http://businessculture.org - Find out about business culture in Hungary. This guide is part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project which examined European Business culture in 31 countries looking at business communication, business etiquette, business meeting etiquette, internship and student placements, cost of living, work-life-balance and social media guide.

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businessculture.org
Business Culture
in Hungary
http://businessculture.org/easterneurope/hungary/
Content Template
Last updated: 02.10.2013
businessculture.org
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
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Hungary
publication reflects the view only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Business
Culture
in
Hungary
.....................................................................................................
4
Xenophobia: being a foreigner in HUNGARY ................................................................................... 5
International business in HUNGARY ................................................................................................. 5
General education ................................................................................................................................ 6
Educational standards .......................................................................................................................... 8
Student Placements .............................................................................................................................. 8
Other issues such as transport infrastructure ....................................................................................... 9
Cultural taboos ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Business
Communication
........................................................................................................
10
Face-to-face communication .............................................................................................................. 10
Language matters ............................................................................................................................... 10
Useful phrases
10
Making contact ................................................................................................................................... 12
Personal titles ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Business
Etiquette
..................................................................................................................
14
Corporate social responsibility ........................................................................................................... 14
Punctuality .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Gift giving ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Business dress code ............................................................................................................................. 15
Bribery and corruption ....................................................................................................................... 15
Business
Meeting
Etiquette
....................................................................................................
17
Importance of business meetings ........................................................................................................ 17
Business meeting planning ................................................................................................................. 17
Negotiation process ............................................................................................................................ 18
Meeting protocol ................................................................................................................................ 18
How to run a business meeting .......................................................................................................... 18
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Follow up letter after meeting with client ........................................................................................... 19
Business meals .................................................................................................................................... 19
Business meetings tips ......................................................................................................................... 20
Internship
and
placement
.......................................................................................................
21
Work experience................................................................................................................................. 21
Student Placements ............................................................................................................................ 21
Internship and placement advice ....................................................................................................... 21
Social security and European health insurance card ......................................................................... 21
Safety .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Do I need a visa? ................................................................................................................................ 22
Internship and placement salary ........................................................................................................ 22
Internship and placement accommodation ........................................................................................ 22
Cost
of
Living
...........................................................................................................................
23
Money and banking ........................................................................................................................... 23
Travelling costs ................................................................................................................................... 23
Work-­‐life
Balance
....................................................................................................................
24
National holidays ................................................................................................................................ 24
Working hours .................................................................................................................................... 24
Working in Hungary .......................................................................................................................... 25
Work culture ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Health insurance ................................................................................................................................ 25
Social
Media
Guide
.................................................................................................................
27
Private individuals .............................................................................................................................. 27
Search and Social Media Marketing for International Business ........................................................ 27
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Business
Culture
in
Hungary
The following is a very short introduction to Germany. External links at the end of this page
provide you with more in depth information concerning different topics.
The following video gives you an overview of the general facts:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5isEVENRVI
Hungary is a landlocked Central European country, the 16th largest in Europe (93,030 km2).
It is a member of the European Union since 2004 and a member of the Schengen area since
2007. Its neighbours are: Slovakia, to the north; Ukraine, to the north-east; Romania, to the
east; Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia to the south; and Austria to the west. The Hungarian
territory consists mostly of plains and hills. Hungary’s climate is temperate, being influenced
by three important climate zones: oceanic, continental and Mediterranean. Consequently, it
can experience dramatic weather changes. The annual average temperature is 9.7°C
(49.46°F) across most of the country and 11.2°C (52.16°F) in Budapest. The population of
Hungary totals 9,909,000 (January 2013). With a population of 1.7 million inhabitants,
Budapest has the role of economic and political centre of the country. The largest Hungarian
cities, beside Budapest, are: Debrecen (205,000), Miscolk (178,000), Szeged (164,000), Pécs
(159,000) and Gyõr (126,000).
Hungary has a birth rate of 9.1‰ (2012), and a slightly higher death rate, at 13‰ (2012).
The age distribution of the population is: 15.6 % are 14 years old or younger, 69.2 % are
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between the ages of 15 to 64 and 15.2% are 65 or older. Hungary’s main ethnic group is
Hungarian (92.3%). Its most numerous minorities include: Romany (5%), Germans,
Romanians, Slovakians, Serbians and Ukrainians.
Hungary is in the Central European Time Zone and is one hour ahead of Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT+1) during the winter months and two hours ahead of it (GMT+2), to
accommodate Daylight Saving Time (DST), from March to October.
The weather in winter is rather cold, cloudy and damp, or windy, while summers are warm to
hot and dry.
Xenophobia:
being
a
foreigner
in
HUNGARY
Hungary welcomes international business opportunities. In business, Hungarians consider
personal relationships crucial. Face-to-face discussion is absolutely essential in business
matters and a solid relationship relies on repeated visits and phone calls.
In their business dealings, Hungarians tend to be formal, adhering to hierarchical
organizational structures, and yet expressive, with typical negotiations taking place through
open dialogue. Hungarians are also generally outspoken and for this reason some foreigners
may perceive them as abrupt, rude or even cruel. However, they always provide evidence in
support of their words and when they cannot reach an agreement they tend to explain why
and may propose new talks.
