Gilthead sea bream production in Mediterranean countries increased from 30,000 tons in 1996 to 90,000 tons in 2005,which mean that sale prices dropped considerably, from 6.6€/kg in 1996 to 5€/kg in 2005, with an historic minimum of 4€/kg in 2002 (APROMAR, 2006). To maintain the profitability of gilthead sea bream farms, cutting production costs is necessary, mainly through feeding, which represents between 38 and 45% of operational costs (Lisac & Muir, 2000 and Merinero et al., 2005).

1. January | February 2010
Feature title: Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
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2. F: Process F: Process
the present study was to evaluate the
Table 2: Proximate analysis of the experimental diets (% as fed)
effect of partial or complete replace-
ment of fishmeal with increasing Diet
levels of plant protein origin like corn Chemical analysis
FM PPs/25 PPs/50 PPs/75 PPs/100
Evaluation of
gluten and soybean meal on growth
performance, feed utilization, body
composition and cost production of Moisture 8.50 8.00 8.30 8.70 8.80
sea bream fingerlings’ diets. Crude protein* 44.71 45.00 45.1 45.1 45.60
Fishmeal Substitution
Crude fat 17.56 16.42 15.32 14.48 13.32
Experimental protocol Crude fiber 1.14 1.95 2.57 2.00 2.18
Diet preparation - Five isocaloric Crude ash 9.30 8.00 6.55 4.14 2.33
and isonitrogenous diets were formu-
Nitrogen free extract 18.79 20.63 22.16 25.58 27.77
with selected Plant Protein Sources on Growth lated based on Fishmeal as the only
animal protein source or a mixture
Gross Energy (kcal/100gm) 1 495.15 493.59 490.06 496.18 497.05
Performance and Body Composition of gilthead of PPs (Corn gluten and Soybean P/E Ratio (mg protein/Kcal) 2 90.30 91.20 92.00 90.90 91.70
sea bream* Fingerlings meal) as plant protein sources
(Table 1). The diets formulated to be
1. Based on 5.64 Kcal/g protein, 9.44 Kcal/g fat and 4.11 Kcal/g carbohydrate (NRC, 1993).
2. Protein/Energy Ratio (mg Protein/Kcal).
almost containing 45% crude protein
by Abd Elhamid Eid* ,Badiaa Abd Elfattah*, Khaled Mohamed*
by replacing 25, 50, 75 and 100%
*Department of Animal & Fish Production, Fac. of Agric. Experimental methodology - and plasma albumin (Doumas, et al., 1977).
of the FM (fishmeal protein) in control
Suez Canal Univ. Ismailia 41522, Egypt The tested diets and faeces were analyzed Apparent protein digestibility was deter-
diet. Crystalline amino acids (L-lysine and
DL-methionine) were added to diets PPs for crude protein (CP %), ether extract mined using the method of Furukawa and
G
25, 50, 75 and PPs100% to become similar (EE %), crude fiber (CF %), ash (%) and Tasukahara (1966). For determination of
ilthead sea bream pro- essary, mainly through feeding, which aquaculture, as it would reduce depend-
to control diets. Fish oil and soybean oil moisture while whole body composition of protein digestibility the diets and faeces
duction in Mediterranean represents between 38 and 45% of ence on fish sources (Martinez-Llorens et
were added as dietary lipid sources (Table sea bream fish samples was also analyzed were collected during the last 15 days of
countries increased from operational costs (Lisac & Muir, 2000 al., 2009).
1). The diets were pelleted using a small except for crude fiber (CF %) according to the experimental period. Any uneaten feed
30,000 tons in 1996 to and Merinero et al., 2005). In the last decade, the increasing demand,
catering grinder with a 1.5 mm diameter the procedures
90,000 tons in 2005,which mean that price and world supply fluctuations of
and kept frozen until the experiment was described
sale prices dropped considerably, from Reductions in feeding costs can be fishmeal (FM) has emphasized the need
started. During the growth period (120 by A.O.A.C.
