This paper confronts the misleading hydraulic assertions put forth by the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association (DIPRA) and demonstrates that, when utilizing industry-accepted data, PVC pipe emerges as more energy-efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable compared to ductile iron (DI) pipe. DIPRA contends that DI pipe incurs lower pumping costs than PVC pipe, attributing this to DI's larger inside diameters (ID) compensating for PVC's superior flow characteristics. However, the brochures and online calculator provided by DIPRA contain misleading information and flawed hydraulic assumptions, ultimately leading to biased results.
This document has been developed by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for use as a field installation guide. General information regarding the correct installation of gasketed-joint solid-wall PVC sewer pipe is included. Relevant product standards are:
ASTM D3034 “Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings”
ASTM F679 “Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings”
For more detailed technical information and for information on profile-wall PVC pipes, consult the pipe manufacturer or refer to ASTM D2321, “Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications..” The Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction provides additional guidance on PVC pipe design and installation. For information on this publication, please contact Uni- Bell
This document has been developed by PVCPA for use as a field tapping guide. Detailed recommendations for equipment and procedures are included for tapping polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipe and molecularly oriented polyvinyl chloride (PVCO) pressure pipe.
The statements contained in this installation guide are those of PVCPA and are not warranties, nor are they intended to be warranties. Inquiries for information on specific products, their attributes and
recommended uses, and the manufacturer’s warranty should be directed to PVC pipe producers.
This document has been developed by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for use as a field installation guide. General information regarding the correct installation of gasketed-joint solid-wall PVC sewer pipe is included. Relevant product standards are:
ASTM D3034 “Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings”
ASTM F679 “Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings”
For more detailed technical information and for information on profile-wall PVC pipes, consult the pipe manufacturer or refer to ASTM D2321, “Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications..” The Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction provides additional guidance on PVC pipe design and installation. For information on this publication, please contact Uni- Bell
This document has been developed by PVCPA for use as a field tapping guide. Detailed recommendations for equipment and procedures are included for tapping polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipe and molecularly oriented polyvinyl chloride (PVCO) pressure pipe.
The statements contained in this installation guide are those of PVCPA and are not warranties, nor are they intended to be warranties. Inquiries for information on specific products, their attributes and
recommended uses, and the manufacturer’s warranty should be directed to PVC pipe producers.
FlowPlumb Systems™ is a collection of the world’s highest quality plumbing and drainage products. Our products are manufactured to British and European Standards in the UK, South Africa and Argentina in state-of-the-art facilities. For more information visit https://nabaki.co.tz/flowplumbsystems/
NewCon valves are being used exten- sively worldwide in mineral processing appli- cations such as Taconite/Iron Ore, Copper, Gold, Soda Ash/Borax, Phosphate, Lead, Coal, Cement, and Limestone. You will find NewCon installations in a variety of heavy duty large and fine coarse slurry applications.
In mining, our typical applications include ball mills, hydro-cyclones, tailings, flotation, process water, concentrate slurry, thicken- ers, screen box isolation, water recirculation, sag mill discharge, and more.
In coal-fired power generation, NewCon valves are being used in a variety of appli- cations, including scrubber isolation, bottom ash slurry, pyrite, pump discharge, sluice lines, lime slurry isolation, reaction slurries, ash hopper load-out isolation
Intex krystalClear Pool Pump manual model 603 for Intex and Bestway swimming ...Shane
Intex krystalClear Pool Pump manual model 603 for Intex and Bestway swimming pools, Operating Manual will teach you all that there is to know about this Intex pool Pump.
Intex swimming pool manual for Rectangular ultra frame pools.CorvoxPoolandSpaParts.com wants to make sure everyone has a backup copy to their pools, Hope this helps.
The pipe sprayer consists of two air motors. One drives the body around the
central axis and the second drives the cup. The cup motor is set at an angle
into the body, thus as the cup revolves and body rotates a wobble motion is
set up generating a spray pattern inside the pipe. This wobble-
head action produces a reciprocating
fan pattern which enables coating to reach
the back edges formed by pit etc., in corroded
pipes. This avoids having to go through
the pipe in two directions allowing one coat
application.
ported to slideshow by Corvoxpoolandspapparts.com your rare pool and spa parts super store! all trademarks are trademarks of the rightful owners. We only want to help our clients to have a backup of their pool manuals!