In business and in private life, the right relationships are important and common sense and
discernment are much. The Hungarians’ tendency towards distrust and suspicion can be
attributed to historical reasons, so unpleasant points are discussed to mitigate future business
problems as much as possible. The first meeting is always characterized by a reserved
attitude but, once the ice is broken, Hungarians are rather passionate and their verbal
exchanges can be very intense and spirited.
A Hungarian business partner can easily turn into a friend. Nevertheless, building a trusting
relationship usually takes a long time. A good sociable atmosphere at work plays a bigger role
than other factors (business results, financial statements). When they feel part of an inspiring
project, Hungarians show passion, originality, generosity and industry. Important decisions
are usually made by the top management, which may sometimes slow down the talks.
International
business
in
HUNGARY
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This section focuses on the general business environment in Hungary. In the first section, we
examine the attitudes and values of the people, while the section presents a business-related
perspective of the education system, training and placements in Hungary.
Knowing the attitudes and values of your business partner can be extremely important for
opening and maintaining effective relationships with your foreign partners. This will allow you
to avoid mistakes that could result in cultural barriers, which could hinder your success in a
particular country.
How can the work-life balance be described, in the case of Hungary? What is the Hungarians’
attitude to foreigners and what subjects should be avoided? All these pieces of information
may become extremely valuable when doing business in Hungary. The following section will
highlight essential attitudes and values and their consequences in business practice in
Hungary.
Young people are enthusiastic about trying their chances abroad or in different areas in
Hungary, but the older generation is generally reluctant to move around, being attached to
the places and the people they are used to. Of the most numerous minorities in Hungary, 5%
of the population are Romany, who are extremely poor and often find work in the grey and
black sectors of the economy, which still accounts for a considerable portion of the GDP. Due
to cultural prejudices and the status of the Roma population in Hungarian society, it is best
not to bring up the subject in conversation.
The economy in Hungary is improving despite the economic difficulties and the introduction of
austerity measures by the government. Unemployment is around 10% and competition for a
job remains high. Workers with specialist skills have more chances to find a job and graduates
can find work in one of the main companies with subsidiaries in Hungary. Normally, graduates
will be faced with fierce competition from qualified local professionals. So, it is good to know
Hungarian when in search of a job. English and German are also widely spoken in Hungary,
particularly by the younger generation.
Some of the major industries are: mining, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals, construction,
processed food, motor vehicle manufacturing and agriculture. Among the areas of recent
growth, one can find the domains of retail, services, telecommunications, finance, machinery,
and the pharmaceutical industry.
General
education
In Hungary, school is obligatory between the age of 5 and 16. Most schools and kindergartens
are set up and run by the state, local governments, minority local governments, legal entities
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(foundations, churches, etc.) and natural persons. Only 10 per cent of children attend private
institutions.
Primary schools are obligatory, and may have 4, 6 or 8 grades. General secondary schools
continue primary school education up to the 8th grade and conclude with the so-called
maturity examination. Secondary vocational schools currently provide upper secondary
general and pre-vocational education in grades 9-12/13 (an extra year is included in certain
programmes starting with a language preparatory year). The secondary school leaving
examination qualifies for higher education entry.
Beginning with September 2013 (following the Vocational Education and Training Act of
2011), there will be a secondary vocational education in parallel to the general one from
grade nine. The pupils undertaking it will obtain a “vocational secondary school leaving
examination”.
The new VET Act of 2011 launched a three year-programme (grades 9-11). In some schools
this offer became available in 2012, and as of September 2013 vocational schools can only
offer this type of training. Graduates can go on with their studies at post-secondary nontertiary level or in higher education only if they complete three more years of a full- or parttime general education programme in order to pass the secondary school leaving
examination. In the new structure of vocational education, graduates can acquire a secondary
school leaving certificate within two years. Those who do not have this certificate but pass the
master craftsman examination and at the same time accumulate five years of work
experience can enter post-secondary VET.
In Hungary, 81% of adults aged 25-64 are the possessors of an equivalent of a high-school
degree. This situates Hungary above the OECD average of 74%.
Out of the best 44 universties in Hungary, half are located in Budapest. the other half being
spread throughout the country.
All the signatory countries of the Lisbon Convention (Hungary inclued) allow the possessors of
a valid school leaving certificate who qualify for higher education studies in their home
country to also qualify for higher education studies in the other countries. However, an
appropriate knowledge of either Hungarian or English needs to be demonstrated. Sometimes
additional qualifying courses (preparatory courses) are also necessary.
To join a master’s degree program, a relevant Bachelor’s or equivalent degree diploma is
needed.
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To apply for doctoral studies at an institution in Hungary, you need a relevant diploma or
Master’s degree program.
Scholarships fall under two systems: bilateral agreements and scholarship pool. Romania
benefits of the second category.
Scholarships can be received for: semester/partial studies for a period established in
advance; postgraduate studies; full / partial PhD studies; postdoctoral studies; research stay;
and summer courses.
