Human Digestive System Structure, Composition, and Function(Enzymes, Glands, and Hormones)

IQBAL TIGER Institute University of Agriculture Faisalabad (2021-Official)
Presented By: ZAIN IQBAL
IGE TIVE
YSTEM

University of Agriculture Faisalabad (2021-Official)
ENZYMES GLANDS
0
HORMONE
DIET BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIOM
CARBOHYDRATES (Milk, Potatoes)
PROTEINS (Meat, Fish, Eggs)
LIPIDS (Butter, Cheese, Nuts, Oil)
WATER
IQBAL TIGER Institute

1
The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their
simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make
up protein), or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down
food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine
and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into
nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair
needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating
waste to be eliminated.
What is Digestion?
What is Digestion System?
The Digestive System of
humans consists of two
major parts:
➢ Alimentary Canal
“It is a tube-like structure
which starts from the
mouth and ends in the
anus. The alimentary canal
plays a primary role in
human digestion and is
also termed as the
digestive tract.”
➢ Digestive Glands
“Salivary glands, Liver and
Pancreas.”

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Alimentary Canal Digestive Glands
Largest
glandular organ
– Our liver is the
largest glandular
organ of the
human body and
the second
largest organ
besides our skin.

3
Parts of Oral Cavity:
a. Tongue (Floor) b. Teeth (Pillar) c. Palate (Roof) d. Cheek (Walls)
Function of Oral Cavity:
a. Selection of Food (Tongue)
Taste, Smell, Sight, and Temperature.
b. Grinding or Mastication of Food (Teeth)
Small pieces have much more surface for enzymes to attack.
c. Lubrication of Food (Saliva)
Composition and Function of Saliva.
d. Digestion of Food
Amylase (Carbohydrate digestive Enzymes).
Starch and Glycogen (complex) into Maltose (Simple Compound)
1. Digestion in Oral Cavity
Saliva contains
three important
components:
1. Water and
Mucus.
2. Sodium
bicarbonate
and some
other salts.
3. Amylase or
Ptyalin.

4
“The wave of contraction of circular and longitudinal
muscles of esophagus preceded by the wave of relation
thus squeezing the food down along the canal. This
phenomenon Is known as the Peristalsis,”
“Hunger contractions are peristaltic contractions which are
increased by low blood glucose level and are sufficiently
strong to create an uncomfortable sensation often called
Hunger pang.”
Usually, begin 12 to 24 hours after the previous meal.
Vomiting (Peristaltic Movement reverse)
Peristalsis:
HUNGER PANG

5
Stomach:
“Stomach is an elastic muscular bag that stores food from meals for
sometimes, making discontinuously feeding possible.”
Structure of Stomach (Walls):
a. Outer Layer, composed of connective tissues.
b. Inner Layer, composed of mucosa (connective tissue) with many glands.
c. Middle Layer, composed of smooth muscles. It consists of outer longitudinal and
inner circular muscles. These muscle layers help in churning and mixing the food with stomach
secretions.
d. Cardiac Sphincter, At the junction between the esophagus and stomach, there is a
special ring of muscles called the cardiac sphincter.
Function of Stomach (Gastric Glands):
“The inner layer of the stomach possesses numerous tubular gastric glands,
which are composed of three cells.”
▪ Mucous Cells
▪ Zymogen Cells
▪ Parietal or Oxyntic Cells
2. Digestion in Stomach

6
“The Secretion of gastric glands is
collectively called gastric juice.”
▪ If secretion is regulated by the quality of food.
▪ PROTEIN stimulation.
Gastric Juice
BOLUS CHYME
Cardiac
Sphincter
Enter in Esophagus Enter in Small Intestine