CrystalClear Pool Pump 637R manual, Intex KrystalClear pool filter pump manual.ported to slideshow by Corvoxpoolandspapparts.com your rare pool and spa parts super store! all trademarks are trademarks of the rightful owners. We only want to help our clients to have a backup of their pool manuals!
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenanc...Clean Water Systems
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Guide by Clean Water Systems
View the full installation guide here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-treatment-manuals/Well-Pro-Pellet-Feeder-Manual.pdf
View the product here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/CS000020.html#tab=tab1
For more products, how-to-guides, resources, and more, please visit: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com
Catalog busbar ls 09. busduct installation&maintenance rev2Dien Ha The
Khoa Học - Kỹ Thuật & Giải Trí: http://phongvan.org
Tài Liệu Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật: http://tailieukythuat.info
Thiết bị Điện Công Nghiệp - Điện Hạ Thế: http://dienhathe.org
There are common misconceptions among design engineers regarding pipe stiffness, pipe
deflection, impact strength, abrasion, and design life when comparing PVC and fiberglass
(FRP) sewer pipes. When correct evaluations are done, PVC is the product of choice.
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FlowPlumb Systems™ is a collection of the world’s highest quality plumbing and drainage products. Our products are manufactured to British and European Standards in the UK, South Africa and Argentina in state-of-the-art facilities. For more information visit https://nabaki.co.tz/flowplumbsystems/
NewCon valves are being used exten- sively worldwide in mineral processing appli- cations such as Taconite/Iron Ore, Copper, Gold, Soda Ash/Borax, Phosphate, Lead, Coal, Cement, and Limestone. You will find NewCon installations in a variety of heavy duty large and fine coarse slurry applications.
In mining, our typical applications include ball mills, hydro-cyclones, tailings, flotation, process water, concentrate slurry, thicken- ers, screen box isolation, water recirculation, sag mill discharge, and more.
In coal-fired power generation, NewCon valves are being used in a variety of appli- cations, including scrubber isolation, bottom ash slurry, pyrite, pump discharge, sluice lines, lime slurry isolation, reaction slurries, ash hopper load-out isolation
Intex krystalClear Pool Pump manual model 603 for Intex and Bestway swimming ...Shane
Intex krystalClear Pool Pump manual model 603 for Intex and Bestway swimming pools, Operating Manual will teach you all that there is to know about this Intex pool Pump.
Intex swimming pool manual for Rectangular ultra frame pools.CorvoxPoolandSpaParts.com wants to make sure everyone has a backup copy to their pools, Hope this helps.
The pipe sprayer consists of two air motors. One drives the body around the
central axis and the second drives the cup. The cup motor is set at an angle
into the body, thus as the cup revolves and body rotates a wobble motion is
set up generating a spray pattern inside the pipe. This wobble-
head action produces a reciprocating
fan pattern which enables coating to reach
the back edges formed by pit etc., in corroded
pipes. This avoids having to go through
the pipe in two directions allowing one coat
application.
ported to slideshow by Corvoxpoolandspapparts.com your rare pool and spa parts super store! all trademarks are trademarks of the rightful owners. We only want to help our clients to have a backup of their pool manuals!
CrystalClear Pool Pump 637R manual, Intex KrystalClear pool filter pump manual.ported to slideshow by Corvoxpoolandspapparts.com your rare pool and spa parts super store! all trademarks are trademarks of the rightful owners. We only want to help our clients to have a backup of their pool manuals!
