This document discusses using hyperspectral imaging to non-destructively inspect infrastructure like bridges. Hyperspectral cameras capture reflectance spectra across hundreds of narrow bands, allowing identification of physical defects and chemical properties unattainable through visual inspection alone. Preliminary tests on concrete specimens in the lab and on a 3-span bridge showed hyperspectral imaging could detect features like corrosion, cracks, and carbonation. Future work will study the effects of imaging parameters and develop classification models to predict degradation levels from the spectral data. The goal is to supplement traditional inspections with an objective, data-driven assessment tool.
Techshore Inspection Services offers QA/QC Civil-concrete NDT and Quantity surveying & Cost estimation. It is very important to ensure that the structure is suitable for its intended use after the concrete has hardened. For this purpose, we can perform non-destructive testing that does not damage the concrete. Non-destructive testing can be applied to both old and new structures. Lets understand the various concrete ndt methods
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Alumni; Dave Cousins, gave this presentation on Thursday 26th October. Have a look at this to find out how to enhance your CPD as an engineer and detect faults in bridges!
Techshore Inspection Services offers QA/QC Civil-concrete NDT and Quantity surveying & Cost estimation. It is very important to ensure that the structure is suitable for its intended use after the concrete has hardened. For this purpose, we can perform non-destructive testing that does not damage the concrete. Non-destructive testing can be applied to both old and new structures. Lets understand the various concrete ndt methods
Corrosion monitoring in petroleum refineriesK R SONI
In petroleum refineries, corrosion of equipment takes place all through its operating life. It is essential to monitor the corrosion damage so that timely corrective actions like maintenance / repairs / rehabilitation of equipment can be undertaken before it causes unsafe plant operations.
The techniques employed for systematic corrosion monitoring of refinery equipment have been described in this presentation.
Alumni; Dave Cousins, gave this presentation on Thursday 26th October. Have a look at this to find out how to enhance your CPD as an engineer and detect faults in bridges!
Introduction to the non destructive testing explains the methods for evaluating and verifying many types of Materials as plastics, structures, metals, chemicals, leakage, physical properties. It's very used in the concrete engineering world and in the scientific world.
The compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of Reactive Powder concrete are all
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technology advances. Cement, sand, water, admixture, and superplasticizer are all included in the RPC. The
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation of reinforcement couplers as replacement of bent-barrk pandey
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Introduction to the non destructive testing explains the methods for evaluating and verifying many types of Materials as plastics, structures, metals, chemicals, leakage, physical properties. It's very used in the concrete engineering world and in the scientific world.
The compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of Reactive Powder concrete are all
investigated in this study (RPC). The lack of ductility in ordinary concrete is considered a key concern in this
research. RPC is being explored as a solution for the aforementioned challenge as the building industry's
technology advances. Cement, sand, water, admixture, and superplasticizer are all included in the RPC. The
reactive powder concrete mixture is made by changing the percentages of super plasticizer (2%, 3% and 4%),
silica fumes (10%, 20%, and 30%), while maintaining the dose of quartz powder constant. At the outset of this
study, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength targets of 140-160Mpa, 20-30Mpa, and
15-20Mpa were set. However, due to a change in material qualities that were locally accessible and of low
quality, the results produced after the investigation were unsatisfactory to get the findings, the RPC was mixed,
cast, cured, and tested in the concrete laboratory using three different mix proportions.
150mmX150mmX150mm cube, 500mmX100mmX100mm beam, and 150mm diameter and 300mm height
cylinder are all made of fresh concrete. The casted RPC is then cured in a water tank at room temperature for 7,
14, and 28 days before being oven dried for 24 hours at 60 degrees Celsius. The final results were documented
and discussed, as well as conclusions and recommendations based on the findings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation of reinforcement couplers as replacement of bent-barrk pandey
In structural concrete, the provisions for anchorage of straight bars and hooks normally present detailing problems due to conjunction of reinforcement bar. Mechanical anchorage device eliminates detailing problems when conjunction of reinforcement bar. This paper represents the various method of mechanical anchorage and past work carried out on mechanical anchorage which shows the effectiveness of mechanical anchorage method over the most commonly used method.
This slide describes the smart materials that are commonly used in civil engineering infrastructure like bridge, road, building etc for measurement of deflection, crack and seismic protection.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Hyperspectral Image Analysis for Mechanical and Chemical Properti.pdf
1. INSPECTING AND PRESERVING
INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH
ROBOTIC EXPLORATION
Hyperspectral Image Analysis for
Mechanical and Chemical Properties
of Concrete and Steel Surfaces
Genda Chen*, Ph.D., P.E., and Hongyan Ma, Ph.D.