6.6€/kg in 1996 to 5€/kg in 2005, with obtained by optimizing feeding strate- to look for alternative protein sources in
days), each diet was randomly allocated to (1995) as
an historic minimum of 4€/kg in 2002 gies, nutrient levels in diets, and by using aquafeeds. Some plant ingredients have
Marine phospholipids
triplicate tanks of fish. Feed was offered by shown in Table
(APROMAR, 2006). To maintain the vegetable sources as substitutes for fish been studied in gilthead sea bream (lupin
hand at two meals / day (8:00h and 15:00) at 2 and Table 5.
profitability of gilthead sea bream oil and fishmeal. This aspect is also very seed meal, extruded peas and rapeseed
3% of body weight daily and the amount of The nitrogen
farms, cutting production costs is nec- important to improve the sustainability of meal) but Poaceae and Fabaceae seeds
diets were readjusted after each weighing. free-extract
and their by- products, among which
(NFE %) was A new generation of omega-3 lipids
corn gluten and soybean meal, in par- Experimental design - Sea bream
Table 1: Composition of the experimental diets
ticular, are widely used in fish nutrition
calculated by with a broader spectrum of health
fingerlings were obtained from a private fish
Diet because of their high protein content farm in Damietta governorate. Fish were
difference. bene ts.
Ingredients (g/100g)* Blood samples
FM PPs/25 PPs/50 PPs/75 PPs/100 (40-60%), low cost and relative wide- acclimated to laboratory conditions for 2 were col- - High DHA contents, preferably in
spread availability. Therefore, soybean weeks before being randomly distributed into lected using
Fish meal (CP 68%) 63 47.24 31.52 15.78 - meal being the most nutritive and it fiberglass tank of 300-L water capacity each, heparinized
easily digestible and highly bio
Corn gluten meal (62%) - 9 20 45 62 is used as the major protein source in in Ashtom Elgamel, Port-Said governorate.The syringes from available form for aquaculture use.
Soybean meal (44%) - 13.7 24 13 15 many fish diets. Partial or even total water was obtained from channel comes from caudal vein of
Yellow corn 21.5 14.30 8.20 8.90 5.05 replacement of dietary fishmeal by Mediterranean sea. Fish of 10±0.2 g initial - Numerous bene ts on improving
the experimen-
Fish oil+ Soya oil (1:1) 1** 12 12 12 12 12 soybean meal protein sources had suc- body weight were distributed into 15 experi- tal fish at the
the immune response, better
L-Lysine -- 0.26 0.62 1.69 2.32 cessfully accomplished with tilapia diets mental tanks in triplicate groups of 50 fish weight gain and physical
termination
DL- Methionine -- -- 0.16 0.13 0.13 (Fagbenro and Davies, 2002). Some each. The photoperiod was regulated to be
Vit & Min mix2 3 3 3 3 3 studies with gilthead sea bream have
of the experi- conditions of land animals.
12h light: 12h dark. Water temperature was ment. Blood
Cr2O33 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 shown that partial replacement of FM maintained at 25ºC by a 250- watt immersion was centrifuged
Total 100 100 100 100 100 by PPs is possible (Robaina, et al., 1995; heater with thermostat. Water temperature at 3000rpm for
Hassanen, 1997a, b; 1998; Kissil, et al., and dissolved oxygen were recorded daily (by
1- Mixture of fish oil and soybean oil (1:1 w/w). 5 minutes to
2000; Sitja-Bobadilla et al., 2005 and Metteler Toledo, model 128.s/No1242), other allow separa-
2- Each Kg vitamin & mineral mixture premix contained Vitamin A, 4.8 million IU, D3, 0.8 million Martinez-Llorens et al., 2009). Studies water quality parameters including pH and
IU; E, 4 g; K, 0.8 g; B1, 0.4 g; Riboflavin, 1.6 g; B6, 0.6 g, B12, 4 mg; Pantothenic acid, 4 g; tion of plasma
with sea bass have also reported some ammonia were measured every two days by
Nicotinic acid, 8 g; Folic acid, 0.4 g Biotin,20 mg, Mn, 22 g; Zn, 22 g; Fe, 12 g; Cu, 4 g; I, 0.4 which was
success to partial replacing of FM by pH meter (Orion model 720A, s/No 13062)
g, Selenium, 0.4 g and Co, 4.8 mg. subjected to
PPs (Lanari, 2005 and Tibaldi, et al., and ammonia meter (Hanna ammonia meter).
