This document summarizes and compares two stories from Xuanzang's records regarding the origin of the Sinhalese people. The first story is similar to the story in the Mahavamsa, involving a lion abducting a king's daughter and their children later settling on the island. The second story matches what is found in the Divyavadana, about a merchant named Sengjia and his son Simhala shipwrecking on the island and interacting with raksha women. While Xuanzang provided more details, the sources he drew from are not fully clear. The document examines similarities and differences between Xuanzang's accounts and other Sri Lankan chronicles and texts.
The story tells of a prince from the kingdom of Kediri who leaves to learn fighting skills in Ponorogo. He disguises himself and becomes a guard, impressing the King of Ponorogo. The King later asks for the princess of Kediri to be his wife. When the prince returns to Kediri as an envoy, his father does not recognize him due to his mask and believes he is a giant. A magical event causes the mask to fuse to his face, turning him into a real giant. His sister promises to accept the marriage proposal if the King of Ponorogo comes with a lion soldier. The prince defeats the lion king in battle and regains his human form. His marriage
Ramdevji performed several miraculous feats ("parchos") in his childhood that revealed his divine nature. One was cooling hot milk with his hand. Another was when he flew away on a toy horse given to a tailor, revealing himself to be God. He also forgave a demon named Bhairvo who was terrorizing villagers after defeating him. Finally, he exposed a merchant named Laakho Vanjaro who was lying about the goods in his sack to avoid taxes. These early signs established Ramdevji as a manifestation of Lord Krishna.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 43Mocomi Kids
What would math be without the number zero? Would decimals exist? What about computers? Find out in Mocomi TimePass Magazine Issue 43. Every issue has something fun for everyone! In each magazine you will find folktales, trivia, puzzles, health tips, jokes and much more!
Uncle Pai's AMAR CHITRA KATHA completed 50 years in 2017. Commemorating this ACK released a set of 6 volumes of Valmiki's Ramayana, one each for the 6 Kandas.
In this 50th year widely shared are the 50 lesser known details of Ramayana. Enjoy reading n sharing with family and friends.
The document provides information about the Oxford Progressive English Readers series. It summarizes that each book in the series follows strict guidelines for syllabus, wordlists, and structure. The texts are graded based on these guidelines from Grade 1 to Grade 5 in terms of word level. Text analysis software ensures readability is controlled at each level, with new words explained in context. Each book also contains exercises to test comprehension.
This document contains the celestial advice given by Prithivi Narayan Shah, the King of Gorkha and Nepal, to his family and advisors. Some of the key points summarized in 3 sentences are:
Prithivi Narayan Shah recounts his experiences visiting the Kathmandu Valley and wanting to become its king. He discusses strategies for conquering the valley, including gaining the support of neighboring states like Lamjung. Prithivi Narayan Shah takes the advice of his maternal brother and advisors on which ethnic groups to rely on in his army and how to develop strategic alliances through marriage to help in his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley.
The story tells of a prince from the kingdom of Kediri who leaves to learn fighting skills in Ponorogo. He disguises himself and becomes a guard, impressing the King of Ponorogo. The King later asks for the princess of Kediri to be his wife. When the prince returns to Kediri as an envoy, his father does not recognize him due to his mask and believes he is a giant. A magical event causes the mask to fuse to his face, turning him into a real giant. His sister promises to accept the marriage proposal if the King of Ponorogo comes with a lion soldier. The prince defeats the lion king in battle and regains his human form. His marriage
Ramdevji performed several miraculous feats ("parchos") in his childhood that revealed his divine nature. One was cooling hot milk with his hand. Another was when he flew away on a toy horse given to a tailor, revealing himself to be God. He also forgave a demon named Bhairvo who was terrorizing villagers after defeating him. Finally, he exposed a merchant named Laakho Vanjaro who was lying about the goods in his sack to avoid taxes. These early signs established Ramdevji as a manifestation of Lord Krishna.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 43Mocomi Kids
What would math be without the number zero? Would decimals exist? What about computers? Find out in Mocomi TimePass Magazine Issue 43. Every issue has something fun for everyone! In each magazine you will find folktales, trivia, puzzles, health tips, jokes and much more!
Uncle Pai's AMAR CHITRA KATHA completed 50 years in 2017. Commemorating this ACK released a set of 6 volumes of Valmiki's Ramayana, one each for the 6 Kandas.
In this 50th year widely shared are the 50 lesser known details of Ramayana. Enjoy reading n sharing with family and friends.
The document provides information about the Oxford Progressive English Readers series. It summarizes that each book in the series follows strict guidelines for syllabus, wordlists, and structure. The texts are graded based on these guidelines from Grade 1 to Grade 5 in terms of word level. Text analysis software ensures readability is controlled at each level, with new words explained in context. Each book also contains exercises to test comprehension.
