleus and the cell body” (Pearlson, 2015). Neuronal migrations are reportedly caused by Reelin.
The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown, however, several risk factors have been associated with its development. These include environmental and genetic factors. Genetic factors are, however, insufficient to account for the development of the disease. They must be accompanied by other factors for the disease to develop. "Because the concordance rate for monozygotic twins only approaches 50%, genetic makeup alone is not sufficient for the development of schizophrenia, and non-genetic or sporadic forms of the disorder must exist” (Miyamoto et al, 2013).
Environmental factors that play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia include obstetric complications such as hypoxia, preeclampsia, and premature birth. Other environmental factors include maternal viral infections and stress occurring in neurodevelopment. Stress during neurodevelopment may be caused by other factors such as microbial infections.
The pathology of schizophrenia includes the transcriptional dysregulation at the cerebral cortex and chromosomal conformations. “Anatomic, neurotransmitter and immune system abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia” (Miyamoto et al, 2013). Differences have been observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia compared to the brains of people without the disease in neuroimaging studies. The medial temporal areas of the brain have a decreased volume while the ventricles are larger. Structural abnormalities such as volume reductions and ventricular enlargements have been associated with the disease.
The dopaminergic system abnormalities are also associated with schizophrenia. The immune system is also disturbed in people with the disease. “Overactivation of the immune system (eg, from prenatal infection or postnatal stress) may result in overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and subsequent alteration of brain structure and function” (Nuckols et al, 2013). Anatomic abnormalities may also be observed in the hippocampus.
In the prefrontal cortex, there has been a reported increase in neuronal density. One of the areas of the prefrontal cortex, area 9, has been found to h ...
The document discusses the epidemiology of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in children. Key points:
1) The incidence of CSE in children is approximately 20 per 100,000 children per year in developed countries, though it varies depending on factors like socioeconomics and ethnicity.
2) The incidence is highest in children under 1 year old, with febrile CSE being the most common cause. Around 40% of children will have previous neurological abnormalities and less than 15% a history of epilepsy.
3) Outcome depends mainly on the underlying cause of CSE. However, the role of CSE itself, as well as factors like age, duration, and treatment, on
This study explored factors underlying individual differences in daytime sleepiness in patients newly diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Participants underwent one week of actigraphy, laboratory tests of sleepiness, and a home sleep study. The results showed 32% of participants were classified as sleepy based on standardized tests, while 27% were non-sleepy. The sleepy group had higher BMI, less alcohol/education, more limb movements and medication use, and spent more time awake during sleep tests. However, variability in apnea severity did not differ between groups. The causes of sleepiness variability in OSA patients are multifactorial, including biological factors like genetics.
1) The study assessed the relationship between sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and white matter lesions visible on brain MRI, known as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).
2) Results showed that individuals with SSNHL aged 48-60 years have a 26% higher probability of having a Fazekas score indicating CSVD compared to the general population. Those under 28 years showed a statistically significant negative correlation.
3) Higher Fazekas scores, indicating more severe CSVD, were related to a decreased probability of hearing recovery in patients with SSNHL. The probability of recovery decreased from 80% in those under 48 with no lesions, to 14% in those with the most
A randomized controlled study examined the effects of playing casual video games from PopCap Games on the mood and stress levels of 143 subjects. Psychological surveys and physiological measures of brain activity and heart rate variability were taken before and after subjects either played one of three PopCap games or surfed the internet as a control. The study found that playing the games was associated with reduced tension, confusion, and stress levels in subjects, especially those under age 25, indicating that casual video games may provide psychological and physiological benefits in improving mood and reducing stress.
Quantifying Cardiovascular and Behavioral Correlates of Fear in Mice: Implica...InsideScientific
This document summarizes research on quantifying cardiovascular and behavioral correlates of fear in mice, with implications for PTSD and cardiovascular disease risk. The research pairs behavioral and cardiovascular responses to cued fear learning in mice. It demonstrates that fear-based disorders like PTSD can contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk by causing physiological hyperarousal and impaired fear processing. The researchers developed methods to remotely trigger conditioned stimuli based on a mouse's cardiovascular state, allowing measurement of cardiovascular responses to learned fear in the home cage environment. This integrated approach provides insights into mechanisms linking PTSD and cardiovascular dysfunction.