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenanc...Clean Water Systems
Well Protector Dry Pellet Chlorinator Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Guide by Clean Water Systems
View the full installation guide here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/technical/water-treatment-manuals/Well-Pro-Pellet-Feeder-Manual.pdf
View the product here: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/CS000020.html#tab=tab1
For more products, how-to-guides, resources, and more, please visit: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com
Catalog busbar ls 09. busduct installation&maintenance rev2Dien Ha The
Khoa Học - Kỹ Thuật & Giải Trí: http://phongvan.org
Tài Liệu Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật: http://tailieukythuat.info
Thiết bị Điện Công Nghiệp - Điện Hạ Thế: http://dienhathe.org
Similar to hydraulic analysis pumping costs for pvc and ductile iron pipe (20)
There are common misconceptions among design engineers regarding pipe stiffness, pipe
deflection, impact strength, abrasion, and design life when comparing PVC and fiberglass
(FRP) sewer pipes. When correct evaluations are done, PVC is the product of choice.
The Health, Safety, and Environmental Performance of PVC PipeManishPatel169454
PVC pipe is extensively utilized worldwide for water and sewer systems, owing to its proven track record of health and safety. Throughout its more than 70 years of use, PVC pipe has undergone rigorous evaluation and approval processes by governmental and accredited third-party testing and certification agencies. These assessments have consistently demonstrated that PVC pipe is a safer and healthier option compared to pipes made from alternative materials.
introduction to molecular oriented polyvinyl chloride pvco pipeManishPatel169454
The manufacturing process for PVCO causes realignment of the molecular structure
from random orientation to circumferential orientation. This increases the material’s
mechanical strength and toughness. Once completed, PVCO pipe has an HDB of 7,100
psi. Owing to PVCO’s different HDB values, the dimension ratio (DR) classification for
conventional PVC is not used for PVCO. Instead, PVCO is referenced only by pressure
class (PC) or pressure rating (PR).
This document covers PVC pressure pipe for potable water, reclaimed water, and sewer forcemain systems; and PVC non-pressure pipe for storm sewer and sanitary sewer systems. All pipes are made in lengths that are assembled at the job site. Each length has a belled end with a elastomeric gasket such that
each pipe length’s spigot end fits inside the belled end of the next pipe length.Environmental Product Declaration Program Operator
This document covers PVC and PVCO pressure pipe for potable water, reuse water, and sanitary force main systems; and PVC nonpressure pipe for gravity storm water and sanitary sewer systems. All pipes are made in lengths that are assembled at the job site. Each length has a belled end with a elastomeric gasket such that each pipe length’s spigot end fits inside the belled end of the next pipe length.
This document covers PVC and PVCO pressure pipe for potable water, reuse water, and sanitary force main systems; and PVC nonpressure pipe for gravity storm water and sanitary sewer systems. All pipes are made in lengths that are assembled at the job site. Each length has a belled end with a elastomeric gasket such that each pipe length’s spigot end fits inside the belled end of the next pipe length.
When it comes to selecting pipe for your trenchless application, there is no shortage of options — steel, iron, clay, concrete and plastic. Given the plethora of choices, the decision of which pipe to use for your project can be daunting. What you need is information on what each pipe brings to the table. To help you out, Trenchless Technology contacted pipe associations and manufacturers of the eight pipes typically used in trenchless projects to point out what their particular conduit offers. The information presented is intended to provide just a preliminary glimpse at the different pipe on the market. For more etail information, please contact the manufacturer, pipe association or your consulting engineer. All information presented was provided by the various pipe associations or manufacturers.
This document has been developed by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for design and installation of
PVC fittings where solid-wall PVC pipe is used in non-pressure applications.
The guide provides information on the wide range of fittings that are available for various dimension
ratios and outside diameters of PVC pipe through 60-inch.
Also included is information on installation practices that are intended to optimize the performance of
PVC fittings.
Wastewater conveyance generally falls into two categories: gravity flow and pressure flow. The mostcommon way to transport wastewater is through downward-sloped pipe by gravity flow.
When gravity sewers are not possible or economically practical, pressure from a lift station is used to convey wastewater through a pipe known as a “force main.”
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Wastewater conveyance generally falls into two
categories: gravity flow and pressure flow. The most
common way to transport wastewater is through
downward-sloped pipe by gravity flow. When gravity
sewers are not possible or economically practical,
pressure from a lift station is used to convey wastewater
through a pipe known as a “force main.”