3- Cr2O3: Chromic Oxide determina- Fiskerihavnsgade 35 Phone +45 79120999
2006). Studies of using corn gluten to Water salinity was 34ppt. The average water tion of plasma P.O. Box 359 Fax +45 79120888
* obtained from the local market. feed carnivorous fish (sea bream) are quality criteria of all tanks are presented in total protein 6701 Esbjerg E-mail 999@999.dk
very limited; therefore, the scope of Table 3. All fish in each tank were weighed (Armstrong Denmark Web www.999.dk
every 10 days. and Carr, 1964)
*Sparus aurata
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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3. F: Process F: Process
Table 3: Average water quality in an oven at 60oC and kept in airtight bream diets with no significant differences fish. In fish, protein digestibility
Table 5: Whole body composition (% fresh weight ) of see bream (S. aurata) fingerlings fed the
parameters in the experimental tanks containers for subsequent chemical analysis. (P≥0.05) in growth performance compared is generally high ranging from
experimental diets
used in the study. to the control (Table 4). This conclusion 75% to 95% and the apparent
Parameter Means ± SD Final digestible coefficient of proteins
Statistical analysis - All data of is in agreement with Gomes et al (1995a Chemical analysis Initial
growth performance, body composition & b) for rainbow trout. These workers FM PPs/25 PPs/50 PPs/75 PPs/100 from fishmeal is often higher
and blood parameters were analyzed by reported that replacement of fishmeal than 90% in salmonids (NRC,
Temperature (ºC) 25 ±1
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by plant protein sources had no adverse 1993). Soybean meal contains
Oxygen (mg/L) 5.4 ±1 Moisture 70.50 59.91 a 60.44 a 60.75 a 63.50 b 64.33 b
using the general linear models procedure effects on growth. The optimal rate of sub- various anti-nutritional factors
Ammonia (NH3, mg/L) 0.011± 0.0001 Crude protein 14.25 17.56 a 17.50 a 17.56 a 17.34 b 16.90 b such as the anti-trypsin and an
of statistical analysis system (SAS) version stitution found in the present research was
pH 7.1 ± 0.10 8.02, (1998). Duncan's multiple range test closed with Lanari (2005), he reported Crude fat 10.5 15.62 a 15.70 a 15.77 a 14.00 b 13.90 b anti chimotrypsin factors, lectins,
(Duncan, 1955) was used to resolve dif- that soybean meal can substitute up to Crude ash 4.75 6.91a 6.36 a 5.92 b 5.16 c 4.87 d
oligosaccharides and a low level
Salinity (ppt) 34.0 ± 0.4
ferences among treatment means at 5% 25% of total protein of the sea bass diets of methionine. Corn gluten has
Values in the same row with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (P≥0.05) also a low level of amino acid
or faeces from each tank was carefully significant level using the following model. without any negative effect on growth
removed by siphoning about 30 min after performance. Higher value than reported lysine reduces the protein digest-
the last feeding. Faeces were collected Results & discussion in the present study was reported by Oliva-Teles, 2003 and Gómez-Requeni et These results of feed utilization related to ibility and amino acid availability of these
by siphoning separately from each repli- The present study indicates that PPs Gallagher (1994) in diets for hybrid striped al., 2004); short-term studies have shown apparent protein digestibility of diets used plant protein ingredients.
cate tank before feeding in the morning. (corn gluten and soybean meal) can replace bass, where soybean meal substituted 44% that at least 60-75% of FM can be replaced in the experiment which showed worst Corn gluten meal (CGM) is considered
Collected faeces were then filtered, dried 25% to 50% of fishmeal protein in sea of fishmeal without evidencing a negative by mixture of PPs without compromising feed utilization of sea bream fed on diets to have a good digestibility (NRC, 1993).