This document contains the celestial advice given by Prithivi Narayan Shah, the King of Gorkha and Nepal, to his family and advisors. Some of the key points summarized in 3 sentences are:
Prithivi Narayan Shah recounts his experiences visiting the Kathmandu Valley and wanting to become its king. He discusses strategies for conquering the valley, including gaining the support of neighboring states like Lamjung. Prithivi Narayan Shah takes the advice of his maternal brother and advisors on which ethnic groups to rely on in his army and how to develop strategic alliances through marriage to help in his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley.
The twin princesses Anne and Jennifer are coming of age and will soon enter courtship. Their younger brother, Prince Nemo, is curious about courtship but naive. He summons an Earth elf girl, Demeter, from a magical well, and the two share a kiss. Meanwhile, the Prescott twins Catherine and Connor are also reaching adulthood. Catherine is ambitious to marry Prince Nemo, though her status as a Noble may prevent it. Connor attracts a Peasant girl, Hanako, though their classes forbid marriage. Additionally, four new Peasant families have settled in the kingdom.
King Henry has arranged for his sons Prince Derek and Prince Xander to marry Violet Starr and Hinamori Kasumi respectively. However, Derek has feelings for Dahlia Trace, while Xander loves Violet. Lord Kasumi hopes to use the marriages to position his family for the throne. Prince Derek discusses changing the law to allow people to marry for love once he becomes king.
This document provides a detailed description and analysis of a unique 8-foot tall monolithic sculpture from the 6th century AD known as Rudra-Shiva. Some key points:
1. Rudra-Shiva is a gigantic sandstone sculpture carved with 12 heads (including the main head), many depicting human and animal faces. It was discovered buried at the Devrani Temple in Chhattisgarh, India.
2. The sculpture has unusual and ambiguous features that defy classification in known artistic styles. It depicts a variety of mystical symbols and numbers.
3. The author analyzes the sculpture's artistic elements in great detail, interpreting the faces and symbols as possibly representing Hindu concepts like the
Mail on Sunday's 'You Magazine', Sunday 15th September, 2013Sophia Swire
Sophia Swire founded the charity Future Brilliance to teach Afghan women jewelry making skills and help them start businesses. The charity launched a new jewelry line called Aayenda during London Fashion Week. Future Brilliance held a six-month course in Jaipur, India to teach 35 Afghan men and women design, techniques, and business skills. One student, 50-year old widow Khala Zada, was initially reluctant to attend but gained a certificate and can now expand her lapis lazuli bead jewelry business. The goal is to help Afghan artisans become self-sufficient as foreign aid decreases by developing business and export skills.
This document provides several stories about the witty court poet Tenali Ramakrishna from the Vijayanagara empire. It describes how Ramakrishna gained his wit and humor from blessing from the goddess Kali. It then narrates three comic incidents where Ramakrishna uses his wit and intelligence: outsmarting thieves trying to steal from his well, tricking the king of Delhi to get royal rewards, and advising the king against being fooled by a horse trader.
This story tells of a hunter who saves a man, lion, and snake trapped under a fallen tree. Later, when the lion catches the king's daughter, he spares her as a gift to the hunter for saving him. However, the hunter is imprisoned for kidnapping her. When the king is bitten by a snake, only the hunter knows the antidote and saves the king. The king then releases the hunter and allows him to marry his daughter, recognizing his debt of gratitude.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 50Mocomi Kids
Here is a continuation of the story in rhyme:
Blackbeard set sail with his pirate crew,
Their cannons and cutlasses shiny and new.
They spotted the Queen Mary just off in the blue,
"Full speed ahead men!" Blackbeard did shout.
His crew cheered and hollered without a doubt.
The Queen Mary saw Blackbeard and froze with fear,
They knew not to battle when he drew near.
They raised the white flag without any cheer,
"We surrender!" they cried out with woe.
"No one will be harmed, just come below."
Blackbeard took control of the Queen Mary's hold,
The document is a collection of short stories by Gia Tortladze. It begins with a story called "Hazrat Vali" set in a village in northern Pakistan, where the title character falls in love with a woman promised to another. They plan to elope but are discovered. The woman is shot and killed, and Hazrat Vali is wounded as he tries to escape. The story then jumps ahead many years to Ravalpindi, where a man named Hallil-Beg works as a blacksmith after fleeing his homeland, haunted by the past tragedy. The collection contains a variety of stories exploring life, relationships,
Quiz Finals (on Ramayana and Mahabharata) @ Kalakriti 2014AshreyaJayaram
Thank you for the questions. I don't have enough context to answer them. Could you please provide a brief summary of the context behind the questions? That would help me respond more accurately.