This document specifically addresses internalpressure design of PVC force mains. Design of lift
stations is not included, although both single-pump
and multiple-pump scenarios are addressed.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND PIPINGManishPatel169454
Assessment of environmental claims for materials and
products used in underground piping infrastructure can be a
daunting task, since there are many widely varying methods
that can provide contradictory results. The most logical
way to ensure valid sustainability assessment is to use an
internationally recognized, third-party certified method like
an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD).
Our mission is to promote use of longer-life, lower-maintenance, corrosion-proof PVC pipe in water and wastewater systems – for real sustainability, strength and long-term asset managemen
Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONManishPatel169454
Our mission is to promote use of longer-life, lower-maintenance, corrosion-proof PVC pipe in water and wastewater systems – for real sustainability, strength and long-term asset managemen
Our mission is to promote use of longer-life, lower-maintenance, corrosion-proof PVC pipe in water and wastewater systems – for real sustainability, strength and long-term asset management
municipal procurement competitive bidding for pipes demonstrates significant ...ManishPatel169454
In 2013 the Mayors Water Council (MWC) released “Municipal Procurement: Procurement Process Improvements Yield Cost-Effective Public Benefits”, a report examining procurement practices in the water infrastructure sector. The report made a business case for considering alternative pipe material so local governments could realize public benefits (e.g., cost, performance, safety). The report suggested the need to change outdated procurement policies, and that the biggest impediment to adopting these changes stemmed from the reluctance of local procurement officials to break from convention.This report presents information from new research that demonstrates the merits of adopting open procurement policies and new practices that apply competitive consideration of alternative pipe materials. These policies will help local officials maximize
resources and practice good governance.
Competitive bidding for pipes Demonstrates Significant Local Cost SavingsManishPatel169454
American cities, adopting the use of advanced technology and better approaches to clean water and sewer are common and often required by law. Cities providing public water delivery have not only grown in population size and in number, but also in their attitudes toward public health, and innovations involving system
designs, technologies and accepted practices. In the 19th century cast iron was added to the common use of clay, lead and wooden pipes by cities to convey water and wastewater. In the 20th century, continued innovation carried ductile iron, concrete
and cement, and plastic pipes into the market. In the 21st century, new generations of plastics, advanced composites, and other materials are being added to a long list of
viable piping materials. Technological advancements in pipe materials have helped to support a growing national population while continuing to improve on cost and performance and achieve public health protection goals to guard against waterborne
parasites and toxic contaminants.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
2. 2 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................3
Receiving.................................................................................................................................................................4
Unloading and Handling.......................................................................................................................................5-6
Storage....................................................................................................................................................................7
Trenching.................................................................................................................................................................8
De-Watering............................................................................................................................................................9
Field Cutting..........................................................................................................................................................10
Lowering Pipe into the Trench...............................................................................................................................11
Cleaning and Inspection........................................................................................................................................12
Lubrication.............................................................................................................................................................12
Joint Assembly.......................................................................................................................................................13
Trench Construction..............................................................................................................................................14
Foundation............................................................................................................................................................14
Bedding.................................................................................................................................................................15
Haunching.............................................................................................................................................................15
Initial Backfill.........................................................................................................................................................16
Final Backfill...........................................................................................................................................................17
Acceptance Testing................................................................................................................................................17
Special Considerations.....................................................................................................................................17-18
Checklist................................................................................................................................................................19
Uni-Bell Literature.................................................................................................................................................19
3. 3
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
INTRODUCTION
This document has been developed by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for use as a field installation guide.
General information regarding the correct installation of gasketed-joint solid-wall PVC sewer pipe is included.
Relevant product standards are:
• ASTM D3034 “Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings”
• ASTM F679 “Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe
and Fittings”
For more detailed technical information and for information on profile-wall PVC pipes, consult the pipe
manufacturer or refer to ASTM D2321, “Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe
for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications..” The Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction provides
additional guidance on PVC pipe design and installation. For information on this publication, please contact Uni-
Bell.
The Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, formed in 1971, funds PVC pipe research and development, provides technical
service and support, develops recommended standards, and promotes proper use of PVC pipe with gasketed
joints.