effect on the growth performance for these species. In containing high mixture of PPs (corn gluten Diets containing 20% of CGM meal had
Table 4: Growth performance and feed utilization of sea bream (S. aurata) fed the experimental diets feed intake and the present study, the effects of FM replace- meal and soybean meal) was possibly due to a very good digestibility, in accordance
he also report- ment were studied on growth performance the low biological value of such based diets, with the results of Morales et al.(1994)
Diet and feed utilization. This scenario, a high which are in agreement with Robaina, et al.,( and Gomes et al. (1995 a) in rainbow
Parameters ed that up to
FM PPs 25 PPs50 PPs75 PPs100 75% of fishmeal level of FM replacement by (50-75PPs %) 1995), Boonyaratpalin et al.,(1998), Regost trout fed diets containing about 20% corn
protein can be produced a slight reduction in growth et al.,(1999), Lanari (2005), Sitja-Bobadilla et gluten meal. In contrast, apparent digest-
replaced with performance. Concerning the results of al. (2005), and Tibaldi, et al.,(2006). ible coefficient of diets with high levels of
Average Initial body weight (g) 10.1±0.05 10.2±0.25 10.3±0.10 10.1±0.10 10.0±0.23 soybean meal. feed utilization in terms of FCR, PER and Regarding to feed digestibility (Table plant proteins was very low. In common
M o r e o v e r, FE in the present study, the same trend 4), several investigations were conducted carp, Pongmaneerat et al. (1993) observed
Average Final body weight (g) 102.6 a ±2.2 101.3 a ±0.3 97.7 b ±0.20 85.2 c ±0.2 78.9 d ±0.20
Sitja-Bobadilla was showed with growth performance. to evaluate PPs and their digestibility by that the apparent protein digestibility
91.1 a
Average Weight gain (g) 92.5 a ±1.1 87.4 b ±0.9 75.1c±0.10 68.9 d±1.10 et al., (2005)
±1.2
1.78 b reported that
SGR (% / d)1 1.93 a ±0.02 1.91 a ±0.01 1.87 a ±0.02 1.72 b ±0.01 up to 75% of
±0.09
151.93 a 152.51 a 153.15 a 159.62 b 159.30 b fishmeal pro-
Feed intake (g)
±0.4 ±0.2a ±0.10 ±0.2 ±0.10 tein can be The natural way.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR2 1.64 d ±0.10 1.67 d±0.1 1.75 c ±0.10 2.13 b ±0.1 2.31 a ±0.20 replaced by
plant protein
1.04 b
Protein efficiency ratio3 1.35 a ±0.01 1.32 a ±0.02 1.27 a ±0.01 0.95 b ±0.20 sources for
±0.10
juvenile sea
Biomin P.E.P.
Feed efficiency4 0.61 a ±0.1 0.60 a ±0.10 0.57 a ±0.10 0.47 b±0.10 0.43b ±0.12
Sponsor of the
®
bream, which
2010
HSI (%)5 3.2 a ±0.1 2.97 a ±0.1 2.93 a ±0.12 2.71b ±0.01 2.56 c ±0.12 also is in agree- World Aquaculture
ment with the Visit us at our stand
Apparent Protein Digestibility (APD)6 88.25 a ±0.3 87.39 a ±0.2 86.09 a ±0.1 73.16 b±0.2 65.32 c ±0.1
present study
Powerful phytogenics at work 129-131
PTP (g/dl)7 5.21±0.10 5.20±0.12 5.15±0.10 5.03±0.12 5.01±0.10 for sea bream
PA (g/dl)8 2.15±0.11 2.17±0.11 2.17± 0.12 2.07±0.02 2.08±0.08
fingerlings. In
the recent
improve feed efficiency.