Crossing the Mirage – Passing through youthBS Murthy
This ‘coming of age’ novel, set in the dunes of Chandra’s self-perceived ugliness, Nithya’s plight by Vasu’s jilt, Prema’s heartburn by Sathya and the poetic justice in his unrequited love for Kala, besides unfolding the possibilities of life in the oasis of hope - of self-discovery, retribution, and atonement - challenges the perception that fact is stranger than fiction
Sri Bhagavatham is the last of the eighteen Puranas .So , it has all the distilled knowledge , wisdom of Veda Vyasa ! It has 12 Skandhams , I have managed to list down in Q&A form the essence of first 10 Skandhams which may be useful to those who are seeking some information in this direction . This is based on my own understanding of things and have possible limitations and short comings .If you find anything , pl help me to correct and improve .If you find it useful , it is my Guru's blessing ONLY . Goodluck ! Radhe Krishna !
The Ramayana says that King Rawana, who lived in Sri Lanka, died in the Great War of Rama Rawana, but the body of King Rawana, who fainted from Rama's blows, was safely buried on the top of the "Maha Kudugala Kadu" in the Nuwara Eliya District, and his body was found in a river three days later. It is said in an ancient pamphlet that after that King Rawana regained consciousness and after regaining consciousness for the longest time he went to the Maha Dabhagas Arana in the Himalayan forest to meditate.
Ranga's Marriage beautifully portrays the thoughts of young men about marriage have not changed in the many years. This is a gentle satire about Indian mentality about everything Englsh - both language and culture
The document discusses Indian art and culture, providing details about:
1) Rock paintings discovered in India in 1867-68, pre-dating similar discoveries in Spain.
2) The rich rock paintings found in the Vindhya mountain ranges dating back to prehistoric times.
3) The caves of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh containing a variety of prehistoric rock art themes ranging from daily life to sacred images.
King Janak was the historic king of ancient Mithila kingdom, located in current day Nepal. He was renowned for his spirituality and philosophy. Sita, the main female character of the Hindu epic Ramayana, was considered an incarnation of goddess Lakshmi and was born as King Janak's daughter. Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini, Nepal in the 6th-5th century BCE. He was a Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama who renounced his wealth and position to seek spiritual enlightenment.
Hinduism is the oldest and most widely practiced religion in India, with about 80% of Indians identifying as Hindu. The oldest Hindu texts are the Vedas, which constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. Other major religions in India include Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasizes enlightenment and escaping suffering, and Sikhism, which was established by Guru Nanak and emphasizes equality and service. The caste system historically divided Hindu society into hierarchical groups based on occupation. At the top were Brahmins, with untouchables at the bottom facing severe discrimination. Other topics discussed include sati, where widows were forced to immolate themselves on their husband's funeral
HERE IT IS THE UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT RAMAYANA WHICH PERSON OR HUMAN BEING CANNOT KNOWN EASILY LITERALLY I AM SHOCKED TO FIND THIS THINGS IN RAMAYANA SO KINDLY WATCH THE SLIDE AND GIVE ME FEEDBACK
KINDLY PLEASE CONTACT ME ON INSTAGRAM=https://www.instagram.com/raj_tapariya/
India is the second most populous nation and seventh largest country by area. It has a long coastline and a population of over 1 billion people. The earliest settlers called their land Bharat thousands of years ago. Hinduism and the caste system formed the basis of early Indian society. The Ramayana and Mahabharata are ancient epics that are important parts of Hindu scripture. The Ramayana tells the story of Prince Rama and his wife Sita. After Sita is kidnapped, Rama allies with the monkey king Sugriva to search for and rescue her from the demon king Ravana.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 15Mocomi Kids
A raccoon can tell if something is edible just by touching it! Find out more awesome facts about raccoons in Issue 15 of Mocomi TimePass Magazine. Every issue has something fun for everyone! In each magazine you will find folktales, trivia, puzzles, health tips, jokes and much more!
The document describes rules for a 35 question India quiz. It provides sample questions and answers related to Indian mythology, history, and culture. Key details include that the first 20 questions are worth 1 point each, next 15 questions are worth 2 points each, and questions 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 are starred tie-breaker questions. The document then lists 35 multiple choice style questions related to Indian mythology along with their answers.
The document summarizes several Turkish legends:
1. The legend of the origin of the Turkish people, who descended from a divine source through a marriage between the daughters of an emperor and a grey wolf.
2. The legend of Abraham and Nemrut, where Abraham is thrown into a fire and survives, creating a lake and garden.
3. The legend of Sarıkız, a beautiful girl who is defamed and retreats to a mountain, where she is discovered to have become a saint.
4. Brief introductions to several Turkish trickster tales involving Nasreddin Hodja and Şahmaran, a snake king.
I apologize, but I do not have enough context to identify the socialist leader being referred to. Could you please provide more details from the question or context?
