HYDRAULIC TURBINES - KTU Module 5 notes Pumps and Turbines

HYDRAULIC TURBINES
& PUMPS
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Hydraulic turbines
• Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that transform the energy of the
falling water into mechanical energy of rotation and whose primary function is to drive a
electric generator.
• A cubic meter of water can give about 9800 Joules of mechanical energy for every
meter it descends and a flow of a cubic meter per second in a fall of 1 meter can
provide 9800 W of power .
• The main components of a hydroelectric system may be classified into two groups:
– the hydraulic system components that include the turbine, the associated conduits-like
penstocks, tunnel and surge tank-and its control system, and
– the electric system components formed by the synchronous generator and its control
system.

Layout of a Hydro-Electric Power Plant

Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
• Hydraulic turbines are generally classified as
1)Impulse Turbine- Water has only kinetic energy –Pelton, Turgo turbine
2) Reaction Turbine- Water has both kinetic & pressure energy – Francis, Kaplan and
Propeller
turbine
• Based on flow direction, they are further classified as:
1) Tangential Flow – Pelton turbine
2)Radial Flow- Tesla turbine
3) Axial Flow – Kaplan turbine
4) Mixed Flow – Francis turbine
• Based on head and quantity of water
According to head and quantity of water available, the turbines can be classified into
1) High head turbines - >250 m ( Pelton turbine)
2) Medium head turbines - 45 – 250 m( Francis turbine)
3) Low head turbines- <45m( Kaplan turbine)

Pelton Turbine

Francis Turbine
• The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes
pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.
• The inlet is spiral shaped. The guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the runner
causing the runner to spin.
• The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water flow conditions.
• Power plants with net heads ranging from 20 to 750 m.

Kaplan Turbine

Hydraulic pumps
• Hydraulic pumps move fluids and displace them from one position to another
and in course energizes them. In fluids this energy is manifested as its
pressure and velocity.
• When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet,
which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by
mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the
hydraulic system.
Classification based on Flow Pattern:
• Intermittent – Positive Displacement Pumps ( eg Reciprocating pump)
• Continuous – Roto-Dynamic or Turbo Pumps (eg Centrifugal pump)

Reciprocating pump

• Components of reciprocating pumps:-
• a) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in
a closely fitted cylinder.
• b) Crank and Connecting rod: – crank and connecting rod
mechanism operated by a power source. Power source gives
rotary motion to crank. With the help of connecting rod we
translate reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder.
• c) Suction pipe: – one end of suction pipe remains dip in the
liquid and other end attached to the inlet of the cylinder.
• d) Delivery pipe: – one end of delivery pipe attached with
delivery part and other end at discharge point.
• e) Suction and Delivery value: – suction and delivery values
are provided at the suction end and delivery end respectively.
These values are non-return values.

Centrifugal pump

1. Stationary components of the centrifugal pump are the following:
a) Casing: – It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a
way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is
converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the
delivery pipe. Types of casing:-
• · Volute casing: – It is spiral type of casing in which area of flow increase gradually.
The increase in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow and increases the pressure
of water.
• · Vortex casing: – if a circular chamber is introduced between casing and the impeller,
the casing is known as vortex casing.
• · Casing with guide blades: – the impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades
mounted on a ring know as diffuser.
b) Suction pipe: – a pipe whose one ends is connected to the inlet of the pump and other
end dip into water in a sump.
c) Delivery pipe: – a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and
other end is involved in delivering the water at a required height.
2. Rotating component of the centrifugal pump is Impeller.
• Impeller: – It is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the
fluid.

HYDRAULIC TURBINES - KTU Module 5 notes Pumps and Turbines

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