Where do local residents and expatriates send their children to school?
Most Hungarians use the public school system. Children normally go to the local public
schools in their area. In almost all Hungary, public schools are the only option.
In Budapest, there are several international schools and private bilingual schools; they all
charge tuition fees. International schools are very expensive for ordinary Hungarians and so
these schools are available to a small minority.
Most expatriates send their children to international or private schools. International schools
accept students (non-native speakers) at all times throughout the school year, and provide
language support. If the family plans to be in Hungary for an extensive period, private
bilingual schools can help children attain an effective knowledge of Hungarian while studying
some subjects in their native language. These possibilities are characteristic rather for
Budapest and main cities than for the rural areas. International schools frequently have wait
lists.
Educational
standards
Just as in other European countries, the educational standards are similar for all levels of
education. This offers the advantage of compatible education with other counties. During
undergraduate studies, certain specializations require the students to go through a practical
work experience.
Student
Placements
A placement involves the placement of a student in a temporary work, school or research
environment to acquire valuable experience profitable in the long run.
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There are several student organizations facilitating student placements in Hungary: the
International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IASTE) helps
students find summer placements for science and engineering; AIESEC (Association
Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales) facilitates the
exchange of information on programmes for students and recent graduates worldwide; the
Leonardo Da Vinci Programme helps students with vocational training and business
placements and is funded by the European Commission.
In the private sector, placements can be found more often in multinational companies, which
are, many of them, based in Budapest.
Other
issues
such
as
transport
infrastructure
To go to Hungary you can use the airplane, train, bus or car. All the transport networks are
available around the country and generally respect s the international rules.
Airport – most important airports are Budapest Airport, located at 16 km from Budapest city.
It could be reached by bus or train. Other airports are Heviz-Balaton Airport, Debrecen
International Airport, Gyor-Per Airport, Pecs-Pogany Airport all of them related wit tourist or
economic centres.
A network of about 7.600km of railways and 1515 km of highways are available to travel
around the country. The main cities are connected through railway and highways.
Public transport in Budapest includes buses, trolleybuses, trams and underground trains.
Cultural
taboos
Hungarians consider their country as part of Central Europe, rather than Eastern Europe. The
expression Central-Eastern Europe can also be deemed appropriate. Some topics are safe
(such as sport, the economy, culture, history, food, and family); while other more delicate
subjects should be avoided (religion, politics, minorities, salaries and living costs).
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Business
Communication
The right language and gestures can be very important in establishing a trusting relationship.
During a meeting try to be polite and avoid giving the impression that you are in a hurry.
Hungarians like to take their time and evaluate a situation thoroughly before making
important decisions.
Face-­‐to-­‐face
communication
Hungarians use circulars, memos and written records in their business dealings. They are not
very good at answering written communications or returning missed calls. So, in a business
context, it is better to invest in constant direct interaction. When business partners meet,
they usually shake hands with each other. When a man and a woman meet for business, it is
expected that the woman will extend her hand first. In Hungary, it is still considered good
manners for a man to open the door for a woman and such like.
Maintaining direct eye contact is when being spoken to is crucial, in both social and business
situations. You should maintain a medium interpersonal distance of about an arm’s length
between you and a Hungarian partner; any more may be taken as a lack of respect or an
expression of mistrust, which could complicate the talks. Verbal communications should
always be clear and direct.
Language
matters
Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, but many people speak several languages
because of its closeness to many countries. The business language in Hungary is English and
most Hungarian business people speak English to different levels of ability. Learning a few
words and phrases in Hungarian is a good way to break the ice and impress your host.
Hungarians are not generally reserved, but they might give that impression on the first
meeting. Nonetheless, once they get familiar with you, they are able to relax and
communicate more. If a business relationship develops into a partnership, your Hungarian
counterpart might invite you to their home for a meal and to meet the family.
Useful phrases
The following table contains phrases that you may find useful when visiting Hungary:
English-Hungarian:
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•
Hello. Heló.;
•
Hi. Heló.;
•
Good morning. Jó reggelt.
•
Good afternoon. Jó napot.
•
Good evening. Jó estét.
•
Goodbye. Viszontlátásra.
•
Bye. Viszontlátásra.
•
See you. Viszontlátásra.
•
Good night. Jó éjszakát.
•
Have a good day. Kellemes napot kívánok.
•
Have a good weekend. Kellemes hétvégét.
•
Safe trip. Jó utat.
•
Take care. Vigyázzon magára.
•
Good luck. Sok szerencsét.
•
Have a good holiday. Kellemes nyaralást.
•
I don’t speak Hungarian. Nem beszélek magyarul.
•
I don’t understand. Nem értem.
•
My name is Peter. A nevem Peter.
•
Nice to meet you. Örülök, hogy megismerhetem.
•
Thank you! Köszönöm!
•
Thank you very much! Köszönöm szépen!
•
You are welcome! Szívesen!
•
Sorry! Sajnálom!
•
I’m sorry I’m late! Elnézést a késésért!
•
It’s all right, don’t worry! Semmi probléma!
•
Excuse me! Elnézést kérek!
•
Yes! Igen!