The twin princesses Anne and Jennifer are coming of age and will soon enter courtship. Their younger brother, Prince Nemo, is curious about courtship but naive. He summons an Earth elf girl, Demeter, from a magical well, and the two share a kiss. Meanwhile, the Prescott twins Catherine and Connor are also reaching adulthood. Catherine is ambitious to marry Prince Nemo, though her status as a Noble may prevent it. Connor attracts a Peasant girl, Hanako, though their classes forbid marriage. Additionally, four new Peasant families have settled in the kingdom.
King Henry has arranged for his sons Prince Derek and Prince Xander to marry Violet Starr and Hinamori Kasumi respectively. However, Derek has feelings for Dahlia Trace, while Xander loves Violet. Lord Kasumi hopes to use the marriages to position his family for the throne. Prince Derek discusses changing the law to allow people to marry for love once he becomes king.
This document provides a detailed description and analysis of a unique 8-foot tall monolithic sculpture from the 6th century AD known as Rudra-Shiva. Some key points:
1. Rudra-Shiva is a gigantic sandstone sculpture carved with 12 heads (including the main head), many depicting human and animal faces. It was discovered buried at the Devrani Temple in Chhattisgarh, India.
2. The sculpture has unusual and ambiguous features that defy classification in known artistic styles. It depicts a variety of mystical symbols and numbers.
3. The author analyzes the sculpture's artistic elements in great detail, interpreting the faces and symbols as possibly representing Hindu concepts like the
Mail on Sunday's 'You Magazine', Sunday 15th September, 2013Sophia Swire
Sophia Swire founded the charity Future Brilliance to teach Afghan women jewelry making skills and help them start businesses. The charity launched a new jewelry line called Aayenda during London Fashion Week. Future Brilliance held a six-month course in Jaipur, India to teach 35 Afghan men and women design, techniques, and business skills. One student, 50-year old widow Khala Zada, was initially reluctant to attend but gained a certificate and can now expand her lapis lazuli bead jewelry business. The goal is to help Afghan artisans become self-sufficient as foreign aid decreases by developing business and export skills.
This document provides several stories about the witty court poet Tenali Ramakrishna from the Vijayanagara empire. It describes how Ramakrishna gained his wit and humor from blessing from the goddess Kali. It then narrates three comic incidents where Ramakrishna uses his wit and intelligence: outsmarting thieves trying to steal from his well, tricking the king of Delhi to get royal rewards, and advising the king against being fooled by a horse trader.
This story tells of a hunter who saves a man, lion, and snake trapped under a fallen tree. Later, when the lion catches the king's daughter, he spares her as a gift to the hunter for saving him. However, the hunter is imprisoned for kidnapping her. When the king is bitten by a snake, only the hunter knows the antidote and saves the king. The king then releases the hunter and allows him to marry his daughter, recognizing his debt of gratitude.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 50Mocomi Kids
Here is a continuation of the story in rhyme:
Blackbeard set sail with his pirate crew,
Their cannons and cutlasses shiny and new.
They spotted the Queen Mary just off in the blue,
"Full speed ahead men!" Blackbeard did shout.
His crew cheered and hollered without a doubt.
The Queen Mary saw Blackbeard and froze with fear,
They knew not to battle when he drew near.
They raised the white flag without any cheer,
"We surrender!" they cried out with woe.
"No one will be harmed, just come below."
Blackbeard took control of the Queen Mary's hold,
The document is a collection of short stories by Gia Tortladze. It begins with a story called "Hazrat Vali" set in a village in northern Pakistan, where the title character falls in love with a woman promised to another. They plan to elope but are discovered. The woman is shot and killed, and Hazrat Vali is wounded as he tries to escape. The story then jumps ahead many years to Ravalpindi, where a man named Hallil-Beg works as a blacksmith after fleeing his homeland, haunted by the past tragedy. The collection contains a variety of stories exploring life, relationships,
Quiz Finals (on Ramayana and Mahabharata) @ Kalakriti 2014AshreyaJayaram
Thank you for the questions. I don't have enough context to answer them. Could you please provide a brief summary of the context behind the questions? That would help me respond more accurately.
Crossing the Mirage – Passing through youthBS Murthy
This ‘coming of age’ novel, set in the dunes of Chandra’s self-perceived ugliness, Nithya’s plight by Vasu’s jilt, Prema’s heartburn by Sathya and the poetic justice in his unrequited love for Kala, besides unfolding the possibilities of life in the oasis of hope - of self-discovery, retribution, and atonement - challenges the perception that fact is stranger than fiction
Sri Bhagavatham is the last of the eighteen Puranas .So , it has all the distilled knowledge , wisdom of Veda Vyasa ! It has 12 Skandhams , I have managed to list down in Q&A form the essence of first 10 Skandhams which may be useful to those who are seeking some information in this direction . This is based on my own understanding of things and have possible limitations and short comings .If you find anything , pl help me to correct and improve .If you find it useful , it is my Guru's blessing ONLY . Goodluck ! Radhe Krishna !
