After the BSE crisis in the EU in late 2001, processed animal proteins (PAPs) were banned from utilisation in feeds for aquaculture and livestock. Some products were re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk of processed animal proteins was used for other applications and exported to markets outside Europe.

1. I N C O R P O R AT I N G
f i s h far m ing t e c h no l og y
March | April 2013
Transforming aquaculture production using
oxygenation systems
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3. FEATURE
Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal
Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2
A
fter the BSE crisis in the EU on a allocation according to economic acid), which act as attractant and palatant in
in late 2001, processed animal value of meat and by-products), plus ener- aquafeeds.
proteins (PAPs) were banned gy for transporting the by-products and
from utilisation in feeds for aqua- drying of the material. Digestible proteins
culture and livestock. Some products were Aquaculture is often criticised for using Digestibility varies a lot between different
re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk more fish than producing fish (FIFO>1). The PAPs and is affected by quality of raw materi-
products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as re-introduction of PAPs provides a chance to als before drying and drying method. We can
they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE lower the FIFO considerably. observe that good quality PAPs show digest-
to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk Apart from sustainability, also nutritionally, ibility levels which are as high as the highest
of processed animal proteins was used for PAPs are the first proteins sources to be used quality fish meals. (Table 2)
other applications and exported to markets to replace fishmeal, for a number of reasons:
outside Europe. Partially soluble proteins
High protein and amino acid content Both fishmeal and PAPs contain important
The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal has PAPs are rich in most essential amino amounts of water soluble proteins, in the
caused important increases in fish feed prices. acids except methionine. They are particu- form of peptides or longer chains. These
It is therefore logical that fish feed producers larly high in arginine and other water soluble water soluble proteins are highly digestible,
continuously look for alternatives, but all other amino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic but also will improve the attractibility and
potential protein sources are becoming scarce
and expensive. The re-introduction of PAPs
Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the
into European aquafeeds, effective on June 1, requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon
2013, would help the European aquaculture
Feather Meat and Gilthead
industry to solve part of the raw material Poultry meal Salmonids
meal bone meal sea bream
problem.
Sustainability Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46
It would also reduce considerably the amino acids (in % of CP)
carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since these arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0
protein sources are locally available and will Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8
partially substitute imported soybean meal
Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3
from the Americas and fishmeal from Peru
and Chile. leucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0
The carbon footprint of PAPs is much Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3
lower than the footprint of vegetable lysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0
meals (Figure 1). Also the emissions related Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3
to land use and land use change (LULUC)
Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0
are higher for vegetable meals. The carbon
threonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2
footprint of poultry meal originates from
the production of the by-products (based tryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6
14 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

5. FEATURE
Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and three
vegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &
Blonk, 2010)
palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestible to increase the availability of phosphorus. Europe for human consumption are carnivo-
protein sources are essential in formulating The phosphorus present in meat and bone rous species. Their ability to digest fibers is
larval and starter diets for fish. Palatability of meal and poultry meal has a higher avail- limited. Vegetable protein source are generally
diets becomes increasingly important when ability. As a consequence, the faeces of fish high in fiber content, while animal proteins
diets are formulated to contain less fishmeal, containing more animal proteins will contain contain very little amounts of fibers.
but more vegetable proteins. less phosphorus which will find its way into
the environment. This excreted phosphorus Lipid content as energy
Presence of digestible P and Ca can cause eutrophication. This is particularly a source, but not as source
Phosphorus digestibility is a major prob- problem for cage farming, and trout farming in of essential fatty acids
lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho- flow through ponds. One disadvantage of PAPs could be the
rus present in vegetable proteins is mostly presence of lipids with saturated fatty acids
trapped in phytine and is not available for the Low fibre content compared to unsaturated fatty acids in fishmeal.
fish. Utilisation of phytase can be a solution Most commercial fish species, cultured in Lipids in fish nutrition have a role for provid-
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March-April 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15

6. Improvement
by nature
Natural valuable ingredients for aqua feed
• Phosterol: a unique combination of natural cholesterol and phospholipids,
an essential nutrient for shrimps
• Hydrolyzed animal proteins for shrimp & fish feed: MucoPro & Gelko, highly digestible
• Processed Animal Proteins for shrimp & fish feed: high protein alternative for fish meal
(Porc meal 65, Porc meal 58, Poultry meal 65)
SON.ADV_13.023.EN.01

7. FEATURE
"PAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introduction into European
aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation
of high proteins fish feeds, since their
availability is better than fishmeal"
ing essential unsaturated fatty ing prices and scarcity of fishmeal, research is
acids (linolenic, EPA and DHA continuously searching for alternatives. This is
for salmonids and EPA and often possible up to a certain level, but total
DHA for marine fishes) and replacement often results in growth loss, even
as energy source. though diets were formulated to contain the
For fish species that can same amounts of essential nutrients for which
tolerate higher amounts of the requirements are known.
lipids in their diet, like salmo- Replacing fishmeal by PAPs gener-
nids, sea bream and sea bass, ally results in better results than replacing
a combination of animal, veg- fishmeal by vegetable proteins. There are
etable and fish oil can satisfy probably some unknown nutrients still to
both requirements, without be discovered, which are present in ani-
altering the fatty acid content mal proteins but not in vegetable proteins.
of the fish flesh. Hydroxyproline, taurine and nucleic acids are
some nutrients that has attracted attention
Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fish Presence of some recently by researchers, but their require-
oil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In nutrients which ments still need further investigation. There
treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receive
first the diet with poultry oil and than the still need to be are probably more nutrients to be discov-
diet with only fish oil investigated ered in the near future.
Due to the ever-increas-
Conclusion
Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed PAPs are high quality protein sources.
for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources Their re-introduction into European aqua-
rainbow trout Gilthead sea bream feeds will facilitate the formulation of high
aDC aDP aDC aDP proteins fish feeds, since their availability
is better than fishmeal. This will also help
the strive towards more sustainable aqua-
lt fish meal 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5
culture. PAPs contain a lot of interesting
Danish fish meal 95,8 nutrients and are a better alternative to
Hydrolyzed feather meal 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7 replace fishmeal than vegetable protein
Meat and bone meal 55,9-72 83-89 35-79 sources. ■
Poultry meal 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9
More InforMatIon:
Soybean meal 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9
Website: www.sonac.biz
Soy protein concentrate 53,2 90,4 1CreveTec, eric@crevetec.be
2Sonac BV, geertvandervelden@sonac.biz
Corn gluten 80-95 74,5-89,5 90
16 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

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