•
Of course! Persze!
•
OK! OK!
•
That’s fine! Redben!
•
You’re right! Igaza van!
•
That’s great! Nagyszeru!
•
No! Nem!
•
I think you’re not right! Azt hiszem, nincs igaza!
•
It’s impossible! Lehetetlen!
•
I don’t agree! Nem értek egyet!
•
Cheers! Egészségedre!
•
Bless you! Egészségedre!
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•
Business relationship
Hungary welcomes most international business opportunities. Due to the need to build
personal relationships in business, recurrent visits and phone calls are necessary. Indeed,
important phases in the development of a business relationship require face-to-face meetings
to show respect and build up the necessary level of trust.
Making
contact
Communication is an extremely important aspect of business, and when dealing with people
from different backgrounds, the differences between face-to-face, verbal and written
communications need to be recognized.
Hungary has a strategic location in central Europe, which makes it perfect as a central
distribution point for Europe. The government policies favour the creation and expansion of
new companies and support foreign investment. Nevertheless, to start a business in Hungary,
it would be advisable to contact one of the Hungarian business development centres or an
international advisor for assistance. A good opportunity for direct meetings with business
companies is participation in business fairs, exhibitions or conferences. The most significant
national fair in Hungary is the Budapest National Fair, which takes place annually.
The Hungarian Convention Bureau provides a great deal of information and assistance with
planning meetings and conventions.
Once a potential business partner has been selected, it is best to approach them using a
written form of communication (fax or letter) to avoid possible language barriers and
miscommunications. You should express your preference concerning the language in which
you would like to communicate, and mention whether or not you speak Hungarian. Email is
frequently used for everyday business communications, but any important documents are
exchanged on paper and many companies still use a fax to communicate.
Personal
titles
Hungarian surnames normally precede first names, so pay attention when addressing your
Hungarian business partner. The right way to address a Hungarian man is ‘Mr’ followed by the
family name. If you are unsure whether your female business partner is married or not, then
call her ‘Miss’ with the family name or employ the increasingly popular Ms form. However,
many Hungarians, especially those working in international settings or for companies dealing
internationally, change the format of their names on their business cards to the style
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preferred by their international partners. Academic titles are rarely used and the only
exceptions are the medical and legal sectors. However, the title of Doctor is not expected to
be used when talking (e.g. Dr. Kovacs Janos). One can encounter three different ways of
addressing married Hungarian women. For example: Dr. Molnár Arpád (man) marries Dr.
Timár Andrea (woman). So, she might be addressed Dr. Molnár Andrea, Dr. Molnár Árpádné
or Dr. Molnárné Timár Andrea.
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Business
Etiquette
Values and beliefs are measurements of the importance a person gives to something. The
way values and beliefs are expressed forms the attitude that is then revealed through words
and behaviour. Usually unwritten, these values and beliefs govern the expectations of social
behaviour within a society, social class or group. Accepting attitudes and values as essential
elements of every culture with a huge influence on people’s behaviour can contribute to
improved intercultural understanding and reduced misunderstandings when doing business
with foreign partners.
Corporate
social
responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become important in Hungary after its adhesion to
the European Union in 2004, not so much under the pressure of consumers, or civic pressure,
but rather as a result of the expectations of multinational corporations with Hungarian
subsidiaries. Just like in other countries, the activity of the CSR sector is visible in the
spreading of the concept through books and studies published on the subject and best
practices collections circulating on the web.
In Hungary, ecological problems are less marked than in the other countries of Central
Europe. Nevertheless, the high standards demanded by the European Union remain a
challenge, especially in terms of water pollution, waste management and air quality. A great
deal of money has been invested in improving waste management, with the aim of increasing
water quality.
Since 2005, Hungary has reformed its environmental policy in order to get closer to EU
standards. Investments, administrative measures and industrial restructuring have triggered
quite important improvements. Still, additional investments are called for to ensure the
protection of the environment and the control of industrial pollution. The most difficult
challenge remains a cultural one, namely to instil an awareness concerning environmental
protection.
Punctuality
Punctuality is extremely important when Hungarians meet foreigners. If possible, try to arrive
about ten minutes before your scheduled meeting time and allow for heavy traffic when
travelling in a city, especially in Budapest. Nevertheless, traffic is always a good excuse for
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being late. Compared to business meetings, public events almost never start on time, and a
delay of 5 to 10 minutes is typical. To be a “little bit late” is not a problem if you are a foreign
collaborator. Such a lack of punctuality will not influence business negotiations or the final
result.
Gift
giving
In Hungary, gifts are not usually expected, except at Christmas time. Small presents, like a
corporate gift (such as a diary or pen engraved with the company logo) or a souvenir
representing the country you are coming from (such as liquor, artisanal handicrafts or
porcelain) would be acceptable but not necessary. An exchange of corporate Christmas cards
will also be appreciated.
If invited to a business partner’s home for a meal, it is normal to bring flowers, high quality
chocolates or a bottle of liquor from your country. It is important to note that there are a
number of cultural conventions surrounding the giving of flowers. Flowers should always be
given in odd numbers, except the number 13, which is considered bad luck. Also, lilies, red
roses and chrysanthemums, as these are typical at funerals. Bringing a bottle of wine may be
a difficult choice, as Hungarians are immensely proud of their wines.