The Ramayana says that King Rawana, who lived in Sri Lanka, died in the Great War of Rama Rawana, but the body of King Rawana, who fainted from Rama's blows, was safely buried on the top of the "Maha Kudugala Kadu" in the Nuwara Eliya District, and his body was found in a river three days later. It is said in an ancient pamphlet that after that King Rawana regained consciousness and after regaining consciousness for the longest time he went to the Maha Dabhagas Arana in the Himalayan forest to meditate.
Ranga's Marriage beautifully portrays the thoughts of young men about marriage have not changed in the many years. This is a gentle satire about Indian mentality about everything Englsh - both language and culture
The document discusses Indian art and culture, providing details about:
1) Rock paintings discovered in India in 1867-68, pre-dating similar discoveries in Spain.
2) The rich rock paintings found in the Vindhya mountain ranges dating back to prehistoric times.
3) The caves of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh containing a variety of prehistoric rock art themes ranging from daily life to sacred images.
King Janak was the historic king of ancient Mithila kingdom, located in current day Nepal. He was renowned for his spirituality and philosophy. Sita, the main female character of the Hindu epic Ramayana, was considered an incarnation of goddess Lakshmi and was born as King Janak's daughter. Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini, Nepal in the 6th-5th century BCE. He was a Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama who renounced his wealth and position to seek spiritual enlightenment.
Hinduism is the oldest and most widely practiced religion in India, with about 80% of Indians identifying as Hindu. The oldest Hindu texts are the Vedas, which constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. Other major religions in India include Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasizes enlightenment and escaping suffering, and Sikhism, which was established by Guru Nanak and emphasizes equality and service. The caste system historically divided Hindu society into hierarchical groups based on occupation. At the top were Brahmins, with untouchables at the bottom facing severe discrimination. Other topics discussed include sati, where widows were forced to immolate themselves on their husband's funeral
HERE IT IS THE UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT RAMAYANA WHICH PERSON OR HUMAN BEING CANNOT KNOWN EASILY LITERALLY I AM SHOCKED TO FIND THIS THINGS IN RAMAYANA SO KINDLY WATCH THE SLIDE AND GIVE ME FEEDBACK
KINDLY PLEASE CONTACT ME ON INSTAGRAM=https://www.instagram.com/raj_tapariya/
India is the second most populous nation and seventh largest country by area. It has a long coastline and a population of over 1 billion people. The earliest settlers called their land Bharat thousands of years ago. Hinduism and the caste system formed the basis of early Indian society. The Ramayana and Mahabharata are ancient epics that are important parts of Hindu scripture. The Ramayana tells the story of Prince Rama and his wife Sita. After Sita is kidnapped, Rama allies with the monkey king Sugriva to search for and rescue her from the demon king Ravana.
Mocomi TimePass The Magazine - Issue 15Mocomi Kids
A raccoon can tell if something is edible just by touching it! Find out more awesome facts about raccoons in Issue 15 of Mocomi TimePass Magazine. Every issue has something fun for everyone! In each magazine you will find folktales, trivia, puzzles, health tips, jokes and much more!
The document describes rules for a 35 question India quiz. It provides sample questions and answers related to Indian mythology, history, and culture. Key details include that the first 20 questions are worth 1 point each, next 15 questions are worth 2 points each, and questions 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 are starred tie-breaker questions. The document then lists 35 multiple choice style questions related to Indian mythology along with their answers.
The document summarizes several Turkish legends:
1. The legend of the origin of the Turkish people, who descended from a divine source through a marriage between the daughters of an emperor and a grey wolf.
2. The legend of Abraham and Nemrut, where Abraham is thrown into a fire and survives, creating a lake and garden.
3. The legend of Sarıkız, a beautiful girl who is defamed and retreats to a mountain, where she is discovered to have become a saint.
4. Brief introductions to several Turkish trickster tales involving Nasreddin Hodja and Şahmaran, a snake king.
I apologize, but I do not have enough context to identify the socialist leader being referred to. Could you please provide more details from the question or context?
The document provides background on Chanakya Pandit, an ancient Indian philosopher and teacher. It describes how Chanakya helped install Chandragupta Maurya as king in order to defeat invading forces and protect India. Under Chanakya's guidance, Chandragupta went on to build one of the largest empires in Indian history. The document then discusses several of Chanakya's teachings on politics, ethics, and living a prudent life. It provides 13 verses from Chanakya's work on these topics.