Uni-Bell members are manufacturers who are dedicated to producing high quality PVC pipe products for the
industry.
The statements contained in this installation guide are those of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association and are not
warranties, nor are they intended to be warranties. Inquiries for information on specific products, their attributes
and recommended uses, and the manufacturer’s warranty should be directed to member companies.
4. 4 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
RECEIVING
When a load of pipe arrives at the job site, it is your responsibility to check it thoroughly. If possible, inspect each
piece for damage. Check quantities against the shipping list. Note that the policy of most pipe manufacturers
is that once the pipe leaves the manufacturer’s plant, it becomes the property of the shipping company. Any
damaged or missing items should be documented on the bill of lading. Set aside any damaged items and notify
the shipper.
5. 5
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
UNLOADING AND HANDLING
It is also your responsibility to unload the shipment. UNLOAD WITH REASONABLE CARE. Careless unloading can
result in damaged product or personal injury.
Use a forklift or a front-end loader with fork attachment, if available. Make sure that the forks are sufficiently
long to support the bundles. When unloading by hand, remove one piece at a time and block the shipment to
keep pipe from rolling off the truck.
Observe the following precautions:
• DO NOT drop pipe off the truck.
• DO NOT insert a forklift fork into a pipe end to transport.
• Lower the pipe into the ditch. DO NOT drop.
7. 7
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
STORAGE
If you can unload the shipment in unit packages, the pipe will be easier to store. Stack the packages on reasonably
level ground. If you unload one piece at a time, place the pipe bevel to bell. Never stack over eight feet in height.
Do not stack the pipe next to heat sources or engine exhausts. Gaskets should also be protected from heat, oil,
and grease.
8. 8 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
TRENCHING
Do not let the excavated material block sidewalks, drives, or utility outlets. Follow all safety rules and regulations.
Protect workers by using sheeting and trench boxes in hazardous areas and by sloping the trench walls in dry
soils. When sheeting or a trench box is moved, make sure that the pipe is not moved and that the side-support
material is not disturbed.
9. 9
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
DE-WATERING
Do keep the trench as dry as possible until the pipe has been installed and enough backfill placed to prevent
the pipe from floating. PVC pipe will float if not filled with water or weighted down. The height of loose backfill
material required to prevent flotation of empty pipe is conservatively equal to 1½ times the pipe diameter.
10. 10 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
FIELD CUTTING
PVC pipe can be easily cut with a power handsaw or power-driven abrasive disc. Be sure you make a square cut.
Bevel the end with a beveling tool, wood rasp, or power sander to the same angle and length as provided on the
factory-finished pipe. Redraw the insertion line on the spigot using a factory-marked spigot as a guide.
11. 11
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
LOWERING PIPE INTO THE TRENCH
Place the pipe and fittings into the trench using ropes and skids, slings on the backhoe bucket, or by hand. Do
not throw the pipe or fittings into the trench or allow any part of the pipe to take an unrestrained fall onto the
trench bottom. At this point, the pipe and other accessories are in a good position for final inspection. Ensure
there are no damaged materials before assembly begins.
12. 12 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
CLEANING AND INSPECTION
Remove any mud, sand, or other foreign material from the bell interior and spigot exterior that could prevent an
effective seal between the bell and spigot. Carefully clean the gasket area. Do not remove the gasket from the
bell. Make sure the gasket is seated uniformly in the groove by running your finger around the inner edge of the
gasket.
LUBRICATION
Lubricant should be applied in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s instructions. Use only the lubricants
supplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer.
13. 13
INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
JOINT ASSEMBLY
Push the lubricated spigot end past the gasket into the bell until the insertion line on the spigot is even with the
edge of the bell. DO NOT OVERINSERT.
If you have trouble with assembly, disassemble the joint and examine the gasket. If the gasket is removable,
replace if damaged. If non-removable gaskets are damaged, cut off the bell, bevel the new edge, and use a
coupling to assemble. Be sure that the gasket is properly seated and that both pipe lengths are in straight
alignment. Repeat assembly steps above. Correct assembly is achieved when the insertion line on the spigot is
lined up with the edge of the bell. If multiple insertion lines exist, insert until only one line is visible.