Liang Fan, Paul Manley, Huaishuai Shang, and Abadullah Alhaj
* Professor and INSPIRE UTC Director, Missouri S&T
August 14, 2018
2. Outline of This Presentation
• Introduction
• Hyperspectral Imaging
• Dual VNIR-SWIR Camera
• Laboratory Tests
• Preliminary Tests of Three-span Bridge
• Experimental Plan for Future Tests
• Concluding Remarks
3. Introduction
• Bridge Deterioration (2017 ASCE Report)
39% and 15% of 614,387 bridges
in the U.S. are more than 50 years
and 40 to 49 years, respectively.
• Main Cause of Deterioration
Steel corrosion
Monitoring and prevention
Half-cell potential measures the
potential difference between
steel and reference electrode.
Corrosion can be prevented by
introducing cathodic protection.
https://metallisation.com/app
lications/ cathodic‐protection‐
of‐steel‐in‐concrete/
https://www.pressherald.com/2016/
10/11/bath‐viaduct‐project‐begins‐
to‐divert‐traffic‐for‐months/
4. Introduction
• The current practice of visual inspection
is time-consuming, traffic disruptive, and
subjective, leading to inconsistent
reporting.
• A hyperspectral camera can potentially
supplement visual inspection with
quantifiable and reliable imagery.
It can be used to characterize physical
and chemical features (e.g., concrete
crack and steel corrosion).
5. Introduction
• Applications of hyperspectral imaging in
construction materials and structures are
limited.
• Most researches focused on recycled
concrete aggregate control, concrete
drilling core, concrete compressive
strength.
• Corrosion and carbonation induced
concrete degradation has never been
systematically studied before.
6. INTRODUCTION
• This project aims to
Develop an open-source catalogue of concrete
and steel surfaces and their spectral/spatial
features through hyperspectral imaging.
Develop/train a multi-class classification or
regression classifier through machine learning.
Validate the classifier as a decision-making tool
for the assessment of concrete crack and
degradation processes, in-situ concrete
properties, and corrosion process in steel
bridge.
7. Hyperspectral Imaging
• The Method
Hyperspectral imaging is based on light
reflectance from an exposed surface (long and
narrow like a ‘line’) of concrete or steel
members. As a hyperspectral camera moves in
a direction perpendicular to the ‘line’, the entire
surface of a structural member can be scanned.
For each pixel in the scanned area, spectral
analysis is made to determine spectral
signatures of the scanned surface, such as
characteristic wavelength at absorption peaks.
These features, uniquely associated with certain
materials/chemical bonds, can be used to
identify the chemicals generated during
corrosion process.
8. Hyperspectral Imaging
• Example Images in Agriculture Application
https://www.google.com/search?q=hyperspectral+imaging+principle&client=firefox‐b‐1‐
ab&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=YPRSxCEbscaj7M%253A%252C9FJ4kfE_mrjmRM%252C_&usg=AFrqEzd1XFXXtgMYq7
hoTH_rVWInuIl71w&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrNqMoubcAhVSjqQKHfJSC7gQ9QEwBXoECAUQBg#imgrc=_UStnno6WrlxWM:
9. Camera setup at optimal measurement distance
Imaging as camera moves at constant speed
Hyperspectral image processing with reflectance calibration
Machine learning for interesting feature extraction
Classification of structural condition from reference imagery
Hyperspectral Imaging
• The Flowchart of Structural Condition
Assessment with Hyperspectral Imaging
11. Co-aligned Dual VNIR-SWIR Camera
• Specifications
The airborne sensor package measures
approximately 10.7” x 8.2” x 6.5” in size and
weighs approximately 6.25 lb.
Spectral range
400-1000 nm (VNIR)
900-2500 nm (SWIR)
Max frame rate
330 Hz (VNIR)
>100 Hz (SWIR)
12. Co-aligned Dual VNIR-SWIR Camera
• Focus Distance Selection
Focus of imagers set at 4 ft. NOTE: airborne
lenses are designed for infinity focus.