1. The document discusses the roles and status of women during different periods of Indian history, focusing on the Mughal period.
2. It describes how Muslim aristocratic women during the Mughal Dynasty, such as Nur Jahan and Jahanara Begum, held influential positions and power. Nur Jahan effectively ruled the Mughal Empire from 1611-1627 while her husband Jahangir was dependent on alcohol and drugs.
3. Other notable women mentioned include Zebunnisa, the daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb, who was a poet, scholar, and patron of learning, and Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Emperor Shah Jahan and for whom the Taj Mah
Kamdi jignesh reviewed the book "Secret of Nagas" by Amish Tripathi. The book is the second installment in the Shiva trilogy. It continues the story of Shiva who has arrived in the land of Meluha and is believed to be their savior as the Neelkanth. In this book, Shiva travels to different lands to investigate the Nagas and uncover secrets about his wife Sati's past. He encounters many challenges along the way and learns more about his role in saving Meluha from unknown dangers.
Garh Panchkot in Purulia, West Bengal has a rich history dating back to the 9th century AD. It was originally part of the ancient kingdom of Rajchakla Panchkot and was ruled by the Singh Deo dynasty for around 800 years. The capital was shifted to Garh Panchkot in 940 AD, where five concentric fortification walls once surrounded the royal habitation. The kingdom was later ruled by the Bishnupur Malla dynasty before being abandoned in the 1750s due to raids. Many ruins from the dynasty remain at Garh Panchkot including temples. In 1959, local girl Budhni Mejhan garnered national attention after welcoming Prime Minister Neh
The document provides information on the Naga tribes of Sri Lanka. It discusses the origins of the Naga people, noting they appear as a distinct group in early Sri Lankan and Tamil writings from the 3rd century BCE. It describes how the Naga assimilated to Tamil language and culture over time and lost their separate identity. The document also outlines aspects of Naga culture like snake worship, architecture, irrigation works, cuisine, dress, marriage traditions, and festivals. Key festivals mentioned include Gan Ngai and Rih Ngai.
1. This document contains a 20 question quiz with some questions marked with a star. It provides the questions, answers, and some additional context for the questions.
2. The quiz covers topics in Indian history, mythology, politics, business and culture. It includes questions about famous Indians, historical events, places in India, and Indian products.
3. The top 6 teams with the highest scores will qualify for the finals.
Every culture has its own mythology – a set of stories that involve heroic
characters, mythical beasts, gods, advanced technology, and fantastic
locations. While their validity is questionable, their existence shows the
incredible fascination that we, as humans, have for these stories. Indian
mythology contains a vast and ancient array of tales, which are
stimulating, entertaining, and have a moral lesson behind them.
Moshimar was a priest king who lived lavishly but lacked faith. When his subjects protested his plan to hide from the sun in an underground cellar, he divided them into loyal and disloyal groups. Kanaska alone opposed Moshimar. As a test of loyalty, Moshimar had Kanaska execute the disloyal group. Years later, after helping Moshimar conquer many lands and establish the Moshimar Dynasty, Kanaska realized the tyranny. He assassinated Moshimar and his family, then convinced the people to establish an egalitarian Peaceful Dynasty without wealth or status divides.
The document summarizes the life story of Buddha. It describes his birth in Lumbini Garden to Queen Maha Maya and King Suddhodana as Prince Siddhartha. As a young man, he was sheltered from suffering but later witnessed an old man, a sick man, and a corpse, which troubled him. He left the palace to seek enlightenment and practiced asceticism for years before achieving enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Buddha then spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma until his death at age 80.
The document summarizes a textbook called "Rural Property Valuation" published by the Appraisal Institute. It discusses how the textbook provides essential guidance for appraising rural properties, covering topics unique to valuing agricultural land, ranches, timberland, and other rural uses. The textbook is said to be an important resource for students and practitioners to understand rural markets and issues. It contains 19 chapters covering key appraisal topics from a rural perspective, and provides up-to-date information on valuation of rural properties in the United States.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
1. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development (AJMRD)
Volume 2, Issue 10 (October- 2020), PP 55-57
ISSN: 2360-821X
www.ajmrd.com
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 55
Research Paper Open Access
Two Stories on Origin of Sinhalese as in the Records of Xuanzang
1
Dr. Nadeesha Gunawardana and 2
Dr. Ubesekara Dissanayake
1
(Department of History, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka)
2
(Department of Sociology and University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka)
ABSTRACT: In this research, the attention is made to compare the records of the Xuanzang with the
chronicles of Sri Lanka, the Divyāvadāna, the records of Faxian and the Jātaka stories. Xuanzang reveals two
stories regarding the origin of Sinhalese people. One of the stories is much more similar with the Mahāvaṃśa
and the other is similar to that of the Divyāvadāna.
I. INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this research paper is to identify the authenticity of the historical facts compiled
on Sri Lank, by Xuanzang. He travelled to India in seventh century C.E. Although he wanted to visit Sri Lanka,
he could not visit the island owing to a famine and political unrest in Sri Lanka. He visited Kānchipuram, and
there he met the chief monks of the Bodhimegehsvar and Abhayadrustra with three hundred other fellow monks,
who stayed in South India, owing to the famine and the political unrest that occurred in Sri Lanka. Xuanzang’s
records of Sri Lanka was based on, what he has heard from the above monks.
FIRTST STORY
Xuanzang’s description sheds light on two stories of the origin of siṃhalese. These two stories might
have been taken by the two different historical traditions that exist in Sri Lanka. The first story has been taken
from Maha Vihara tradition. As mentioned by the Xuanzang a king in India had a daughter. When she was sent
to the neighboring kingdom to get married, a lion abducted her. They dwelled in the wilderness, in consequence
they had two children. When the children are grown up, they were reluctant to stay in the jungle and they
secretly came out of the jungle without informing their father, lion. There was no family left and their ancestral
line was extinguished. All the people pitied them and immediately provided them with funds. The lion got
tempered without seeing his family and started to kill villagers. The king was unable to settle this devastation
caused by the lion. The king announced, “that whoever would catch the lion and free the kingdom from the
disaster, would receive a high reward and be honored luxuriantly for his achievement”. Finally the lion was
killed by his son and after hearing the relation of the lion and the son, the children were expelled by the king
from the county. The boat of the son was carried to Ratnadīpa and the daughter was carried to the west of the
kingdom of Persia. Having killed the merchants eventually, the son of the lion was able to establish his power in
Ratnadīpa. As recorded by the Xuanzang all the characters are anonymous. This lacunae can be filled by an
examination of the vaṃsa tradtion in Sri Lanak. As described in the Dīpavaṃsa the king’s name was Vaṅga,
king’s daughter was Susīmā, the son’s name was Siṅhabāhu and the daughter’s name was Siṅhasīvale.1
The
story is quite compatible with the story of Dīpavaṃsa and the Mahāvaṃsa. The son of Sinhabāhu by the name
of Prince Vijaya had been banished from India as mentioned in the Vaṃsa tradition in Sri Lanka. Faxian doesn’t
mention the story at all.
THE SECOND STORY
There is another piece of information, regarding the origin of the Siṅhalese, which is not highlighted in
the Maha vihara vaṃsa tradition or the Theravada vamsa tradtion. This story might have been taken from a
traditions belonged to the Abayagiri. Xuanzang emphasized, this story is in the Buddhist texts. We can find this
story only in the Divyāvadāna and the Jātaka2
. This story is more compatible with the Siṃhalāvadāna, in
Divyāvadāna. As mentioned in the text of Xuanzang there was a great merchant leader on the Jambu-continent
called Sengjia, and his son was called Simhala. He embarked together with five hundred merchants, set to sea in
order to collect jewels, and the wind drifted them on the waves until they reached the treasure-island. Thereupon
the merchant leader had pleasure and amused himself with the queen of the rakṣa-women in that island. Each of
1
Oldenberg Hermann (1992), 9:2.
2
Fausboll. V (1962), no. 195, 89-91.
2. Two Stories on origin of Sinhalese as in the records of Xuanzang
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 56
the other merchants also found a matching partner, and after a year, all the rakṣa-women bore a child. Then, one
night, Siṃhala had a nightmare and knew that they were not in a lucky situation he secretly looked for a way
out. He arrived at an iron prison and then heard the sound of wailing. He then climbed on a high tree and asked:
“Who is retained here to make these sad complaints?” The inmates said: “Do you not know? The women in the
city are all rakṣas. They said: “We heard that on the shore of the ocean there is a divine horse, and that if one
implores, it sincerely, it will certainly save us all.” When Siṃhala heard this, he secretly told the other
merchants that they should go to the sea shore together and put their energy in looking for help. Thereupon the
divine horse came and said to the men: “Each of you should grasp my mane and not look back; I will save you.
The divine horse leaped up highly to its cloudy path and crossed over to the other shore of the ocean. When the
rakṣa-women suddenly realized that their consorts had escaped they told each other about it and wondered
where they could have gone; each of them took her child, went forth and back in the sky. Having encountered
the merchants, they shed tears and started weeping. The merchants fell in love again, could not master their
emotions. The rakṣa-women congratulated each other, took those merchants and carried them away. Only
Siṃhala in his steadfast wisdom did not waver in his determination. Thereupon the rakṣa-queen returned to the
Iron City without her husband and the child. The other rakṣa-women said to her that she is not capable enough
to take her husband and wife back and should not live there. Then the rakṣa-queen took her own child, flew in
front of Siṃhala and used all her seductive power to lure him into coming back. The raksa princess went to the
Siṃhala’s home and cheated his father too by convincing relation of the Siṃhala and the son. Siṃhala’s mind
did not change and he refuse by saying that she is a raksa.