Business
dress
code
In business meetings, Hungarians prefer traditional elegance. Cleanliness and tidiness are an
absolute necessity. Any formal business clothes are acceptable, with dark colours being
preferred during the winter and lighter ones in summer. During normal office hours,
Hungarians dress less formally. In small or medium sized businesses, there is usually no
official dress code and employees tend to wear casual business attire.
Bribery
and
corruption
With respect to corruption, Hungary has approved and signed the most important
international conventions against corruption. Although corruption continues to represent a
problem for the country, Hungary ranks among the least corrupt third of 176 countries (46th
place according to the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 2012)
Corruption is perceived as highly prevalent amongst underpaid government officials. Party
financing and internal financial control are also areas where corruption is rife, due to the lack
of cooperation between state institutions. In the health care system, the practice of giving
“gratuities” is very common, where it is considered a cultural norm rather than serious
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corruption. There is no independent organization charged with the duty of fighting corruption.
Responsibility for law enforcement is divided between the Police and Border Guards, with
certain criminal offences under the investigative remit of the Customs and Excise Authority.
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Business
Meeting
Etiquette
As in all European countries, in Hungary the business meetings are one of the important
issues. People, even if they are not very friendly, they need to share experience, to discuss on
strategies, opportunities and further development of they company, but also to talk with the
business partners. After you meet your partner and discuss details of the business people are
more confident about the further evolution of the contact.
Importance
of
business
meetings
In Hungary, hierarchy is very significant for the business community and crucial decisions are
reserved for management. Consequently, business meetings are generally considered
necessary to exchange ideas and talk, but they are rarely perceived as opportunities to get
things done. During a first meeting, Hungarians are formal and polite, although they prefer
less formal meetings, without the rigidity of schedules or deadlines, where they can honestly
express their opinion. Hungarian partners are not patient and want quick answers to their
questions, though they are not good at doing the same when asked. It is best not to rely on
verbal agreements. Promises made during the meetings are usually respected, but
agreements are only binding when signed into a written contract.
Business
meeting
planning
When proposing a meeting, you should offer several alternative dates, out of respect for your
partner’s schedule. State the topic you wish to address, why you want to meet, and the
participants you desire to meet. If you want quick decisions, it will be necessary to ensure
that decision-makers are invited to participate. Try to obtain a written confirmation of the
place and time of the meeting with who is expected to attend, including name and function.
In case you cannot participate, always call or write to cancel the meeting in advance. The best
time for a business meeting is between 9 am and 1 pm – although a working lunch after
12:30 pm would be a good option. For a lunch, whoever is the host will be in charge of
reserving the venue, the meeting room and the refreshments. Always agree with your partner
on the language of the meeting. If an interpreter is needed, let your host know if you have
one or ask if they have someone they can bring. Sometimes a colleague of your partner may
be able to translate. If they do not know your business, take with you some supporting
material.
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Negotiation
process
Business negotiations can be perceived from the perspective of relationships rather than the
deals that can be made. During talks, Hungarians are more direct than polite. Most Hungarian
businessmen seem to enjoy bargaining and wise negotiators make allowances for this
bargaining nature until the discussions have come to a conclusion. The opening bid should be
pragmatic, but at the same time should include enough room for manoeuvre. Hungarians are
known to be well prepared and flexible in business negotiations, where the main goal in their
strategy is to obtain a final agreement. They are ready to compromise only if they had
already included this as one of the possible solutions.
Talks can last for different periods of time, depending on partners’ attitudes and on the nature
of the sector. Negotiating with the public sector usually takes longer than with the private
sector. Hungarians like to express vividly their satisfaction about how well they do things.
Meeting
protocol
Greet your partner looking them in the eyes, shake hands firmly, state your name clearly and
present your business card. Shake hands with all the participants. Pay attention when your
partner pronounces their name. Once introduced, address your counterparts by their title and
family name if you are not invited to do otherwise. If your hosts invite you to call them by
their first name, this will be a sign that the relationship has reached a certain level of comfort,
without necessarily meaning that you are negotiating on friendly terms. Business cards are
usually exchanged at the beginning of a meeting. Hungarian business cards contain all the
necessary business information and occasionally personal details (mainly for entrepreneurs).
If you place your partners’ business cards in front of you when discussions begin, it may help
you remember names and positions. Most Hungarian companies naturally use Hungarian as
the language of their business card. International companies will usually have their business
cards in two languages, Hungarian and English. When saying good-bye, shake hands again
with all the participants.