The bar-and-block method of joint assembly is recommended, as the installer is able to feel the amount of force
being used and whether the joint goes together smoothly. Larger pipe may require mechanical assistance to
apply sufficient force to assemble the joint.
When mechanical devices are used, care must be taken to ensure that the spigot is inserted to the proper
depth and that previously assembled pipe joints are not disturbed. This is accomplished by inserting only to
the insertion line on the spigot end. If the spigot is over-inserted, back the pipe out until the insertion line is
visible. In all cases, straight alignment of the pipe is essential for proper assembly. If the pipe is misaligned, over-
inserted, or assembled with excessive force, the following are possible consequences:
• rolled gaskets
• failure to pass acceptance testing (e.g., low-pressure air testing and deflection-mandrel testing)
• over-insertion of previously assembled joints
Manual Bar-and-Block Method
14. 14 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
Terms used in pipe installation are illustrated in the trench cross-section below. The use of proper embedment
materials is very important to trouble-free operation of pipe systems. The particle size of material in contact with
the pipe shall not exceed 1½ inches.
FOUNDATION
A foundation is required when the trench bottom is unstable. The bottom of the trench is over-excavated and
brought back up to grade with suitable material. Where over-excavation occurs, ensure that the elevation under
the entire length of the pipe is brought up (rather than only at the bells). Proper placement of new foundation
materials will support the pipe and prevent sagging between joints.
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INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
BEDDING
Bedding may be used to bring the trench bottom up to grade before the pipe is installed. Its purpose is to provide
continuous and uniform support. Where bedding is required, a maximum compacted depth of 4 to 6 inches is
typical. Holes for pipe bells should be provided at each joint to ensure uniform support for the pipe. Bell holes
should be no larger than necessary for pipe assembly.
HAUNCHING
Placement and compaction of the haunching material are the most important factors affecting pipe performance
and deflection. Proper placement and compaction of material in the haunch reduce voids and increase pipe
support. Granular materials may be properly placed using techniques such as shovel slicing. Place material
under the haunches and at least halfway up the pipe to provide side support. Make sure material is properly
compacted. DO NOT DISTURB SIDE SUPPORT WHEN MOVING SHEETING OR TRENCH BOX.
16. 16 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
INITIAL BACKFILL
Keep the initial backfill free from rocks which could damage the pipe during final backfill. Depth of the initial
backfill should be at least 6 inches over the top of the pipe. Initial backfill protects the pipe from damage during
final backfill. Machine compaction of initial backfill directly over the pipe is not desirable unless adequate cover
has been provided to protect the pipe. Adequate cover will depend on the type of compaction equipment. For
adequate cover to prevent pipe damage or deflection, consult the project engineer.
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INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
FINAL BACKFILL
Final backfill is often specified by the project engineer based on site design. Material selection, placement, and
compaction should meet the project requirements.
ACCEPTANCE TESTING
After the installed PVC pipeline is thoroughly cleaned, one or more of the following tests may be performed:
• Visual inspection
• Deflection test
• Leakage test
Visual Inspection: Sewer pipelines can be inspected visually to verify accuracy of alignment and freedom from
debris and obstructions. The test is typically performed by closed-circuit TV.
Deflection Testing: Deflection testing is usually performed with a properly sized “go/no-go” mandrel. Mandrel
sizes for 7½% deflection of the base inside diameter are found in the ASTM product standards (D3034 and F679)
and are also given in the Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction.
Leakage Testing: Low-pressure air testing is an acceptable method of insuring integrity of the installed sewer
system. ASTM F1417 “Standard Test Method for Installation Acceptance of Plastic Gravity Sewer Lines Using Low-
Pressure Air” provides procedures for leakage testing of plastic sewer lines. UNI-B-6 “Recommended Practice for
Low-Pressure Air Testing of Installed Sewer Pipe” describes testing procedures and is available on the Uni-Bell
website. Water-infiltration testing is an alternative method which is accurate only when the pipe is completely
under water. Water-exfiltration testing is a rarely used method that can be complicated by entrapped air.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Changes in Direction:
1. Pipe bending – Some changes in direction may be accomplished without the use of bends, sweeps, or other
fittings. Controlled bending within acceptable limits can be accommodated by PVC pipe. A general rule of
thumb for the minimum bending radius (Rb
) calculation is Rb
= 200 OD. Tighter bending radii may be achieved
for certain products. Consult the manufacturer for specific product information. In most cases, bending
should be accomplished manually. It is not recommended to attempt bending pipes greater than 12 inches
in diameter due to the forces required.