PTG (g/dl)9 3.06±.0.12 3.03±0.10 2.98±0.11 2.96±0.09 2.93±0.01 years, signifi-
cant amount of
Survival rate (%)10 100 100 98 96 94
research has Biomin® P.E.P. is made with a unique
Values in the same row with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (P≥0.05). been con- blend of essential oils and prebiotics to provide
ducted on the
Specific growth rate = (100 x [(Ln final wt (g) – (Ln initial wt (g) / days.] a synergistic formula.
replacement of
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = feed intake (g) / body weight gain (g).
FM by different It is designed specifically to support digestion
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = gain in weight (g) / protein intake (g). PP sources. and improve feed conversion.
Feed efficiency = body weight gain (g) / feed intake (g). In European
sea bass
Hepato-somatic index = 100 x liver wt / fish wt.
( D. l a b r a x )
6 - Apparent protein digestibility, APD (%) (Kaushik et
7 - Plasma Total Protein, PTP (g/dl) al., 2004)
and Gilthead For enquiry, please e-mail
8 - Plasma albumin, PA (g/dl)
www.aqua.biomin.net
sea bream
9 - Plasma total globulins= plasma total protein- plasma albumin, PTG (g/dl) (S.aurata) aqua@biomin.net
10 - Survival rate =No of survive fish/total No. of fish at the beginning X100 (Pereira and
Ad_PEP_IntAquafeed_FZE_12_09.indd 1 16.12.2009 16:30:59 Uhr
14 |14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010
InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15| 15
January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed

4. F: Process F: Process
had to be near 94% in a diet without et al.(2006) and Sampaio-Oliveira and Boonyaratpalin,M., Suraneiranat,P., and Hassanen, G.D.I. (1998). Lupin seed meal Merinero, S., Martı´nez-Llorens, S., Toma´ S, A. meal in diet for turbot (Psetta maxima),
fishmeal (corn gluten meal, soybean and Cyrino (2008) for sea bass D. labrax and Tunpibal,T..(1998). Replacement of fishmeal compared with soybean meal as partial and Jover, M. (2005). Ana´ lisis econo´ mico de Aquaculture 180: 99-117.
meat meal). Peres and Oliva-Teles (2009) for sea with various types of soybean products in substitutes for fishmeal in gilthead sea bream alternativas de produccio´ n de Dorada en jaulas
diets for the Asian seabass, Lates calcarife, (Sparus aurata) diets. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., marinas en el litoral Mediterra´neo espan˜ ol. Robaina, L., Izquierdo, M.S., Moyamo, F.J., Socorro, J.,
Results of apparent protein digest- bream S. aurata.
23(1) : 141-154. Aquatic, 23: 1–19. Vergara, J.M., Montero, D. and Fernandez-Palacios,
ibility in the present study recorded that Calculation of the economical effi- Aquaculture,161: 67-78.
H.,(1995). Soybean and lupine seed meals as
the dietary inclusion of high levels of ciency of the tested diets was based Dias, J., Alvarez, M.J., Diez, A., Arzel, J., Corraze, G., Kaushik, S.J., Coves, D., Dutto, G. and Blanc, D. Morales, A.E., Cardenete, G., De La Higuera, protein sources in diet for gilthead seabream
corn gluten and soybean meal in replace- on the costs of feed because the Bautista, J.M.and Kaushik, S.J. (1998). (2004). Almost total replacement of fishmeal M.,and Sanz, A. (1994). Effects of dietary protein (Sparus aurata), Nutritional and histological
ment of fishmeal led to a significant other costs were equal for all studied by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine source on growth, feed conversion and energy implication. Aquaculture, 130: 219-233.
Regulation of hepati lipogenesis by dietary utilization in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
decrease in protein digestibility which treatments. teleost, the European seabass, Dicentrarchus
proteinrenergy in juvenile European seabass Aquaculture 124: 117–126. Sampaio-Oliveira,A.M.B.M., and Cyrino,J.E.P..
are in agreement with Lanari (2005), As described in Table 6 feed costs (L.E) labrax. Aquaculture, 230: 391 – 404.