How
to
run
a
business
meeting
Hungarians usually begin their meetings with some small talk. Agendas are not necessarily
adhered to and instead, spontaneity is often a driving force. Meetings can tend to run late, as
Hungarians like telling jokes and debates are always taken seriously. To facilitate
understanding, it is important to use clear and simple language and provide supporting
documentation during meetings. If the meeting is conducted in English, Hungarians may say
some things between themselves in Hungarian to make sure they all have a common
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understanding of the discussion. When presenting a project, do your research because you
need to give good reasons and arguments. Hungarians are known to be inquisitive and if you
want to convince Hungarian managers, you will need to prove your ability for reflective
thinking. They will appreciate a broad knowledge of the context more than just a narrow field
of specialization. Be prepared to answer many questions. Often, especially with a large
delegation of attendees, decisions will not be made on the spot. Decisions are usually made
when management has had the time to reflect and discuss. During meetings, coffee, tea, soft
drinks and water will be offered; and sometimes a sandwich lunch may be provided.
Follow
up
letter
after
meeting
with
client
Written memos usually sum up the main points of any discussion, the decisions made and the
actions to be taken. Either party may send out these meeting summaries several days after
the meeting.
Once both sides have come to an agreement, it is important for the Hungarian partner to
confirm the agreement in writing and shaking of hands. Hungarians are proud of their
language skills, but they sometimes overestimate their abilities. So, it is important to ensure
that all agreements and decisions are written and agreed to in both languages to avoid
confusion and misinterpretation. Signing of a written agreement is a formal and necessary
recognition of the end of negotiation.
Agreements should always include detailed descriptions of action items, deadlines, milestones
and the name of the person who will be responsible for each piece. Regardless of the success
of a business meeting, it is always a good idea to write to your hosts and thank them for their
time and efforts following the meeting.
Business
meals
To be invited to a business contact’s home is a rare event and an honour in Hungary, which
happens when a business relationship turns into friendship. Otherwise, business meals and
entertaining typically take place in restaurants. Business meetings take place in the office,
bigger events in hotel meeting rooms. Breakfast meetings are not common and tend to only
occur on a visitor’s request. Business lunches do happen, but an evening meal is preferred as
the main way to relax and get to know each other. Breakfast is served between 8am and
9am, lunch between noon and 2pm, while the evening meal starts around 7 or 8 pm. Business
lunches and dinners are usually fairly formal, so formal dress is recommended, especially on a
first meeting. When a business dinner is more for entertaining and spending time getting to
know one another, rather than discussing business, then more casual attire can be worn.
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Hungarian people are famous for and proud of their hospitality. They may also propose nonbusiness activities (e.g. sightseeing). Socializing outside business is seen as part of doing
business and they may suggest activities like sightseeing to complement your visit.
Business
meetings
tips
You should know your subject matter intimately, but do not appear condescending or talk
down to your Hungarian partners. Hungarians hate being underestimated, as they are proud
and expect to be treated as equals. Ask for their opinion, give them time and they will
produce numerous theoretical ideas. They may sound pessimistic or cynical now and then, but
they are very creative and this is just their normal style of doing business. Once they begin to
gain trust in a relationship, they will start showing their appreciation and will be motivated in
finding ways towards a win-win solution.
In Hungary, the temperature may rise to over 30oC in summer and fall to less than -10oC in
winter. Large hotels usually have air conditioning, but this is not always the case in
restaurants or offices, so you should plan accordingly.
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Internship
and
placement
Work
experience
Just as in other European countries, during undergraduate studies, certain specializations
require the students to go through a practical work experience.
Student
Placements
A placement involves the placement of a student in a temporary work, school or research
environment to acquire valuable experience profitable in the long run.
There are several student organizations facilitating student placements in Hungary: the
International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IASTE) helps
students find summer placements for science and engineering; AIESEC (Association
Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales) facilitates the
exchange of information on programmes for students and recent graduates worldwide; the
Leonardo Da Vinci Programme helps students with vocational training and business
placements and is funded by the European Commission.
Internship
and
placement
advice
Universities, students’ organization and other structures are willing to organise the placement
for the students. They have to settle agreements with the host companies and to plan the
internship program.
For the students that are interested in getting by themselves a job or a placement opportunity
the main sources of the vacancies are presented below.
Social
security
and
European
health
insurance
card
If, as a student, you need medical help, being a citizen of the European Union, you can ask
for an international social insurance card (EHIC). This card allows you to receive treatment
under the same conditions and at the same costs as any Hungarian citizen.
Safety
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In Hungary, safety precautions are similar for those of other countries. Non residents should
try to beware of pickpockets and should not leave their luggage unattended.
Do
I
need
a
visa?
Citizens of the EU do not require a visa to enter Hungary. For them, an identity card is
sufficient to travel throughout the European Union.
Internship
and
placement
salary
Like in other European countries, usually internships are not paid.
For a paid job during the internship, students can search online for information and for a list
of companies.
The minimum wage in Hungary is €260 per month and the average blue-collar worker has a
net monthly income of €340. With such a salary, it is often a considerable challenge for
workers to make ends meet. Office workers and professionals earn almost twice the salary of
blue-collar workers.
Internship
and
placement
accommodation
Depending on the organisation, a student may need to find their own accommodation. If
working with a non-profit organisation e.g. in the field of humanitarian work a room and even
food may be provided.
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Cost
of
Living
A student with a limited budget, including paying the rent, going out once or twice a month,
and eating at a cheap restaurant needs at least €400 per month to live basically. The cost of
running a family home would be at least €1000 per month in the suburbs and three to six
times greater in certain districts in Budapest.