2. Joint deflection – Changes in direction may also be accomplished through joint deflection. Allowable joint
deflection is dependent on pipe size and joint design. Joint deflection limits should be obtained from the pipe
manufacturer.
18. 18 UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG
SEWER PIPE
3. Combined pipe bending and joint deflection – Either joint deflection or longitudinal bending may be used for
changes in direction, BUT NOT BOTH on the same length of pipe.
Manhole Connections: Proper manhole connections are essential to good system performance. The following
precautions are recommended:
• Insure stable foundation and bedding for the manhole and connecting pipe to prevent shifting which could
damage the connection.
• Use a water-stop gasket produced from elastomeric material which prevents leakage while allowing
longitudinal pipe movement.
• Use a non-shrinking or expansive type grout for making connections of pipe and water-stop to manhole
walls.
Cold Weather Installation: Extremely cold temperatures result in increases in pipe stiffness and tensile strength
and decreases in impact strength. The decrease in impact strength requires care in handling during installation
in cold temperatures.
Risers: Sewer risers or vertical stacks may be required in deep sanitary sewers to minimize excavation for services
lines. Risers are generally permitted where the main sewer line is deeper than 7 feet.
The vertical riser pipe creates a load scenario not common in other sewer installations. Any settlement of
material alongside the riser produces a “drag-down” load due to the frictional forces at the pipe/soil interface.
Additionally, settlement of the lateral fitting assembly produces a similar drag-down load. These loads must be
mitigated or transferred harmlessly off the stack to prevent problems such as over-insertion, fitting fracture,
main sewer line deflection/misalignment, etc.
The following practices are considered appropriate for all riser installations:
• Transitions from horizontal to vertical should be smooth and well supported. This may be accomplished with
fitting combinations, gradual bends and/or trench geometry.
• Service laterals from the main sewer should exit at an angle no greater than 45 degrees from the horizontal.
A single length of lateral pipe should be used for the riser section whenever possible.
• To minimize or eliminate settlement and the resulting loading, compaction is critical beneath the main line
sewer and lateral connections.
Soil Migration: Where running or standing water occurs in the trench or substantial seasonal water table changes
are expected, consideration must be given to preventing soil migration. Migration could cause loss of soil support
for installed pipe. Materials used for underdrains, bedding, and haunching should be of proper gradation and
thickness to prevent migration of material from fine-grained native soils.
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INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR SOLID-WALL PVC SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
CHECKLIST
• Take all precautions necessary to protect workers and materials.
• Plan ahead for fittings.
• Use trench boxes or shoring in unstable conditions.
• Do not disturb installed pipe when moving trench boxes or shoring materials.
• Properly assemble pipe joints by inserting the spigot end until the insertion line is even with the bell lip.
• Insure watertight seals at manhole connections.
• Keep the trench bottom as dry as possible.
• For detailed installation recommendations, see ASTM D2321 “Standard Practice for Underground Installation
of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications.”
• Consult the pipe manufacturer for specifics regarding gaskets and lubricants.
• Check with the project engineer regarding specifications and procedures.
UNI-BELL LITERATURE
Recommended Standards
UNI-B-6 “Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air Testing of Installed Sewer Pipe”
Technical Reports
UNI-TR-1 “Deflection: The Pipe/Soil Mechanism”
UNI-TR-3 “Maintenance of PVC Sewer Pipe”
UNI-TR-5 “The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on PVC Pipe”
UNI-PUB-06-21
20. UNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION
201 E. John Carpenter Freeway
Suite 750
Irving, TX 75062
(972) 243-3902
WWW.UNI-BELL.ORG