This document outlines guidelines for developing typologies to capture farming systems diversity. It describes a 6-step process: 1) define the objective, 2) develop hypotheses about diversity, 3) collect data, 4) select key variables, 5) cluster farms, 6) verify hypotheses and typology. The major steps are explained, including using multivariate statistics and cluster analysis to group farms. Case studies from Africa are presented to illustrate applying both statistical and participatory approaches to interpret results and combine expert and statistical analyses.

1. Hypothesis based typologies for capturing diversity
Stephanie Alvarez, Wim Paas, Katrien Descheemaeker, Jeroen Groot
Wageningen University, Farming Systems Ecology & Plant Production Systems groups
Humidtropics

2. Aim of typologies:
- Capture variability of farming systems
- Understand heterogeneity in regions
Introduction
Hengsdijk et al., 2014; N2Africa report – 2 action sites in Kenya
Franke et al., 2014

3. Aim of typologies:
- Capture variability of farming systems
- Understand heterogeneity in regions
For
1. Targeting and tailoring
2. Scaling out; dissemination
3. Selection of representative farms
4. Scaling up; extrapolate to larger scale
Introduction

4. Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
5. Clustering the farms
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Overall:
Combine expert knowledge from
participatory work with statistical
analysis
Guidelines

5. Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
Specific: Improve forage production in
mixed systems of Rwanda
Broad: Improve food security in the
humid tropics
Guidelines

6. Major steps:
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
Participatory process for ex-ante
description of farm types ; identification
of discriminating criteria
Guidelines

7. Major steps:
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
Variable categories:
- Structural vs. functional characteristics
- Resource availability vs. management
- Biophysical vs. socio-economic
- Farm vs. external
key variables: 5 - 46, av. 15
sampled farms: 18 – 2746, av. 138
#farms > 5 * #variables
Guidelines

8. Major steps:
5. Clustering the farms
Guidelines

9. Major steps:
5. Clustering the farming systems
a. Multivariate statistics
(PCA, MCA, MFA)
Discriminating variables
Guidelines

10. Guidelines
Major steps:
5. Clustering the farming systems
a. Multivariate statistics
(PCA, MCA, MFA)
Discriminating variables
b. Cluster analysis

11. Major steps:
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Guidelines

12. Major steps:
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Example from Ghana – participatory and statistical approach
Guidelines
Poster, Katja Kuivanen et al.

13. Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
5. Clustering the farms
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Guidelines

14. coffee >35%
grazing land>20%
khat>30%
enset>35%
Classification trees and trends
Homegarden types in Ethiopia
Khat Enset-
cereal
Enset Enset-
coffee
Enset-
livestock
Khat Enset-
cereal
Enset Enset-
coffee
Enset-
livestock
Areashareofkhat(%)
Areashareofcoffee(%)
Khat Enset-
cereal
Enset Enset-
coffee
Enset-
livestock
Areashareofenset(%)
Areashareofgrazingland(%)
Khat Enset-
cereal
Enset Enset-
coffee
Enset-
livestock

15. Farms
4 types
Enset-coffee
3 types
Enset-
livestock
2 types
Enset-cereal-
vegetable
Enset
Khat
khat
>30%
coffee
>35%
Grazing
land>20%
Enset
>35%

16. 1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3
Enset
Enset-
livestock
Enset-
coffee
Enset-
cereal-
vegetable
Khat
1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3
Khat
Enset-
livestock
Enset-
cereal-
vegetable
Enset
Enset-
coffee
Classification trees and trends
31%
30%
19%
17%
3%
24%
24%
21%
18%
13%

17. Spatial organization of farm types
Type Main characteristics
1 HRE, large cattle herd, ample off-farm activities
2 MRE, large farms, market orientation
3 MRE, small ruminants, on-farm labour intensive
4 MRE, small ruminants, ample hired labour
5 LRE, maize dominated, few off-farm activities
6 SRC, livestock sales, ample off-farm activities
Katja Kuivanen
Small & medium farms
Small ruminants
Market oriented
farms
High resource
endowed farms

18. Statistical background and examples
Appendix C of the report
R code to explore the data and run the analysis
Tips for interpretation of statistical results

19. Conclusions
Typology guidelines: 6 steps, no recipe book
Interpretation of results ; degree of subjectivity
Combine statistical methods with participatory work

20. Thank you
https://humidtropics.cgiar.org/constructing-typologies-to-capture-farming-systems-diversity
http://humidtropics.cgiar.org/openaccess/?did=231