Universities generally provide information on the possibility of renting student apartments and
accommodation.
The price of a flat or shared apartment can vary widely.
Money
and
banking
Non residents of Hungary may find it difficult to open a bank account if they do not live in the
country. Yet, there are banks that open accounts to non residents as well.
Short-term residents may also find it difficult to open a bank account as some banks require
their clients to prove their long-term residence.
Travelling
costs
Travel costs depend on the city in which you are staying in Hungary. Larger cities tend to be
slightly more expensive than smaller ones in point of travelling costs.
Foreign students can benefit of a discounts of their transport fees, with a valid student card.
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Work-­‐life
Balance
Hungarians do not mind working overtime for the sake of a good life for themselves and their
families. As in other developed countries, a balance between work and leisure time is
sometimes hard to find.
Once a comfortable business relationship has been established, Hungarians usually enjoy
talking about their families. An average Hungarian family has no more than 2 children. During
their adulthood, children, just as the elderly and extended family are expected to provide for
themselves and do not normally receive financial support from their relatives. Usually, both
spouses go to work and many will get a second job in farming or small family enterprises to
be able to earn sufficient income. The declining birth rate is ascribed to the increasing number
of educated and economically active women who are tending to marry later in life and have
fewer children. Important events such as weddings, funerals and other occasions bring the
family together. When abroad, Hungarians tend to maintain their national ties and establish
local communities.
National
holidays
The Public Holidays in Hungary are: January 1 (New Year’s Day); March 15 (National Day);
May 1 (Labour Day); August 20 (Constitution Day/Saint Stephen’s Day); October 23 (Republic
Day); November 1 (All Saints’ Day); December 25-26 (Christmas).
In Hungary, people can take 21 days of vacation, which increases with seniority. Hungarians
tend to take their holidays in June, July and August and around Christmas in winter.
Sometimes, when Public Holidays fall on a Tuesday or Thursday, workers may exchange a
Saturday in order to gain a long weekend.
Working
hours
A standard working week is 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, starting at 8 or 8:30 am. Part-time
work is not well regulated yet and business people commonly stay late at work, even on
weekends. As office hours may vary, you should check before contacting your business
partner. Friday is often a short day and business people may leave at about 4 pm or earlier.
Banks generally open at 8am and close early, while shops are open until 6pm from Monday to
Friday. Daily lunch breaks usually do not last long, although business lunches may turn into
long discussions.
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Working
in
Hungary
Generally, working hours and employment conditions (defined in the Hungarian Labour Code)
are like in Western Europe. Fulltime working hours are generally eight hours a day (40 hours
per week). Despite some flexibility in certain employment areas, the rules in force make sure
that working hours do not go over 12 hours a day (60 hours a week).
Holiday leave in Hungary is in harmony with age, although employers may offer more than
the minimum. Holiday entitlement starts from 20-30 days, and increases as one gets older.
Moreover, there are ten public holidays, including Christian festivals and Hungary’s National
Day (October 23).
In point of tax rates, personal income tax is commonly 16%. The employer also deducts an
additional amount from the gross salary for pension insurance (10%), health insurance (6%)
and labour market contributions (1.5%) (paid directly to the National Customs and Tax
Authority – NAV).
Work
culture
Hungary work culture is mainly based on seriousness, good quality and respect of the
customers. The working program is according with the international labour regulation of 40
hours per week, but it could be extended since the employees are interested in additional
income. Second jobs are also an option for the ones interested, the general behaviour is in
favour of work.
Punctual and dedicated to their jobs, Hungarian are efficient at their working position no
matter the field of activity. In business they are hard negotiators, but ones their obligations
are settled the results are on the way.
Health
insurance
If you get ill or have an accident during a visit to Hungary, free or reduced-cost treatment is
available, in most cases, on production of a valid EHIC card or relevant documentation. This
only covers state-funded hospital treatment, so you will receive treatment on the same terms
as insured residents of Hungary. Treatment in private clinics is generally not covered without
additional private health insurance and sometimes you may have to pay for a part of the
treatment received from the state-hospital. Pharmacies are usually open from 8am to 8pm
from Monday to Friday for prescriptions and over-¬the-counter drugs. However, pharmacists
are not allowed to distribute controlled medication without a prescription from a doctor.
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Pharmacies are usually open from 8am to 8pm from Monday to Friday. There are also
designated duty pharmacies that can be accessed during the night, at weekends and on public
holidays. Three types of hospital exist in Hungary: the standard type (“korhaz”), a hospital
tied in with a university (“klinika”) and a private clinic (“rendelo”).
The national emergency telephone number for ambulance services is 104. (Source: Global
Market Briefing. (2003) Doing Business with Hungary. London, Kogan Page).
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Social
Media
Guide
Private
individuals
In 2012, there were 6,516,627 internet users in Hungary (65.3% of the population),
according to Internet World Stats.
Three fourths of the population have used the internet at some point, according to the
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (March 2012)
Hungarians consider the internet as an indispensable tool to manage their lives.