Hyperspectral scans of high contrast targets
taken at 4 ft, 5 ft and 6 ft
Images zoomed in to show the quality of focus
at vertical edges
Metric: best focus = 1 transition pixel from white
to dark
VNIR images show “good” focus for 4 ft, 5 ft
and a little worse for 6 ft
SWIR images show a quicker loss of focus than
VNIR. For sharp SWIR imagery, it is recommend
to remain within 6” of optimal focus distance.
15. Laboratory Tests
• Corrosion Test Setup
The bottom ¼ height of each 36 cm × 18 cm × 9
cm specimen was immersed in salt solution.
Accelerated corrosion test was carried out by
applying a constant current to steel bars with a
current density of 500 µA/cm2 until the mass
loss of the steel bars reached 2%.
Steel bars with impressed current were
corroded, resulting in concrete cracking and
appearance of corrosion
dust due to increasing
volume of corrosion
products.
16. Laboratory Tests
• Hyperspectral Imaging Setup with a VNIR
Camera
The camera was set up 2 m above the concrete
specimens.
The camera scanned at a constant speed of
0.127 m/s.
For the VNIR camera,
both the exposure time
and the frame period
are 0.167 s.
Pixel size ≈ 2.25 cm
21. Three-span Pedestrian Bridge
• Visual Inspection on
Mid-span of the Bridge
with Severe Deterioration
Side view
Concrete delamination
Steel bar corrosion
Bottom-up view
23. Preliminary Tests of the Bridge
400 600 800 1000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Reflectance
Wavelength (nm)
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 4
The pixel size is approximately 15 cm.
24. Experimental Plan
• Influence of Key Operation Parameters
Determine the pixel sizes corresponding to
various measurement distances and the optimal
exposure time and frame rate.
Evaluate the detection precision and sensitivity
using standard samples with known material
composition and grain sizes.
Compare reflectance spectra from various
samples to understand the influence of the
parameters under investigation.
25. Experimental Plan
• 1st Set of Tests
Small plain concrete slabs with various water-
to-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 will be cast
and cured for 28 days, and subjected to
carbonation for various exposure periods (thus
carbonation depths).
Hyperspectral image will be taken, and the
depth of carbonation will be determined by
phenolphthalein.
The surface reflectance spectra at each pixel of
an image will be related to the extent of
carbonation.
26. Experimental Plan
• Concrete Degradation due to Carbonation
Normal concrete contains 25% of calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), while carbonated concrete
generates calcium dioxide (CaCO3).
Absorption peak around 1450 nm in normal
concrete is hardly seen in degraded concrete.
Concrete
degraded
by CO2
Normal
concrete
Arita, Jun, et al. "Assessment of concrete degradation with hyperspectral remote sensing."
22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Vol. 5. 2001.
27. Experimental Plan
• Concrete Ingredients
Processed with different algorithms at various
curing ages (0,1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days):
1: 460 nm-iron oxide; 2: 1400 nm – hygroscopic water
3: 1780 nm – hardener; 4: 1930 nm – liquid water
5: 2225 nm – clay; 6: 2309 nm – calcium
7: 2395 nm – hardener
28. Experimental Plan
• 2nd Set of Tests
Steel reinforcing bars embedded in slab
specimens will be impressed with electrical
current to attain various levels of corrosion.
The reflectance spectra will be obtained during
the whole accelerated corrosion tests.
The reflectance spectra obtained on the surface
of the slabs will be related to the degree of steel
corrosion (chemical change on the surface of
the specimens).
29. Experimental Plan
• Main spatial and spectral features will be
extracted from the obtained images. The
imagery will be divided into a large training
set and a small validation set.
• Hyperspectral imaging classification
models will be built based on the training
set and verified by the validation set.
30. Concluding Remarks
• Hyperspectral imaging obtains a reflectance
spectrum of each pixel to characterize physical
defects or chemical features of structural
degradation.
• Preliminary tests indicated different
characteristic wavelengths at location of
wet/dry concrete, corrosion rust, and crack.
• The characteristic features can be mapped
over the entire area of an image to understand
the degradation extent of specimens.
• Classification models can be built to predict
the degree of concrete degradation.
31. Acknowledgement
• Financial support for this INSPIRE UTC project is
provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation,
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and
Technology (USDOT/OST-R) under Grant No.
69A3551747126 through INSPIRE University
Transportation Center (http://inspire-utc.mst.edu)
at Missouri University of Science and Technology.
The views, opinions, findings and conclusions
reflected in this publication are solely those of the
authors and do not represent the official policy or
position of the USDOT/OST-R, or any State or other
entity.