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Small Intestine:
“It is the largest part of alimentary canal.”
Structure & Function of Small Intestine:
a. Duodenum (20 to 25cm Length)
“Secretion by Secretin Hormones, THEN stimulate Pancreas which produce Pancreatic
Juice.”
Amylase, carbohydrate digestive enzymes. Lipase, fats (lipids) digestive enzymes.
Trypsin, protein digestive enzymes. Sodium Bicarbonate, maintain the pH of
Medium (Enzymes).
b. Jejunum (2.4m in Length)
“Undigestive Food completely digest in Jejunum by enzymes contain intestinal juice
(Maltase, Lactase, Erypsin and Amino Peptidase)
c. Ileum (Absorption of food)
3. Digestion in Small Intestine
PANCREATIC JUICE
“The Liver is a reddish
brown large gland present
in the anterior part of the
body cavity.”
▪ Secretion of the Liver is
known as BILE.
▪ Bile is temporary store in
Gall bladder and
released into the
duodenum by the bile
duct.
▪ Green Bile production,
composition, and
function.
Role of LIVER

8

9
Nearly all absorption of the products of digestion take place in the Ileum.
“The internal surface of ileum has many folds, which exhibit
appearance due to the presence of numerous finger like
outgrowths called Villi.”
The total area of absorption is very large due to Villi, microvilli
and Enfolding.
• Absorption of Sugar and Amino Acid.
• Absorption of Fats (Fatty acids and Glycerol)
Ileo-colic Sphincter (At end of ileum)
4. Absorption of Food in ILEUM
VILLI

10

11

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Large Intestine consists of three main parts:
• Caecum
“Caecum is a blind sac that projects from the large intestine between ileum and colon”
• Colon
There are 3 parts; Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, and Descending Colon.
Absorption of water and salt in blood, remaining undigested material is rejected as Feces (bile
pigment, cholesterol, plants fibers, bacteria, and water).
• Rectum
Last part, temporary feces are stored (defecation reflex)
4. Absorption of Food in Large Intestine

13
Excretion
System

14
Why is Digestive Health Important?
The digestive system plays a major role in your overall health as it brings nutrients to your body. Without
good digestive health, you will experience a host of uncomfortable symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating,
indigestion, and more.
What would happen if you have no digestive system?
If you had no digestive system, you would have no ability to get the nutrients and sugars in food, and you
would die.
For better digestive health, follow these simple tips:
1.Eat a high-fiber diet. ...
2.Be sure you're getting both soluble and insoluble fiber. ...
3.Minimize your intake of foods high in fat. ...
4.Select lean meats. ...
5.Add probiotics to your diet. ...
6.Follow a regular eating schedule. ...
7.Drink plenty of water.

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Fun facts about the digestive system
1. The average person produces 2 pints of saliva every day. That is 32 ounces, or 2 cans of soda.
2. The muscles in your esophagus act like a giant wave. That is what moves food or drinks down to your stomach. This wave action is called
peristalsis.
3. The second part of your small intestine is called the jejunum. That’s just fun to say!
4. Enzymes in your digestive system are what separate food into the different nutrients that your body needs.
5. The gut-brain axis is the close bond that exists between the digestive system and your brain. Emotions (including stress) and brain
disorders affect how your body digests food.
6. Your body can move your food through the digestive system even while you are standing on your head. It is not connected to gravity
because it works with muscles.
7. You know those laundry detergents you hear advertised that have enzymes to remove stains? Some of those enzymes are the same as
those found in your digestive system.
8. The small intestine is about 22-23 feet long while the large intestine is only about 5 feet long.
9. Ever wonder why it smells bad when you pass gas? It is because it is produced by fermented bacteria and then mixed with air.
10. Platypuses do not have stomachs.
11. Stomach growling is called borborygmic and happens all the time, but it is just louder when your stomach is empty because there is no
food to muffle it.
12. The stomach has the ability to stretch and hold up to 4 pounds of food at one time.
13. Aerobic exercise is the best type of exercise to keep your digestive tract in shape.
14. When you are first born, you don’t have any of the healthy bacteria your system needs to digest food.
15. Gastro mechanical distress symptoms can be caused by only slightly more than 1 cup of a carbonated beverage.
16. You burp to release extra air that you swallow if you eat fast, drink carbonated drinks, or smoke.
17. Hiccups can be caused by a change in temperature that happens suddenly.
18. The amount of saliva you produce increases when you throw up to protect your teeth from the acid in your stomach that will come up.
19. The longest attack of constant hiccups lasted 68 years.

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