Dicentrarchus labrax .Aquaculture 161 : 169–186. (2008). Digestibilty of plant protein-based diets
Tibaldi et al. (2006) and Sampaio-Oliveira were the highest for the fishmeal diet and Pereira, T.G. and Oliva-Teles, A., (2003).
Lanari,D’.A., (2005). Alternative plant protein by largemouth bass Micropterus Salmoides,
and Cyrino (2008). The value of hepato- gradually decreased with increasing the Doumas, B. T., Waston, W. and Biggs, H. H., (1977). sources in sea bass diets, ITAL.J. ANIM. Sci. .4 : Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein Aquaculture Nutrition , 14: 318-323.
somatic index was found to be similar to replacing levels of plant protein sources.These Albumin standards and the measurements of 365-374. source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus
that reported for sea bass by Ballestrazi results indicate that incorporation of PPs in Serum albumin with Bromocresol Green. Clinical avrata L.) juveniles. Aquaculture. Research, 34: Sitja-Bobadilla, A., Pena-Llopis, S., Gomez-Requeni,
sea bream diets reduced the total feed costs. Chemistry Acta, 31: 87-96. Lisac, D. and Muir, J. (2000). Comparative 1111-1117. P., Medale, F., Kaushik, S., and Perez- Sanchez,J.
et al., (1994) and Dias et a. , (1998),
economics of offshore and on shore mariculture (2005). Effect of fishmeal replacement by plant
Eid, and Mohamed., K.,(2007). facilities. In: Mediterranean Offshore Mariculture. Peres, H. and Oliva-Teles .A ., (2009). The protein sources on non-specific difference
Effect of fishmeal substitution by optimum dietary essential amino acid profile for
Table 6: Feed cost (L.E) for producing one Kg weight gain by sea bream (S. aurata) fingerlings fed on the Options Me´diterrane´ennes (Serie B: E´tudes et mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea
experimental diets plant protein sources on growth Recherches) (Muir, J. & Basurco, B. Eds), pp. 203– gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata) juveniles. in bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 249: 387-
performance of seabass fingerlings 211. Publication Based on the Contents of the press, Accepted Manuscript, Available on line 13 400.
Feed cost
Experimental Cost Relative Decrease in Relative to fish (Dicentrarchus labrax). Agricultural Advanced Course of the CIHEAM Network on May 2009, Aquaculture.
FCR (L.E/Kg)
diets (L.E)/kg fishmeal diets feed cost (%) meal diet Research Journal, Suez Canal Tibaldi, E., Hakim, Y., Uni, Z., Tulli, F., Francesco. D.
weight gain Technology of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean Pongmaneerat, J., Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, T., and
University, 7 (3): 35-39. (TECAM) Zaragoza, Spain, 1997. M., Luzzana. U. and Harpaz. S., (2006). Effect of
Satoh, S., (1993).Use of different protein Meals
the partial substitution of dietary fishmeal by
Fagbenro, O.A. and Davies, S.J. (2002). as partial or total substitution for fishmeal in
FM 6.56 100 0.00 1.64 10.76 100 Martınez-Llorens, S.,Vidal, A.T.; Garcia, I.J.; Torres, M.P. differently processed soybean meals on growth
Use of oilseed meals as fishmeal carp diets. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish, 59: 1249-
and Cerda, M.J. (2009) . Optimum dietary soybean performance, nutrient digestibility and activity of
PPs25 5.66 86.29 13.71 1.68 9.51 88.38 replacer in tilapia diets. Proceeding of 1257.
meal level for maximizing growth and nutrient intestinal brush border enzymes in the European
PPs50 4.77 72.71 27.29 1.89 9.02 83.83 the fifth international symposium on
utilization of on growing gilthead sea bream Regost, C., Arzel,J., and Kaushik.S.J.(1999). Partial sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Aquaculture,
tilapia aquaculture. Rio de Janeiro– RJ,
PPs75 3.96 60.36 39.64 2.13 8.43 78.35 (Sparus aurata), Aquaculture nutrition.15: 320- 328. or total replacement of fishmeal by corn gluten 261. 182-193
Brazil 1: 145-153.