Gfk Hungaria consider there are five basic group of internet users: fanatics or people
emotionally attached to the net (230 000); those hanging on the net, who are interested in
Wikipedia and writing blogs (320 000); gadget maniacs, who like to use not so much the
internet as the mobile tools connected to it (about half a million people); targeted information
seekers (750 000); and the distrustful, who fear viruses and the protection of their personal
data (1.1 million people).
Search
and
Social
Media
Marketing
for
International
Business
Learn how to use social media for business from one of Salford Business School’s latest
business management courses. The course was jointly researched by the Passport to Trade
2.0 project team and prepared in collaboration with some of the leading digital marketing
agencies in the UK.
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) can help businesses and individuals to make the
best use of search and social media platforms. The course is called Search and Social Media
Marketing for International Business and is applicable to students looking for placements
abroad as well as businesses thinking about new trade links; it comprises the following
twelve topic:
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How to develop a personal brand online (1/12)
•
•
Whether you are a student beginning a job search
or a business person planning a new business
venture, personal branding can make a difference.
Learn about personal branding and why it is
important for you.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=l9LYw0mgtn4&feature=player
_embedded
How to use Twitter (2/12)
•
•
Learn the basics of using Twitter to develop an
individual or business profile.
Remember to use hash tag #SSMMUoS to share
your learning journey on this course so far!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9CVY3pp91Dc&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) (3/12)
•
•
Learn the principles of SEO to ensure that your
website and any social media profiles are found by
individuals searching for your name, products and
services.
These basic principles of SEO include keyword
research, on-page optimisation and off-page
optimisation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zw27cRcwtM0&feature=player
_embedded
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How to use social media for international business development (4/12)
•
•
Social media networks break down the traditional
country barriers, but do you know which networks
are relevant for the country you are interested in
trading with?
Find out in this video how to identify the relevant
networks and what social media strategies you might
be able to use on these networks.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Bx-B56AHS4c&feature=
player_embedded
How to use Facebook (5/12)
•
•
Facebook is currently the largest social media
network in the world and it can benefit you as a
business as well as an individual.
Learn how to develop a Facebook business page and
see how other businesses use it and what strategies
work for them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UmRGn-vdcO8&feature=
player_embedded
How to use YouTube (6/12)
•
•
YouTube was identified as the second largest
social network amongst younger internet users as
part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project.
Learn how to optimise your video content in order
to reach wider audiences for your profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=G2
0OVpmTBss
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How to use LinkedIn (7/12)
•
•
LinkedIn is one of the three main professional
social networks – the others being Xing and
Viadeo which are also popular in several
European countries.
Learn how to make the most of LinkedIn for your
profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=N6e_EAUQqic&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Google+ (8/12)
•
•
•
Google+ is the second largest social network as of
January 2013.
It is one of the fastest growing social networks and
one that has the biggest impact when it comes to
search engine results integration for anyone who
uses Google as their main search engine.
Learn how to make the most of Google+ for you
and your digital profiles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=8ti
3SPHkEWw
How to use copywriting online (9/12)
•
•
Copywriting is a process of translating technical
specifications and product descriptions into
engaging and understandable customer focused
text.
Learn about the basic techniques in structuring
your online content here.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5f1hx_f2ONI&feature=player_
embedded
How to stay legal on social media (10/12)
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•
•
Everything and anything you do and say online
can be potentially viewed by anyone who has
internet access.
Always respect the law and familiarise yourself
with new options offered to you through a creative
commons licence which is popular online.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eQxDpiHsdk&feature=player_embedde
d
How to use monitoring and reporting (11/12)
•
•
Whether you are an individual or a business
spending time on social media – there has to be a
return on your engagement online.
How do you justify your engagement on social
media to your boss? Listen to the industry experts
in this area and see what you might be able to
measure in respect of your on-line engagements.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LbEq7jsG0jg&feature=player_
embedded
How to blog (12/12)
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OqVjR7oI8Rs&feature=player
_embedded
businessculture.org
•
Blogging is a process of writing text and sharing
content with others. It can help your customers or
friends to keep in-touch regardless of social media
platforms.
Think about the voice you might want to adopt
and who your audience might be. Share your
thoughts with us by writing a blog post about this
MOOC.
Tweet us the link to your post on the
#SSMMUoS Twitter hash tag.
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Passport
to
Trade
2.0
Project
Partnership
Five Universities:
Lead partner: Salford Business School,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
Elena Vasilieva
Aleksej Heinze
Alex Fenton
URENIO research unit at Aristole University
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Christina Kakderi
Nitsa Papadopouloui
TSE Entre Research Centre
Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland
Satu Aaltonen
Elisa Akola
Institute for Information System Research
University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Verena Hausmann
Susan P. Williams
Petra Schubert
Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania
Adriana Grigorescu
Leonardo Badea
Three Small & Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Spin, Italy
Carmine Antonio Donato
Dorella De Tommaso
Technology Development & Innovation – TDI LTD
Bulgaria
Milanka Slavova
Ivan Stoychev
TIS Praha, Czech Republic
Anna Klosova
Richard Adekeye
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