Aaic poster long form-asd-fxs-ad-7-13-2017Bryan Maloney
The document summarizes research comparing levels of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) metabolites in brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and age-matched controls. The study found elevated levels of toxic amyloid-β peptide and total APP in AD compared to controls. ASD subjects had reduced amyloid-β levels compared to controls, potentially due to higher levels of the enzyme ADAM17 that promotes a non-toxic APP processing pathway. FXS subjects showed increased levels of sAPPα and total sAPP compared to controls, paralleling changes seen in AD. The results suggest ASD may partially result from early-life "amyloid-
The document summarizes a study that explored the experiences of patients diagnosed with psychogenic syncope via cardiac services. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients diagnosed with or having probable psychogenic syncope. The results identified several themes around feelings of disconnection between mind and body, ongoing uncertainty without direction from services, and a loss of identity from feeling different than others. Participants described a daily struggle to understand sensations and make sense of collapsing episodes. The study suggests adopting the term "dissociative syncope" and providing more holistic care, education, and support for patients.
1. Ian Persaud
Mentor: Dr. Joshua Chiappelli
MPRC Conte Research Symposium
August 5, 2016
Relationship of Cortisol to Brain
Morphological Abnormalities in
Schizophrenia
2. SZ and Brain Morphology
In a study of 2028 patients and 2540 controls
volume decreases reported in:
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Accumbens
Intracranial Volumes
Volume increases reported in
Pallidum
Lateral ventricles
(Van Erp, 2016)
3. Potential Biomarker?
IN a study of 596 individuals that compared SZ, SAD,
BDP, 1° relatives and healthy controls
Hippocampal volume supported as putative biomarker
for SZ (P = .007 - .02) and SAD (P = .003 - .14)
(Arnold S 2015)
4. Diathesis-Stress Model
Stess -events or experiences that jeopardize
homeostasis (Chrousos & Gold 1992; Sapolsky,
1992)
Onset, exacerbation, and relapse ALL linked to
multiple somatic/environmental stressors
6. Methods
91 Hi-res 3T structural MRI scans
48 healthy control, 43 SZ patients
Controlled for age and sex
Whole blood samples collected
Assays for cytokines, KYNA, and Cortisol
So far, only Cortisol is complete
Manual Hippocampal Volume measurements using Mango
4.0 software
7.
8. Results
No between group hippocampal volume differences
No correlation with cortisol
Significant decrease trend of vol. with age
Trend more prominent in patient group
9. Hippocampal Volume and Age
Overall: (r=-.219, p=.037)
Patients: (r=-.397, p=.008, n=43)
Controls: (r=-.062, p=.67, n=48)
10. Accelerated Aging theory
Patients with SZ have a faster rate of neural aging, related to
decay.
Increased oxidative stress & inflammation
positive feedback mechanisms
Evidence supports
Increased oxidative stress biomarkers (Okusaga O. O. 2014)
Increased inflammatory biomarkers (Kirpatrick B. & Miller B.J.
2013)
11. Allostatic Load Study
“The term ‘allostasis’ refers to how an organism
accommodates to a stressor by adjusting
homeostatic set points to maintain internal stability”
(Nugent et al 2015)
Allostatic Load - 13 biomarkers vs. Cortical thickness
44 Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder patients, 33
normal controls
Found patients had higher allostatic load, and lower
cortical thickness (p=.008)
16. Plasma Cortisol and CRP
Significant correlation in patients (rho=.429, p=.013,
n=33) but not in controls (rho=-.055,p=.81, n=21)
????????????
17. Moving Forward
Move Forward with KYNA and Cytokine assays to better
explore relationships between these two circuits and
neurodegeneration
Understanding the relationship these neurochemicals have
with Hippocampal volume, and with patient vs control groups
could offer insight to the interaction in the Diathesis-Stress
model
18. Works Cited
Arnold, S. J. M., Ivleva, E. I., Gopal, T. A., Reddy, A. P., Jeon-Slaughter, H., Sacco, C. B., … Tamminga, C. A. (2015).
Hippocampal volume is reduced in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder but not in psychotic bipolar i disorder
demonstrated by both manual tracing and automated parcellation (FreeSurfer). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(1), 233–249.
http://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu009
Kirkpatrick, B., & Miller, B. J. (2013). Inflammation and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(6), 1174–1179.
http://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt141
Nugent, K. L., Chiappelli, J., Rowland, L. M., & Hong, L. E. (2015). Cumulative stress pathophysiology in schizophrenia
as indexed by allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 60, 120–129. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.009
Okusaga, O. O. (2014). Accelerated aging in schizophrenia patients: the potential role of oxidative stress. Aging and
Disease, 5(4), 256–62. http://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.0500256
van Erp, T. G. M., Hibar, D. P., Rasmussen, J. M., Glahn, D. C., Pearlson, G. D., Andreassen, O. a, … Turner, J. a.