Thereupon the rakṣa-woman accused Siṃhala before the king. The king was delighted by her delicate
beauty and said to Siṃhala: “If you have to abandon this woman, leave her in the inner palace.” Siṃhala said: “I
am afraid that this will become a disaster. Because she is a rakṣa, she only partakes of flesh and blood.” The
king did not listen to Siṃhala’s words. In the later half of the night she flew back to the treasure-island,
summoned the other five hundred rakṣa-demonesses and went with them to the royal palace and killed everyone.
The next day morning nobody knew the reason of this disaster. Siṃhala explained everything and having seen
the distinguished features of the siṃhala, ministers helped him to become the king of this particular area. Later
Siṃhala destroyed the Iron City and the iron prison, rescued the merchants and gathered many pearls and
jewels. He recruited people to move to the treasure-island and live there, founded a capital and built settlements,
and finally a kingdom existed there. According to the name of the king the kingdom was called Siṃhala.
The above story illustrates “The top of the gate-tower two banners were erected, indicating as signs
luck or evil. In case of lucky circumstances the banner of luck moved, in case of evil matters the banner of evil
moved”.3
This could be admitted as modern days, the giving signals through flags might have existed in the pre
historic period in Sri Lanka.
Although this story quite compatible with the Divyāvadāna, there exists few discrepancy. It is
indisputably clear Xuanzang gives us the whole story, but Divyāvadāna doesn’t reveal the whole story and it
says, for the further clarification to refer the Rakshasi sutra.4
Either Divyāvadāna or Jātaka don’t give us the full
story of this. This lacunae can be only filled up by the records of Xuanzang. Faxian does not mention the story
at all.
According to the previous story, Sri Lanka was ruled by a Rakshasi. This testifies that the administrative powers
were vested even to the women. As mentioned in the Mahāvaṃsa goddess were worshiped by the people even in
the 5th
century B.C.E.5
The king Paṇḍukābhaya (5th
B.C.E) has constructed house for the yaksani Valavāmukhī
within the royal precincts and made early sacrificial offerings. It is undisputable that the women were
privileged. It is completely different from the social structure that was existed in India by this time.
According to the Valāhassa Jātaka there were she goblins in the town called Sirisavatthu in Ceylon.
These she goblins used to come to the merchants with the children on their hips in order to make them imagine
that there is a city of human beings. Once the five hundred shipwrecked traders were disembarked and the she
goblins came up to them and enticed them, till they brought them to their city. The chief she goblin took the
chief man, and the others took the rest, till five hundred had the five hundred traders; and they made the men
their husbands. When her man was asleep, the chief she-goblin rose up, and made her way to the house of death,
slew some of the men and ate them. The others did the same. When the eldest she goblin returned from eating
men's flesh, her body was cold. The eldest merchant embraced her, and perceived that she was a goblin. Then
the chief trader with two hundred and fifty, who were ready to obey him, fled away in fear of the goblins. At
that time, the Bōdhisattva had come into the world as a flying horse.6
From Himalaya he flew through the air
3
Rongxi Li (1996), 326.
4
Senevirathna N.A (1999), 467
5
Geiger Wilhelm (1950), 10:86.
6
Anderson, Catalogue of the Indian Museum, 189.
3. Two Stories on origin of Sinhalese as in the records of Xuanzang
Multidisciplinary Journal www.ajmrd.com Page | 57
until he came to Ceylon. There he passed over the ponds and tanks of Ceylon, and ate the paddy that grew wild
there. As he passed on thus, he thrice uttered human speech filled with mercy, saying—"Who wants to go
home? who wants to go home?" The traders heard his saying, and cried—" We are going home, master ! "they
climbed up, some laid hold of his tail, and some remained standing, with a respectful salute. Then the
Bōdhisattva took up even those who stood still saluting him, and conveyed all of them, even two hundred and
fifty, to their own country, and set down each in his own place; then he went back to his place of dwelling. The
she-goblins, when other men came to that place, slew those two hundred and fifty who were left, and devoured
them. Xuanzang’s description illustrates the whole story of the above.
II. CONCLUSION
These two stories might have taken by the two different historical traditions that existed in Sri Lanka.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Primary Sources
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On one side of a pillar in a Buddhist railing at Mathura, is a flying horse with people clinging to it, perhaps
intended for this scene.