PPs100 3.12 47.56 52.44 2.31 7.21 67.01
Gallagher, M.L. (1994). The use of
The local market price were 8LE for fish meal, 2.50LE for gluten, 1.70LE for soybean meal, 1.00 LE for soybean meal as a replacement for
yellow corn, 9 LE for oil, 5 LE for Vit. & Min. fishmeal in diets for hybrid striped
bass (M. saxatiles X M. chroy sops)
Aquaculture, 126 (1-2) : 119-127.
they reported that the values of HSI However, high replacing levels of fishmeal by Gomes, E. F, Rema, P. and Kaushik, S. (1995a).
were 2–3% or above. Effect of the PP (75 and 100%PP) adversely affected all Replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in the
experimental diets on hepato–somatic the growth and feed utilization parameters diet of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) digestibility and
index confirmed that the fish fed on diets (Table 4), but the incorporation of PPs in growth performance. Aquaculture, 130: 177-186.
containing high levels of corn gluten sea bream diets seemed to be economic Gomes, E. F, Rema, P. and Kaushik, S. (1995b).
meal and soybean meal evidenced a as incorporation of PPs in the diets sharply Replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in
significant (P≤0.05) decrement of the HSI reduced feed costs by 13.71, 27.29, 39.64 and diets for rainbow trout (O. Mykiss) : Effect of the
in relation to the utilization of glycogen, 52.44% for 25PPs, 50PPs, 75PPs and 100%, quality of the fishmeal based control diets on
stored as an energy source.The results respectively. The reduction of feed costs was digestibility and nutrient balances. Water Science
are in agreement with Lanari (2005) and easily observed for the feed costs per Kg and Technology, 31: 205-211.
Sampaio-Oliveira and Cyrino(2008). weight gain which decreased with increasing Gomez-Requeni, P., Mingarro, M., Calduch-Giner,
Effects of the experimental diets on incorporation levels of PPs in agreement with J.A., Medale, F., Martin, S.A.M., Houlihan, D.F.,
whole body protein concentration (Table Soltan (2005) for Nile tilapia and Eid and Kaushik, S., and Perez-Sanchez, J., (2004). Protein
5) were very small with exception of fish Mohamed (2007) for sea bass fingerlings. growth performance, amino acid utilization and
diet containing FM, 25 and 50%PP which somatotropic axis responsiveness to fishmeal
showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) replacement by plant protein sources in gilthead
References sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 232:
compared to the other experimental
APROMAR., (2006). Asociacio´ n Empresarial de 493-510.
diets (75 and 100%PP). Fish body fat
content decreased with increasing level Productores de Cultivos Marinos de Espan, La Hassanen, G.D.I. (1997a). Nutritional value
of PPs substitution. The low percentage Acuicultura Marina de Peces en ,Espan˜a. of some unconventional proteins in practical
of fat stored with diets containing high Informes anuales. Ca´ diz, Spain, 56 pp. diets for sea bass (D. labrax) fingerlings.
level of PPs is due to the limited ingestion Egyptian J. Nutrition and Feeds,1(special Issue
Ballestrazi, R., Lanari, D., D’Agaro, E., and Mion, ):335-348.
of the feed or to probable use of the A., (1994). The effect of dietary protein level
body fat as energy source and may be and source on growth, body composition, total Hassanen, G.D.I. (1997b). Effect of diet composition
also related to the carbohydrate levels ammonia and reactive phosphate excretion and protein level on growth, body composition and
and type of the diets. These results are of growing sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax . cost of production of gilthead sea bream (Sparus
in agreement with Lanari (2005), Tibaldi Aquaculture, 127: 197–206. M. aurata). Egyptian .J. Aquat. Biol & Fish., 2: 1-18.
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 17

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VO L U M E 1 3 I S S U E 1 2 0 1 0
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Evaluation of Fishmeal
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Utilization of spray-dried
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