(2016). Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the
ENIGMA consortium. Molecular Psychiatry, (October 2014), 1–7. http://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.63
Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997). Schizophrenia: A Neural Diathesis-Stress Model. Psychological Review, 104(4), 667–
685. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.667
19. Acknowledgements
Dr. Ana Pocivavsek
My mentor, Dr. Chiappelli
Dr. Elliot Hong
Neuroimaging staff, all of the Conte Staff
THANK YOU ALL!
Editor's Notes
Examples:
Prenatal stress increases disease risk
Stress full events precede disease onset
Patients have greater affective reactivity to experimental stress exposure after illness onset
Stressful life event precipitate the worsening of psychosis
Psychological and physiological stress reactivity are associated with psychotic episodes, quality of life, and symptom severity
HYPOTHESIS: environmental exposure to stress throughout the lifespan and especially at certain critical timepoints in development can contribute and drive SZ
There is a complex framework that controls the biological stress response. Dysfunction in any area of this framework could contribute significantly to the set of symptoms that is grouped together as SZ. Top Down Control of the response byFRONTAL AREAS to the HPA axis. Here we see release of cortisol.
Cortisol
is a biomarker for stress, and can be measured in saliva, serum, and in urine.
Release typically enhances glutamatergic activity
concentration has a modulating effect on cytokine levels, is ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
Cytokines
Cortisol also modulates immune response via cytokines.
Increased Cytokines sensitize FRONTAL areas
KYNA
High cytokine levels push the KYNurenine pathway to increase concentration of KYNA, metabolites of KYNA and this pathway interact with the frontal limbic circuit. Varying the concentrations of these metabolites could contribute to dysfunction in the circuit at its highest point of glutamate release.
Cytokines assays will include: IL-6, Il-10, interferon –gamma in a single molecule array assay, higher sensitivity than ELISA.
Controls for age and sex
Pt characteristics: wide age range, most on medication, many chronics
No correlation found to antipsychs in the current measures
In the whole sample, hippocampal volume decreases as an individual ages. More prominent in patients, vs. controls. Support for the Accelerated aging theory.
Aging – a decline in intrinsic physiological function which is age dependent or age progressive and leads to an increase in age specific mortality rate (aka reduction in survival rate)
Reduced cortical thickness and hippocampal volume are testament to this neural degradation. However, the chemical mechanisms are still not well understood.
INTRODUCE
Since our data with cortisol did not make any conlusive findings, we also reviewed data previously available from another study that had many overlapping participants with the current study.
Allostatic Load – When we encounter stressors, our body woks to accommodate and change homeostatic conditions to best accommodate the stressor in the environment. This puts a “tax” on the system, and uses up resources.
Allostatic load is measured in overall and metabolism, as a combo of 13 biomarkers including cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic measurements.
Whole Sample, containing both groups. From allostatic load study. Urinary cortisol is more accurate b/c cortisol release over extended time period (study design) plasma cortisol is a snapshot and influenced by several factors, while uriniary cortisol is done overnight so less confounds
Suggests potential differences b/w plasma and urinary cortisol: confounds w/ plasma
The plasma analysis was not standardized for time (circadian effects), and the participants did not fast before specimen collection
Cortical thickness refers to the grey matter layer. In SZ, it is noted that even in first episode cases there are significant reductions in thickness of this grey matter layer in the cerebral cortex
Cortical Thickness Decreases as serum cortisol levels increase
Higher levels of stress biomarker, paired with higher levels of brain neurodegeneration.
Interpretation: higher levels of stress contribute to the grey matter decay associated with SZ. Supports role of stress in the diathesis stress model as a driving factor for progression of neural degeneration
However, CRP was not correlated with hippocampal volume.
In the study, one of the most strongly correlated was CRP – an indices that is related to immune inflammation
Found in SZ spectrum patients, as well as normal controls
CRP is indicative of higher cytokine levels, as induced by high stress. In this case, it is another biomarker that shows increase, like plasma cortisol that could contribute to the cortical degradation.
Relationship here is specific to patients important because in returning to this diagram, it shows some unexpected dysregulation
Typically, cortisol is anti inflammatory, so they would NOT have a postiive relationship. It is more expected there is an inegative relationship here, with decreasing crp as cortisol increases
But we found the opposite.
THIS SHOWS THERE IS SOME DYSREGULATION OCCURING on this leg here
Results are pending for the KYNA and Cytokine assays, as these samples have been sent out to other labs for analysis